Pawan Sinha on how brains learn to see

Translator: Lenka Tušar Reviewer: Tilen Pigac - EFZG

If you are a blind child in India,

Če ste slepi otrok v Indiji,

you will very likely have to contend with

se boste morali spoprijeti z

at least two big pieces of bad news.

vsaj dvema zelo slabima novicama.

The first bad news

Prva je,

is that the chances of getting treatment

da so možnosti zdravljenja

are extremely slim to none,

zelo majhne ali nične,

and that's because most of the blindness

saj je večina programov

alleviation programs in the country

za ublažitev posledic slepote v državi

are focused on adults,

namenjena odraslim

and there are very, very few hospitals

in tako je izjemno malo bolnišnic

that are actually equipped to treat children.

opremljenih za zdravjenje otrok.

In fact, if you were to be treated,

Če pa pridete do zdravljenja,

you might well end up being treated

se lahko zgodi, da bo to v rokah

by a person who has no medical credentials

osebe brez zdravniške izobrazbe,

as this case from Rajasthan illustrates.

kot prikazuje ta primer iz Radžastana.

This is a three-year-old orphan girl

To je triletna osirotela deklica,

who had cataracts.

ki ima sivo mreno.

So, her caretakers took her

Njeni skrbniki so jo peljali

to the village medicine man,

k vaškemu zdravilcu, ki,

and instead of suggesting to the caretakers

namesto da bi jim svetoval,

that the girl be taken to a hospital,

naj jo peljejo v bolnišnico,

the person decided to burn her abdomen

se je odločil žgati njen trebuh

with red-hot iron bars

z razžarjenimi železnimi palicami,

to drive out the demons.

da bi izgnal zle sile.

The second piece of bad news

Drugo slabo novico

will be delivered to you

bi izvedeli pri nevrologih,

by neuroscientists, who will tell you

ki bi vam povedali,

that if you are older than four or five years of age,

da če ste starejši od štirih ali pet let,

that even if you have your eye corrected,

bi, čeprav bi vam ozdravili oči,

the chances of your brain learning how to see

bila verjetnost možganov, da se naučijo videti,

are very, very slim --

zelo zelo majhna

again, slim or none.

ali nična.

So when I heard these two things,

Ko sem to izvedel,

it troubled me deeply,

me je hudo zaskrbelo,

both because of personal reasons

tako iz osebnih

and scientific reasons.

kot znanstvenih razlogov.

So let me first start with the personal reason.

Naj začnem z osebno platjo.

It'll sound corny, but it's sincere.

Zvenelo bo osladno, a je iskreno.

That's my son, Darius.

To je moj sinček, Darius.

As a new father,

Kot mladi očka

I have a qualitatively different sense

se precej drugače zavedam,

of just how delicate babies are,

kako občutljivi so dojenčki,

what our obligations are towards them

kakšne so naše odgovornosti do njih

and how much love

in koliko ljubezni

we can feel towards a child.

lahko čutimo do otrok.

I would move heaven and earth

Premaknil bi nebo in zemljo,

in order to get treatment for Darius,

da bi Dariusu omogočil zdravljenje,

and for me to be told

in ko sem izvedel,

that there might be other Dariuses

da so tu še drugi Dariusi,

who are not getting treatment,

ki zdravljenja niso deležni,

that's just viscerally wrong.

sem bil globoko prizadet.

So that's the personal reason.

To je torej osebni razlog.

Scientific reason is that this notion

Znanstveni pa je, da me trditev

from neuroscience of critical periods --

nevrologov o kritičnem obdobju možganov --

that if the brain is older

možgani, starejši

than four or five years of age,

od štirih ali petih let,

it loses its ability to learn --

naj bi izgubili sposobnost učenja --

that doesn't sit well with me,

ni prepričala,

because I don't think that idea

saj mislim, da za potrditev

has been tested adequately.

ni bila primerno testirana.

