Pawan Sinha on how brains learn to see

64,706 views ・ 2010-02-25

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Sunphil Ga κ²€ν† : Sanghoon Lee
00:15
If you are a blind child in India,
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ λ§Œμ•½ μΈλ„μ—μ„œ 눈이 λ¨Ό 아이라면,
00:19
you will very likely have to contend with
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μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ 적어도 두 가지 큰
00:22
at least two big pieces of bad news.
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λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ„ μ ‘ν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:25
The first bad news
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첫 번째 λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ€
00:27
is that the chances of getting treatment
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치료λ₯Ό 받을 κΈ°νšŒκ°€ 맀우
00:30
are extremely slim to none,
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μ λ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
00:33
and that's because most of the blindness
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ μΈλ„μ—μ„œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜
00:35
alleviation programs in the country
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μ‹œκ°μž₯μ•  μ™„ν™” μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€
00:37
are focused on adults,
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성인에 μ§‘μ€‘λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
and there are very, very few hospitals
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아이듀을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ μž₯λΉ„κ°€ 갖좔어진
00:42
that are actually equipped to treat children.
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병원이 거의 μ—†λ‹€λŠ” κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:46
In fact, if you were to be treated,
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μ‹€μ œ 치료λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜λ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”λΌλ„,
00:51
you might well end up being treated
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λ¬΄μžκ²©μžλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 치료λ₯Ό
00:54
by a person who has no medical credentials
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λ°›κ²Œ λ˜μ—ˆμ„ ν™•λ₯ μ΄ λ†’μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
as this case from Rajasthan illustrates.
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λΌμžμŠ€νƒ„(인도 λΆμ„œλΆ€)μ—μ„œ λ°œμƒν•œ 사건이죠.
01:00
This is a three-year-old orphan girl
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λ°±λ‚΄μž₯에 κ±Έλ¦° 3 μ‚΄μ§œλ¦¬
01:02
who had cataracts.
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κ³ μ•„ μ†Œλ…€λ₯Ό 보고 κ³„μ‹­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:04
So, her caretakers took her
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λ³΄ν˜Έμžλ“€μ΄ 이 아이λ₯Ό
01:06
to the village medicine man,
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λ§ˆμ„μ˜ μ˜μ›μ—κ²Œ λ°λ €κ°”λŠ”λ°,
01:08
and instead of suggesting to the caretakers
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λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ 의료 처치λ₯Ό λ°›μœΌλΌλŠ”
01:11
that the girl be taken to a hospital,
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ꢌ고 λŒ€μ‹ μ—, λ§ˆκ·€λ₯Ό λ‚΄μ«“κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œ
01:14
the person decided to burn her abdomen
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볡뢀λ₯Ό 뜨겁게 λ‹¬κΆˆμ§„ μ²  λ§‰λŒ€κΈ°λ‘œ
01:16
with red-hot iron bars
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μ§€μ§€κΈ°λ‘œ κ²°μ •ν•œ
01:18
to drive out the demons.
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μ‚¬κ±΄μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:20
The second piece of bad news
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두 번째 λ‚˜μœ μ†Œμ‹μ€
01:23
will be delivered to you
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μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μžλ“€μ΄
01:25
by neuroscientists, who will tell you
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ§ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:28
that if you are older than four or five years of age,
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이미 4-5μ„Έκ°€ λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λ©΄,
01:31
that even if you have your eye corrected,
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μ‹œκ°μ„ νšŒλ³΅ν–ˆλ‹€κ³  ν•˜λ”λΌλ„
01:34
the chances of your brain learning how to see
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λ‘λ‡Œκ°€ λ³΄λŠ” 방법을 배울 수 μžˆλŠ” κΈ°νšŒκ°€
01:37
are very, very slim --
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맀우 ν¬λ°•ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 사싀이죠.
01:39
again, slim or none.