The birth of the idea is from

Ta ideja je plod dela

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's work,

Davida Hubela in Torstena Wiesela,

two researchers who were at Harvard,

dveh raziskovalcev s Harvarda,

and they got the Nobel Prize in 1981

dobitnikov Nobelove nagrade leta 1981

for their studies of visual physiology,

za študiji vizualne fiziologije,

which are remarkably beautiful studies,

izjemni in čudoviti študiji,

but I believe some of their work

čeprav menim, da je bilo nekaj

has been extrapolated

njunih izsledkov prezgodaj prenešenih

into the human domain prematurely.

v domeno človeškega telesa.

So, they did their work with kittens,

Raziskave sta opravljala na mačkah,

with different kinds of deprivation regiments,

prikrajšanih na različne načine,

and those studies,

izsledki teh raziskav

which date back to the '60s,

iz šestdesetih let

are now being applied to human children.

pa so bili prenešeni tudi na človeške otroke.

So I felt that I needed to do two things.

Čutil sem, da moram narediti dvoje.

One: provide care

Prvič, priskrbeti pomoč

to children who are currently

otrokom, ki so trenutno

being deprived of treatment.

prikrajšani za zdravljenje.

That's the humanitarian mission.

To je človekoljubno poslanstvo.

And the scientific mission would be

Znanstveno poslanstvo pa bi bilo

to test the limits

testirati meje

of visual plasticity.

vizualne plastičnosti.

And these two missions, as you can tell,

Ti dve poslanstvi, kot lahko vidite,

thread together perfectly. One adds to the other;

se čudovito prepletata. Eno prispeva k drugemu,

in fact, one would be impossible without the other.

pravzaprav sami zase ne bi mogla obstajati.

So, to implement

Za namene združitve teh dveh poslanstev

these twin missions,

sem pred nekaj leti

a few years ago, I launched Project Prakash.

začel Projekt Prakash.

Prakash, as many of you know,

Beseda prakash, kot vas veliko ve,

is the Sanskrit word for light,

v sanskritu pomeni svetlobo,

and the idea is that

naša zamisel je, da preko

in bringing light into the lives of children,

osvetljevanja otroških življenj

we also have a chance

najdemo tudi možnosti

of shedding light on some of the

osvetljevanja nekaterih

deepest mysteries of neuroscience.

najglobljih skrivnosti nevroznanosti.

And the logo -- even though it looks extremely Irish,

Naš logotip, čeprav je videti zelo irski,

it's actually derived from

pravzaprav izhaja iz

the Indian symbol of Diya, an earthen lamp.

indijskega simbola za oljenko, Diyo.

The Prakash, the overall effort

V splošnem je cilj Prakasha

has three components:

razdeljen na tri dele:

outreach, to identify children in need of care;

pomoč, iskanje otrok, ki potrebujejo nego;

medical treatment; and in subsequent study.

zdravljenje; in posledična študija.

And I want to show you a short video clip

Pokazal vam bom kratek posnetek,

that illustrates the first two components of this work.

ki prikazuje prva dva člena našega dela.

This is an outreach station

To je center za pomoč,

conducted at a school for the blind.

ki jo vodimo na šoli za slepe.

(Text: Most of the children are profoundly and permanently blind ...)

(Večina otrok je hudo slabovidna ali trajno slepa ...)

Pawan Sinha: So, because this is a school for the blind,

Pawan Sinha: Ker je to šola za slepe,

many children have permanent conditions.

imamo veliko otrok s trajnimi okvarami.

That's a case of microphthalmos,

To je primer mikroftalmije,

which is malformed eyes,

nepravilno razvitih zrkel,

and that's a permanent condition;

ki je trajna

it cannot be treated.

in neozdravljiva.

That's an extreme of micropthalmos

To je skrajen primer mikroftalmije,

called enophthalmos.

imenovan enoftalmos.

But, every so often, we come across children

A vsake toliko najdemo otroke,

who show some residual vision,

ki kažejo znake vidnega zaznavanja,

and that is a very good sign

kar je zelo dober znak

that the condition might actually be treatable.

za možnost uspešnega zdravljenja.

So, after that screening, we bring the children to the hospital.

Po pregledu otroke pripeljemo v bolnišnico.

That's the hospital we're working with in Delhi,

To je bolnišnica v Delhiju, s katero sodelujemo,

the Schroff Charity Eye Hospital.

bolnišnica Schroff Charity Eye.

It has a very well-equipped

Tu je zelo dobro opremljen

pediatric ophthalmic center,

center za otroške očesne bolezni,

which was made possible in part

ki ga je delno omogočila donacija

by a gift from the Ronald McDonald charity.

dobrodelne ustanove Ronalda McDonalda.

So, eating burgers actually helps.

Kot vidite, hitra hrana lahko tudi pomaga.

(Text: Such examinations allow us to improve

(Taki pregledi nam omogočajo izboljšanje

eye-health in many children, and ...

očesnega stanja mnogih otrok in ...

... help us find children who can participate in Project Prakash.)

... pomagajo nam najti otroke, ki bi postali del Projekta Prakash.)

PS: So, as I zoom in to the eyes of this child,

PS: Če približam v oči tega otroka,

you will see the cause of his blindness.

boste videli razlog njegove slepote.

The whites that you see in the middle of his pupils

Belina v sredini njegovih zenic

are congenital cataracts,

je prirojena siva mrena,

so opacities of the lens.

torej motnost leče.

In our eyes, the lens is clear,

V naših očeh so leče prozorne,

but in this child, the lens has become opaque,

pri tem otroku pa so postale motne,

and therefore he can't see the world.

zato ne more videti sveta.

So, the child is given treatment. You'll see shots of the eye.

Omogočimo mu zdravljenje. Videli boste posnetke očesa.

Here's the eye with the opaque lens,

Tu je oko z zamegljeno lečo,

the opaque lens extracted

ki jo odstranimo

and an acrylic lens inserted.

in nadomestimo z akrilno lečo.

And here's the same child

To je isti otrok po treh tednih

three weeks post-operation,

okrevanja po posegu,

with the right eye open.

z odprtim desnim očesom.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)

Thank you.

Hvala.

So, even from that little clip, you can begin to get the sense

Tako lahko tudi na tem kratkem prikazu vidite,

that recovery is possible,

da je zdravljenje možno,

and we have now

in do zdaj smo ga zagotovili

provided treatment to over 200 children,

že več kot 200 otrokom,

and the story repeats itself.

zgodba pa se še nadaljuje.

After treatment, the child

Po zdravljenju se otrokova

gains significant functionality.

funkcionalnost znatno izboljša.

In fact, the story holds true

Ta postopek je uspešen tudi

even if you have a person who got sight

pri ljudeh, ki so spregledali

after several years of deprivation.

po več letih slepote.

We did a paper a few years ago

Pred leti smo pisali o ženski,

about this woman that you see on the right, SRD,

ki jo vidite na desni, SRD,

and she got her sight late in life,

ki je spregledala v poznih letih

and her vision is remarkable at this age.

in danes je njen vid izjemen.

I should add a tragic postscript to this --

A tu je še tragični del njene zgodbe,

she died two years ago

pred dvema letoma je umrla

in a bus accident.

v nesreči avtobusa.

So, hers is just a truly inspiring story --

A njena zgodba je vseeno navdihujoča,

unknown, but inspiring story.

čeprav neznana.

So when we started finding these results,

Ko smo torej prišli do teh rezultatov, smo,

as you might imagine, it created quite a bit of stir

kot si lahko predstavljate, precej pretresli

in the scientific and the popular press.

znanstveni in poljudni tisk.

Here's an article in Nature

Tu je članek v znanstvenem tedniku Nature,

that profiled this work,

ki opisuje naše delo,

and another one in Time.

in še en v časniku Time.

So, we were fairly convinced -- we are convinced --

Bili smo torej trdno prepričani -- smo prepričani --

that recovery is feasible,

da je zdravljenje lahko uspešno

despite extended visual deprivation.

kljub dolgotrajni slabovidnosti.

The next obvious question to ask:

Naslednje očitno vprašanje je,

What is the process of recovery?

kako poteka okrevanje?