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κ°€λŠ₯성이 맀우 μ κ±°λ‚˜ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:42
So when I heard these two things,
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두 가지 이야기λ₯Ό λ“€μ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
01:44
it troubled me deeply,
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개인적이고 λ˜ν•œ
01:46
both because of personal reasons
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과학적인 이유둜 인해
01:48
and scientific reasons.
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맀우 κ±±μ •μŠ€λŸ¬μ› λ˜ 적이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:50
So let me first start with the personal reason.
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개인적인 이유λ₯Ό λ¨Όμ € μ‹œμž‘ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
It'll sound corny, but it's sincere.
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μ§„λΆ€ν•˜κ²Œ λ“€λ¦¬κ² μ§€λ§Œ, μ§„μ‹¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:56
That's my son, Darius.
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μ €μ˜ μ•„λ“€ λ‹€λ¦¬μš°μŠ€ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:58
As a new father,
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막 μ•„λΉ κ°€ 된 μ €λ‘œμ„œλŠ”
02:00
I have a qualitatively different sense
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질적으둜 λ‹€λ₯Έ 감각을 가지고 μžˆλŠ”λ°,
02:04
of just how delicate babies are,
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그듀이 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ„¬μ„Έν•œ 쑴재이며,
02:07
what our obligations are towards them
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그듀에 λŒ€ν•œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  것듀,
02:10
and how much love
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 아이듀을 μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜
02:12
we can feel towards a child.
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μ‚¬λž‘ν•  수 μžˆλŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό λ„˜μ–΄μ„œλŠ” 감각이죠.
02:15
I would move heaven and earth
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μ €λŠ” λ‹€λ¦¬μš°μŠ€μ˜ 치료λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄
02:17
in order to get treatment for Darius,
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어디라도 λ‹¬λ €κ°ˆ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:20
and for me to be told
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그리고 λˆ„κ΅°κ°€κ°€ 제게
02:22
that there might be other Dariuses
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치료λ₯Ό 받지 λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” 또 λ‹€λ₯Έ
02:24
who are not getting treatment,
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λ‹€λ¦¬μš°μŠ€κ°€ μžˆλ‹¨κ±Έ μ•Œλ €μ£Όκ² μ£ .
02:26
that's just viscerally wrong.
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정말 잘λͺ»λœ μΌμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:29
So that's the personal reason.
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이것이 개인적인 μ΄μœ μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:31
Scientific reason is that this notion
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과학적인 μ΄μœ λŠ” μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ
02:34
from neuroscience of critical periods --
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‹œκΈ°κ°€ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” κ°œλ…μœΌλ‘œμ„œ
02:36
that if the brain is older
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λ‘λ‡Œ ν˜•μ„± ν›„ 4-5년이 μ§€λ‚˜λ©΄,
02:39
than four or five years of age,
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ν•™μŠ΅ λŠ₯λ ₯이 μƒμ‹€λœλ‹€λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
it loses its ability to learn --
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μ €λŠ” 이 점을 λ°›μ•„λ“œλ¦¬κΈ°
02:43
that doesn't sit well with me,
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νž˜λ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ”
02:45
because I don't think that idea
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이 생각이 μ μ ˆν•˜κ²Œ κ²€μ¦λœ λ°” μ—†λ‹€κ³ 
02:47
has been tested adequately.
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μƒκ°ν–ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
02:50
The birth of the idea is from
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이 μ•„μ΄λ””μ–΄μ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ€
02:52
David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel's work,
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ν•˜λ²„λ“œμ—μ„œ 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν–ˆλ˜
02:54
two researchers who were at Harvard,
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λ°μ΄λΉ„λ“œ ν—ˆλ²¨κ³Ό ν† μŠ€νŠΌ λΉ„μ €μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:56
and they got the Nobel Prize in 1981
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그듀은 1981λ…„ 노벨상을 μˆ˜μƒν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:59
for their studies of visual physiology,
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μ‹œκ°μ  μƒλ¦¬ν•™μ΄λΌλŠ” 맀우 멋진
03:01
which are remarkably beautiful studies,
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연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ κ³΅λ‘œμ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
but I believe some of their work
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ €λŠ” κ·Έλ“€μ˜ 연ꡬ가
03:05
has been extrapolated
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μΈκ°„μ˜ λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ„±κΈ‰ν•˜κ²Œ
03:07
into the human domain prematurely.