So, the way we study that is,

To preučujemo tako,

let's say we find a child who has light sensitivity.

da najdemo otroka, ki zaznava svetlobo.

The child is provided treatment,

Otroku priskrbimo zdravljenje,

and I want to stress that the treatment

ki, poudarjam, je

is completely unconditional;

popolnoma brezpogojno,

there is no quid pro quo.

brez vsakršne protistoritve.

We treat many more children then we actually work with.

Zdravimo veliko več otrok, kot dejansko z njimi delamo.

Every child who needs treatment is treated.

Vsak otrok, ki potrebuje zdravljenje, ga dobi.

After treatment, about every week,

Po njem približno vsak teden

we run the child

pri otroku izvedemo

on a battery of simple visual tests

vrsto preprostih vizualnih testov,

in order to see how their visual skills

da vidimo, kako napredujejo

are coming on line.

njegove vidne sposobnosti.

And we try to do this for as long as possible.

To poskušamo izvajati kolikor dolgo mogoče.

This arc of development

Skozi ta lok razvoja

gives us unprecedented

dobimo neverjetne

and extremely valuable information

in izjemno važne podatke o tem,

about how the scaffolding of vision

kako se sestavlja

gets set up.

gradbeni oder vida.

What might be the causal connections

Kakšne bi lahko bile naključne povezave

between the early developing skills

med sposobnostmi zgodnjega

and the later developing ones?

in poznejšega razvoja vida?

And we've used this general approach to study

Poslužili smo se splošnega pristopa

many different visual proficiencies,

za preučevanje mnogih različnih vizualnih znanj,

but I want to highlight one particular one,

tu pa želim posebej omeniti eno,

and that is image parsing into objects.

in sicer razčlenitev oblik v predmete.

So, any image of the kind that you see on the left,

Katerakoli podoba, ki jo vidite na levi,

be it a real image or a synthetic image,

tako prava kot sintetična podoba,

it's made up of little regions

je sestavljena iz majhnih območij,

that you see in the middle column,

ki jih vidite na srednji sliki,

regions of different colors, different luminances.

območij različnih barv ali svetlosti.

The brain has this complex task

Možgani imajo zapleteno nalogo,

of putting together, integrating,

da sestavijo in združijo

subsets of these regions

delce teh območij

into something that's more meaningful,

v nekaj z večjim pomenom,

into what we would consider to be objects,

kar mi dojemamo kot predmete,

as you see on the right.

in to vidite na desni.

And nobody knows how this integration happens,

Nihče ne ve, kako to združevanje poteka,

and that's the question we asked with Project Prakash.

zato smo se to vprašali v Projektu Prakash.

So, here's what happens

To se torej zgodi

very soon after the onset of sight.

takoj po začetku vida.

Here's a person who had gained sight just a couple of weeks ago,

Ta moški je spregledal pred le nekaj tedni,

and you see Ethan Myers, a graduate student from MIT,

ob njem pa je Ethan Myers, podiplomski študent s

running the experiment with him.

Tehnološkega inštituta v Massachusettsu, ki izvaja test.

His visual-motor coordination is quite poor,

Njegova vizualno-motorična usklajenost je precej slaba,

but you get a general sense

a vseeno lahko razumete,

of what are the regions that he's trying to trace out.

katera območja želi pokazati.

If you show him real world images,

Če mu pokažemo podobe iz resničnega sveta,

if you show others like him real world images,

prav tako kot njemu podobnim ljudem,

they are unable to recognize most of the objects

ne bo mogel prepoznati večine predmetov,

because the world to them is over-fragmented;

saj je svet zanj preveč razčlenjen;

it's made up of a collage, a patchwork,

je le sestavljanja, krpanka

of regions of different colors and luminances.

območij različnih barv in svetlosti.

And that's what's indicated in the green outlines.

To nakazujejo zelene obrobe.

When you ask them,

Ko jim rečete,

"Even if you can't name the objects, just point to where the objects are,"

"Tudi če predmetov ne znate imenovati, pokažite, kje so,"

these are the regions that they point to.

bodo pokazali na ta območja.

So the world is this complex

Zanje je torej svet ta zapletena

patchwork of regions.

sestavljanja območij.

Even the shadow on the ball

Celo senca na žogi

becomes its own object.

postane predmet zase.

Interestingly enough,

Zelo zanimivo,

you give them a few months,

pa se po nekaj mesecih

and this is what happens.

zgodi to.

Doctor: How many are these?

Zdravnik: Koliko stvari je tu?

Patient: These are two things.

Pacient: Tu sta dve stvari.

Doctor: What are their shapes?

Zdravnik: Kakšnih oblik sta?

Patient: Their shapes ...

Pacient: Oblika ...

This one is a circle,

To je krog,

and this

in to

is a square.

je kvadrat.

PS: A very dramatic transformation has come about.

PS: Prišlo je do zelo dramatične preobrazbe.

And the question is:

Vprašanje pa je:

What underlies this transformation?

Kaj povzroči tako preobrazbo?

It's a profound question,

Gre za globoko vprašanje,

and what's even more amazing is how simple

a bolj neverjetno je,

the answer is.

kako preprost je odgovor nanj.

The answer lies in motion

Odgovor se skriva v gibanju,

and that's what I want to show you in the next clip.

kar vam bom pokazal v naslednjem prizoru.

Doctor: What shape do you see here?

Zdravnik: Katero obliko vidite?

Patient: I can't make it out.

Pacient: Ne morem ugotoviti.

Doctor: Now?

Zdravnik: Kaj pa zdaj?

Patient: Triangle.

Pacient: Trikotnik.

Doctor: How many things are these?

Zdravnik: Koliko stvari vidite?

Now, how many things are these?

Kaj pa zdaj, koliko jih je?

Patient: Two.

Pacient: Dve.

Doctor: What are these things?

Zdravnik: Kateri sta ti dve stvari?

Patient: A square and a circle.

Pacient: Kvadrat in krog.

PS: And we see this pattern over and over again.

PS: Ta vzorec se ponavlja znova in znova.

The one thing the visual system needs

Edino, kar sistem vidnega zaznavanja potrebuje,

in order to begin parsing the world

da razčleni in definira svet,

is dynamic information.

je podatek o gibanju.

So the inference we are deriving from this,

Iz tega in nekaj drugih poskusov

and several such experiments,

smo sklepali,

is that dynamic information processing,

da je obdelava podatkov o

or motion processing,

dinamiki ali gibanju

serves as the bedrock for building

temelj celotne preostale

the rest of the complexity of visual processing;

zapletene vizualne obdelave;

it leads to visual integration

vodi do vizualnega združevanja

and eventually to recognition.

in posledično prepoznavanja.

This simple idea has far reaching implications.

Ta preprosta ideja pa ima široke možnosti uporabe.

And let me just quickly mention two,

Naj na hitro omenim le dve,

one, drawing from the domain of engineering,

prva je inženirske,

and one from the clinic.

druga pa klinične narave.

So, from the perspective of engineering,

Z inženirskega stališča

we can ask: Goven that we know

se lahko vprašamo: Če vemo,

that motion is so important for the human visual system,

da je gibanje tako pomembno za človeški vidni sistem,

can we use this as a recipe

ali lahko to znanje uporabimo

for constructing machine-based vision systems

za konstrukcijo mehanskih vizualnih sistemov,

that can learn on their own, that don't need to be programmed

ki se lahko učijo sami

by a human programmer?

in brez človeškega programiranja?

And that's what we're trying to do.

To tudi poskušamo narediti.

I'm at MIT, at MIT you need to apply

Na Tehnološkem inštitutu v Massachusettsu, kjer delam,

whatever basic knowledge you gain.

uporabimo vsa osnovna znanja, ki jih imamo.