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μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:09
So, they did their work with kittens,
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 감각이 λ°•νƒˆλœ
03:11
with different kinds of deprivation regiments,
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μƒˆλΌ 고양이λ₯Ό μ΄μš©ν•΄μ„œ μ§„ν–‰λœ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
and those studies,
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60λ…„λŒ€μ— μˆ˜ν–‰λœ
03:15
which date back to the '60s,
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이 연ꡬ가 μ•„μ§κΉŒμ§€λ„
03:17
are now being applied to human children.
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μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ 적용되고 μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
03:20
So I felt that I needed to do two things.
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μ €λŠ” 두 가지λ₯Ό ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³  λŠκΌˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:23
One: provide care
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ν•˜λ‚˜: ν˜„μž¬ 치료λ₯Ό
03:26
to children who are currently
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받지 λͺ»ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 아이듀을
03:28
being deprived of treatment.
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λ³΄ν˜Έν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:30
That's the humanitarian mission.
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이것은 인도적인 μž„λ¬΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
And the scientific mission would be
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또 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°μ  μ μ‘μ„±μ˜
03:34
to test the limits
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ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό κ²€μ‚¬ν•˜λŠ”
03:36
of visual plasticity.
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과학적 μž„λ¬΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
03:38
And these two missions, as you can tell,
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그리고 이 두 개의 μž„λ¬΄λŠ” μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό,
03:41
thread together perfectly. One adds to the other;
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μ„œλ‘œ μ™„λ²½ν•˜κ²Œ 이어져야 되고, 곡쑴해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:44
in fact, one would be impossible without the other.
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사싀상, ν•œ κ°€μ§€λ§Œ λ”°λ‘œ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  μˆ˜λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:49
So, to implement
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, 이 쌍λ‘₯이 μž„λ¬΄λ₯Ό
03:51
these twin missions,
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μ‹€ν˜„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λͺ‡ λ…„ 전에, μ €λŠ”
03:53
a few years ago, I launched Project Prakash.
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ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈλ₯Ό μΆœλ²”ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
Prakash, as many of you know,
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λ§Žμ€ 뢄듀이 μ•Œλ‹€μ‹œν”Ό, ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œ(Parkash)λŠ”
03:58
is the Sanskrit word for light,
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μ‚°μŠ€ν¬λ¦¬νŠΈμ–΄(κ³ λŒ€μΈλ„μ˜ ν‘œμ€€λ¬Έμžμ–΄)의 μ‘°ν•©μœΌλ‘œ 빛을 λœ»ν•˜κ³ ,
04:00
and the idea is that
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이 생각은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€
04:02
in bringing light into the lives of children,
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κ·Έ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ 삢에 빛을 λΉ„μΆ”κ³ ,
04:05
we also have a chance
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ λ―ΈμŠ€ν…Œλ¦¬λ‘œ 남은
04:07
of shedding light on some of the
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신경과학에 빛을 κ°€μ Έλ‹€ μ£ΌλŠ”
04:09
deepest mysteries of neuroscience.
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기회λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“œλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:12
And the logo -- even though it looks extremely Irish,
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이 λ‘œκ³ λŠ” 맀우 μ•„μΌλžœλ“œμ‹μœΌλ‘œ 보이지먄,
04:15
it's actually derived from
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μΈλ„μ˜ 상징인 ν† κΈ° λž¨ν”„,
04:17
the Indian symbol of Diya, an earthen lamp.
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λ””μ•Ό(Diya)μ—μ„œ λ”°μ˜¨ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:21
The Prakash, the overall effort
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ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œμ˜ μ „λ°˜μ μΈ λͺ©ν‘œμ—λŠ”
04:24
has three components:
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3가지 μš”μ†Œκ°€ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
04:26
outreach, to identify children in need of care;
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보윑이 ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•œ 아이 νŒŒμ•…μ„ μœ„ν•œ λ‹€κ°€μ„œκΈ°,
04:30
medical treatment; and in subsequent study.
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μ˜ν•™μ  μΉ˜λ£Œμ™€ 후속 μ—°κ΅¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
And I want to show you a short video clip
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짧은 λ™μ˜μƒμ„ λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άμ€λ°μš”,
04:36
that illustrates the first two components of this work.
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이 λͺ©ν‘œμ˜ 처음 두 가지 μš”μ†Œλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 것이죠.
04:41
This is an outreach station
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이것은 λ΄‰μ‚¬ν™œλ™ λ³ΈλΆ€λ‘œμ„œ
04:43
conducted at a school for the blind.
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λ§Ήμ•„λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ ν•™κ΅μ—μ„œ ν™œλ™ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:46
(Text: Most of the children are profoundly and permanently blind ...)
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(원문: λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 아이듀은 μ‹¬κ°ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ 영ꡬ적인 μ‹œκ° μž₯μ• μžμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.)
04:51
Pawan Sinha: So, because this is a school for the blind,
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Pawan Sinha: μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ, 맹아듀을 μœ„ν•œ 학ꡐ이기에,
04:56
many children have permanent conditions.
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λ§Žμ€ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ μƒνƒœλŠ” 영ꡬ적이죠.
04:58
That's a case of microphthalmos,
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이것은 λ¬΄μ•ˆκ΅¬μ¦(micropthalmos)의 경우둜
05:01
which is malformed eyes,
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눈이 κΈ°ν˜•μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λœ 것이고
05:03
and that's a permanent condition;
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이 μƒνƒœλŠ” 영ꡬ적으둜 μ§€μ†λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
it cannot be treated.
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μΉ˜λ£Œν•  μˆ˜λ„ μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:07
That's an extreme of micropthalmos
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그리고 이것은 극단적인 λ¬΄μ•ˆκ΅¬μ¦μ΄λ©°,
05:09
called enophthalmos.
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μ•ˆκ΅¬ 함λͺ°(enopthalmos)이라고 뢈리죠.
05:11
But, every so often, we come across children
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€ μ’…μ’…, μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μ—†λŠ” μž”λ₯˜ μ‹œκ°μ„
05:13
who show some residual vision,
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λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ” 아이듀을 μ ‘ν•˜λŠ”λ°μš”,
05:16
and that is a very good sign
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이것은 μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ”
05:19
that the condition might actually be treatable.
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맀우 쒋은 μ‹ ν˜Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:21
So, after that screening, we bring the children to the hospital.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ, 심사 이후 아이듀을 병원에 λ°λ €μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:24
That's the hospital we're working with in Delhi,
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이곳은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λΈλ¦¬μ—μ„œ κ·Όλ¬΄ν•˜λŠ”
05:26
the Schroff Charity Eye Hospital.
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Schroff μžμ„  μ•ˆκ³Ό λ³‘μ›μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:29
It has a very well-equipped
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이 병원은 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ μž₯λΉ„λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ˜
05:31
pediatric ophthalmic center,
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μ†Œμ•„ μ•ˆκ³Όλ‘œμ„œ
05:35
which was made possible in part
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λ‘œλ‚ λ“œ λ§₯λ„λ‚ λ“œ μžμ„  μž¬λ‹¨μ—μ„œ
05:37
by a gift from the Ronald McDonald charity.
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섀립에 일뢀 도움을 μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:41
So, eating burgers actually helps.
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햄버거λ₯Ό λ¨ΉλŠ” 게 도움이 되죠.
05:45
(Text: Such examinations allow us to improve
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(원문: 검진을 톡해 λ§Žμ€ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ˜
05:47
eye-health in many children, and ...
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눈 건강을 ν–₯μƒμ‹œμΌ°κ³ , ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ—
05:54
... help us find children who can participate in Project Prakash.)
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μ°Έμ—¬ν•  아이듀을 찾을 수 있게 ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.)
05:57
PS: So, as I zoom in to the eyes of this child,
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PS: μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ, μ•„μ΄μ˜ λˆˆμ„ κ°€κΉŒμ΄ λ“€μ—¬λ‹€ 보면,
05:59
you will see the cause of his blindness.
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μ‹œκ°μž₯μ• μ˜ 원인을 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:03
The whites that you see in the middle of his pupils
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μ•„μ΄μ˜ λˆˆλ™μž κ°€μš΄λ° 뢀뢄에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ” ν•˜μ–€μƒ‰μ€
06:06
are congenital cataracts,
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μ„ μ²œμ μΈ λ°±λ‚΄μž₯μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
06:09
so opacities of the lens.
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맀우 뢈투λͺ…ν•œ μˆ˜μ •μ²΄μ£ .
06:11
In our eyes, the lens is clear,
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우리 눈의 μˆ˜μ •μ²΄λŠ” 투λͺ…ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ,
06:14
but in this child, the lens has become opaque,
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이 μ•„μ΄μ˜ μˆ˜μ •μ²΄λŠ” ν˜Όνƒν•΄μ Έμ„œ
06:16
and therefore he can't see the world.
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결과적으둜 아무 것도 λ³Ό 수 μ—†κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:19
So, the child is given treatment. You'll see shots of the eye.
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이 μ•„μ΄λŠ” 치료λ₯Ό λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ•ˆκ΅¬ 사진을 보여 λ“œλ¦¬μ£ .
06:22
Here's the eye with the opaque lens,
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이건 뢈투λͺ…ν•œ μˆ˜μ •μ²΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:24
the opaque lens extracted
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뢈투λͺ…ν•œ μˆ˜μ •μ²΄λ₯Ό μ μΆœν•˜κ³ 
06:26
and an acrylic lens inserted.
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아크릴 μˆ˜μ •μ²΄λ₯Ό μ‚½μž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:29
And here's the same child
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수술 ν›„ 3μ£Όκ°€ μ§€λ‚œ ν›„
06:31
three weeks post-operation,
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이 μ•„μ΄λŠ” 였λ₯Έμͺ½ λˆˆμ„
06:34
with the right eye open.
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뜰 수 있게 λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
06:40
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
06:46
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€
06:48
So, even from that little clip, you can begin to get the sense
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μž‘μ€ μ˜μƒμ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„λ“€μ€
06:51
that recovery is possible,
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회볡이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것과,
06:53
and we have now
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거의 200λͺ…μ˜ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ
06:55
provided treatment to over 200 children,
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치료λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œ 이 이야기가 반볡되고
06:58
and the story repeats itself.
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μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것을 λŠλ‚„ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:00
After treatment, the child
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치료 이후, 아이듀은
07:02
gains significant functionality.
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λˆˆμ— λ„λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯을 μ–»μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
07:05
In fact, the story holds true
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사싀상, 이 μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” 심지어
07:08
even if you have a person who got sight
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μˆ˜λ…„ κ°„ μ‹œλ ₯을 μƒμ‹€ν•œ ν›„ νšŒλ³΅ν•œ
07:10
after several years of deprivation.
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κ²½μš°μ—λ„ μœ νš¨ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:12
We did a paper a few years ago
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λͺ‡ λ…„ μ „ 우리 연ꡬ진은 였λ₯Έμͺ½μ—
07:14
about this woman that you see on the right, SRD,
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λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 이 여성에 κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ 논문을 μΌμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€,
07:18
and she got her sight late in life,
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” μΈμƒμ˜ ν›„λ°˜κΈ°μ— μ‹œλ ₯을 μ°Ύμ•˜λŠ”λ°,
07:20
and her vision is remarkable at this age.
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λ‚˜μ΄μ— λΉ„ν•΄ λ›°μ–΄λ‚œ μ‹œλ ₯을 κ°€μ‘ŒμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:24
I should add a tragic postscript to this --
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여기에 비극적인 ν›„κΈ°λ₯Ό μΆ”κ°€ν•΄μ•Ό λ˜κ² λ„€μš”.
07:27
she died two years ago
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κ·Έλ…€λŠ” 2λ…„ 전에 λ²„μŠ€ μ‚¬κ³ λ‘œ
07:29
in a bus accident.
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운λͺ…ν•˜μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:31
So, hers is just a truly inspiring story --
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ μ‚¬λ‘€λŠ” μ•Œλ €μ§€μ§€ μ•Šμ€
07:35
unknown, but inspiring story.
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μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ 감동적인 μ΄μ•ΌκΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:38
So when we started finding these results,
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이런 사둀λ₯Ό λ°œκ΅΄ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
07:40
as you might imagine, it created quite a bit of stir
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μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜μ‹  κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ, κ³Όν•™ 및 인기 μ–Έλ‘ μ—μ„œ
07:43
in the scientific and the popular press.
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μ—„μ²­λ‚œ 반ν–₯을 μΌμœΌμΌ°μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:46
Here's an article in Nature
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이것은 이 연ꡬ에 κ΄€ν•œ
07:48
that profiled this work,
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넀이쳐 κΈ°μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
07:50
and another one in Time.
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또 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” νƒ€μž„ κΈ°μ‚¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:52
So, we were fairly convinced -- we are convinced --
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이처럼 우리 연ꡬ진듀은 μ‹œλ ₯ λ°•νƒˆμ΄
07:54
that recovery is feasible,
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μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μ§€μ†λœ κ²½μš°μ—λ„
07:56
despite extended visual deprivation.
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회볡이 κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 ν™•μ‹ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
07:59
The next obvious question to ask:
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μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ 후속 μ§ˆλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:01
What is the process of recovery?
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회볡 과정은 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ§„ν–‰λ˜λŠ”κ°€?
08:04
So, the way we study that is,
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자, μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ λ°©λ²•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€,
08:07
let's say we find a child who has light sensitivity.
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빛에 λ―Όκ°ν•œ 아이λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ΄…μ‹œλ‹€.
08:09
The child is provided treatment,
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μ•„μ΄λŠ” 치료λ₯Ό λ°›κ²Œ 되며,
08:11
and I want to stress that the treatment
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κ·Έ μΉ˜λ£ŒλŠ” λ¬΄μ‘°κ±΄μ μ΄λΌλŠ” κ±Έ
08:13
is completely unconditional;
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κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κ³  μ‹ΆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:15
there is no quid pro quo.
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이 일에 λŒ€κ°€λŠ” μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:17
We treat many more children then we actually work with.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 더 λ§Žμ€ 아이듀을 μΉ˜λ£Œν•˜κ³  μ—°κ΅¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:20
Every child who needs treatment is treated.
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μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•œ λͺ¨λ“  아이λ₯Ό μΉ˜λ£Œν–ˆμ£ .
08:23
After treatment, about every week,
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μΉ˜λ£Œκ°€ λλ‚˜λ©΄ 거의 λ§€μ£Όλ§ˆλ‹€
08:25
we run the child
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μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ‹œκ°μ΄
08:27
on a battery of simple visual tests
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ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ—ˆλŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ •ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ
08:30
in order to see how their visual skills
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ μ‹œκ° 검사λ₯Ό
08:32
are coming on line.
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μˆ˜ν–‰ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:34
And we try to do this for as long as possible.
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λ˜λ„λ‘ μž₯기적으둜 ν•˜λ €κ³  λ…Έλ ₯ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:37
This arc of development
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이 λ°œλ‹¬ 곑선은
08:39
gives us unprecedented
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μ „λ‘€μ—†κ³  μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ κ·€μ€‘ν•œ
08:41
and extremely valuable information
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정보λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•΄ μ€λ‹ˆλ‹€.
08:43
about how the scaffolding of vision
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ‹œκ°μ˜ 체계가
08:45
gets set up.
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ν˜•μ„±λ˜λŠ”κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
08:47
What might be the causal connections
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μ΄ˆκΈ°μ— λ°œλ‹¬λœ 기술과
08:49
between the early developing skills
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λ‚˜μ€‘μ— λ°œλ‹¬λœ 기술 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜
08:51
and the later developing ones?
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일반적인 연결점은 λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
08:53
And we've used this general approach to study
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μ—¬λŸ¬ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‹œκ° μˆ™λ‹¬μ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
08:55
many different visual proficiencies,
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이와 같이 일반적인 접근법을 μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
08:58
but I want to highlight one particular one,
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νŠΉλ³„ν•œ ν•œ 가지 방법을 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:02
and that is image parsing into objects.
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이미지λ₯Ό 물체둜 ν•΄μ„ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
09:05
So, any image of the kind that you see on the left,
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μ™ΌνŽΈμ— λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” 이런 μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λŠ”
09:07
be it a real image or a synthetic image,
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μ§„μ§œ μ΄λ―Έμ§€λ‚˜ ν•©μ„± 이미지가 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:10
it's made up of little regions
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이것은 쀑간 단락에 λ³΄μ΄λŠ”
09:12
that you see in the middle column,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λ²”μœ„μ˜ 색깔, λ‹€λ₯Έ λ°œκ΄‘λ“€λ‘œ
09:14
regions of different colors, different luminances.
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κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€
09:17
The brain has this complex task
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λ‘λ‡ŒλŠ” 이처럼 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μž‘μ—…μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ—¬,
09:20
of putting together, integrating,
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ν•©μΉ˜κ³ , ν†΅ν•©ν•˜λ©°,
09:23
subsets of these regions
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이런 μ˜μ—­λ“€μ˜ 뢀뢄을
09:25
into something that's more meaningful,
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보닀 의미 μžˆλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄
09:27
into what we would consider to be objects,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 물체라고 μΈμ‹ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:29
as you see on the right.
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였λ₯Έμͺ½μ—μ„œ λ³Ό 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:31
And nobody knows how this integration happens,
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이 연결이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ”μ§€λŠ” 아무도 λͺ¨λ₯΄μ£ .
09:33
and that's the question we asked with Project Prakash.
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ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ—μ„œ λ˜μ§„ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:37
So, here's what happens
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이것은 μ‹œλ ₯이 회볡된 직후에
09:39
very soon after the onset of sight.
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λ°œμƒν•œ μ‚¬κ±΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:42
Here's a person who had gained sight just a couple of weeks ago,
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이 μ‚¬λžŒμ€ 2 μ£Ό 전에 μ‹œλ ₯을 νšŒλ³΅ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:45
and you see Ethan Myers, a graduate student from MIT,
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이 MIT λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒμ€ Ethan Myersμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
09:48
running the experiment with him.
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그와 ν•¨κ»˜ μ‹€ν—˜ν–ˆμ£ .
09:51
His visual-motor coordination is quite poor,
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그의 μ‹œκ°-μš΄λ™ 연결은 맀우 λΆ€μ‹€ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
09:55
but you get a general sense
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κ·Έκ°€ μΆ”μ ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” μ˜μ—­μ΄
09:57
of what are the regions that he's trying to trace out.
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무엇인지에 λŒ€ν•œ 감을 μž‘μœΌμ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:00
If you show him real world images,
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λ§Œμ•½ κ·Έμ—