So we are creating Dylan,

Tako smo ustvarili Dylan,

which is a computational system

računalniški sistem

with an ambitious goal

z visoko zastavljenim ciljem

of taking in visual inputs

prepoznavati vizualne podatke,

of the same kind that a human child would receive,

enake, kot bi jih dobil otrok,

and autonomously discovering:

in iz njih samostojno razbrati,

What are the objects in this visual input?

katere predmete predstavljajo ti vizualni podatki.

So, don't worry about the internals of Dylan.

Tu se ne bomo spuščali v podrobnosti programa,

Here, I'm just going to talk about

povedal bom le,

how we test Dylan.

kako smo ga testirali.

The way we test Dylan is by giving it

To smo storili tako, da smo mu, kot rečeno,

inputs, as I said, of the same kind

posredovali enake vrste podatkov,

that a baby, or a child in Project Prakash would get.

kot jih dobi otrok v Projektu Prakash.

But for a long time we couldn't quite figure out:

A dolgo časa nismo uspeli dognati:

Wow can we get these kinds of video inputs?

Kako bi pridobili take video podatke?

So, I thought,

Pomislil sem,

could we have Darius

da bi nam lahko pomagal Darius

serve as our babycam carrier,

in nosil kamero,

and that way get the inputs that we feed into Dylan?

da bi tako dobili podatke za sistem Dylan.

So that's what we did.

To smo tudi naredili.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I had to have long conversations with my wife.

Dolgo časa sem moral prepričevati ženo.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

In fact, Pam, if you're watching this,

Pam, če to gledaš,

please forgive me.

mi, prosim, oprosti.

So, we modified the optics of the camera

Optične nastavitve kamere smo spremenili,

in order to mimic the baby's visual acuity.

da je imitirala ostrino dojenčkovega vida.

As some of you might know,

Kot verjetno nekateri veste,

babyies are born pretty much legally blind.

se dojenčki rodijo skoraj popolnoma slepi.

Their acuity -- our acuity is 20/20;

Ostrina našega vida je 20/20,

babies' acuity is like 20/800,

ostrina dojenčkovega vida pa okrog 20/800,

so they are looking at the world

zato vidijo svet

in a very, very blurry fashion.

zelo zelo megleno.

Here's what a baby-cam video looks like.

Približno tako vidi dojenček.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplavz)

Thankfully, there isn't any audio

Na srečo je ta posnetek

to go with this.

brez zvoka.

What's amazing is that working with such

Pri tem je izjemno, da pri še tako

highly degraded input,

okrnjenih vizualnih podatkih

the baby, very quickly, is able

dojenček lahko zelo hitro

to discover meaning in such input.

odkrije pomen takega prizora.

But then two or three days afterward,

Po dveh ali treh dnevih

babies begin to pay attention

dojenčki postanejo pozorni

to their mother's or their father's face.

na materin ali očetov obraz.

How does that happen? We want Dylan to be able to do that,

Kako se to zgodi? To želimo prikazati z Dylanom,

and using this mantra of motion,

ki lahko z mantro gibanja

Dylan actually can do that.

to dejansko izvede.

So, given that kind of video input,

Pri takih vizualnih podatkih,

with just about six or seven minutes worth of video,

posnetku, dolgem le šest ali sedem minut,

Dylan can begin to extract patterns

lahko Dylan začne izločati vzorce,

that include faces.

ki vključujejo obraze.

So, it's an important demonstration

To je torej pomemben prikaz

of the power of motion.

moči gibanja.

The clinical implication, it comes from the domain of autism.

Cilj klinične implikacije odkritja pa je avtizem.

Visual integration has been associated with autism

Vizualno povezovanje je avtizmu pripisalo

by several researchers.

precej raziskovalcev.

When we saw that, we asked:

Ko smo to videli, smo se vprašali,

Could the impairment in visual integration

ali bi lahko bilo okrnjeno vizualno povezovanje

be the manifestation of something underneath,

pravzaprav posledica nečesa globljega,

of dynamic information processing deficiencies in autism?

oslabljene obdelave podatkov dinamike pri avtizmu.

Because, if that hypothesis were to be true,

Če bi namreč to hipotezo potrdili,

it would have massive repercussions in our understanding

bi to imelo izjemne posledice v našem razumevanju

of what's causing the many different aspects

razlogov in dejavnikov za različne vidike

of the autism phenotype.

lastnosti in značilnosti avtistov.

What you're going to see are

Videli boste posnetke dveh otrok,

video clips of two children -- one neurotypical,

nevrotipičnega in avtističnega,

one with autism, playing Pong.

pri igranju igre Pong.

So, while the child is playing Pong, we are tracking where they're looking.

Med igranjem sledimo njunemu pogledu.

In red are the eye movement traces.

Sledi gibanja oči so rdeče barve.

This is the neurotypical child, and what you see

To je posnetek nevrotipičnega otroka in vidite,

is that the child is able to make cues

da lahko iz podatkov o dinamiki

of the dynamic information

dobi namig in iztočnico

to predict where the ball is going to go.

in tako predvidi, kam se bo odbila žogica.

Even before the ball gets to a place,

Še preden se ta odbije,

the child is already looking there.

otrok že gleda tja.

Contrast this with a child

Primerjajte to z avtističnim otrokom

with autism playing the same game.

pri igranju iste igre.

Instead of anticipating,

Namesto pričakovanja

the child always follows where the ball has been.

otrok vedno sledi točki, kjer je žogica bila.

The efficiency of the use

Učinkovitost uporabe podatkov

of dynamic information

o dinamiki je, kot kaže,

seems to be significantly compromised in autism.

pri avtistih občutno okrnjena.

So we are pursuing this line of work

Z delom nadaljujemo

and hopefully we'll have

v upanju novih rezultatov,

more results to report soon.

o katerih bomo kmalu poročali.

Looking ahead, if you think of this disk

Če gledamo naprej, zamislite si,

as representing all of the children

da ta krog predstavlja vse otroke,

we've treated so far,

ki smo jih doslej zdravili.

this is the magnitude of the problem.

To pa je razsežnost problematike.

The red dots are the children we have not treated.

Rdeče pike so otroci, ki jih nismo zdravili.

So, there are many, many more children who need to be treated,

Obstaja torej še nepopisno več otrok, potrebnih zdravljenja,

and in order to expand the scope of the project,

in z željo širiti domet projekta,

we are planning on launching

načrtujemo odprtje

The Prakash Center for Children,

Otroškega centra Prakash

which will have a dedicated pediatric hospital,

s posebno pediatrično kliniko,

a school for the children we are treating

šolo za otroke, ki jih zdravimo,

and also a cutting-edge research facility.

in visokotehnološko raziskovalno ustanovo.

The Prakash Center will integrate health care,

Center Prakash bo združeval zdravniško oskrbo,

education and research in a way

izobraževanje in raziskovanje,

that truly creates the whole

ki bodo skupaj sestavljali celoto,

to be greater than the sum of the parts.

večjo, kot bi bila vsota vseh delov.

So, to summarize: Prakash, in its five years of existence,

Naj povzamem: Prakash je v petih letih delovanja

it's had an impact in multiple areas,

vplival na mnogo področij,

ranging from basic neuroscience

od osnovne nevroznanosti,

plasticity and learning in the brain,

plastičnosti in učenja možganov,

to clinically relevant hypotheses like in autism,

do klinično pomembnih hipotez, kot pri avtizmu,

the development of autonomous machine vision systems,

razvoja samostojnih mehanskih sistemov vizualnega prepoznavanja,

education of the undergraduate and graduate students,

izobraževanja dodiplomskih in podiplomskih študentov,

and most importantly in the alleviation

in najpomembneje, zdravljenja

of childhood blindness.

slepote otrok.

And for my students and I, it's been

Zame in za moje študente

just a phenomenal experience

je bila to izredna izkušnja,

because we have gotten to do interesting research,

saj smo izvedli zanimivo raziskovanje,

while at the same time

poleg tega pa pomagali

helping the many children that we have worked with.

množici otrok, s katerimi smo delali.

Thank you very much.

Najlepša hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplavz)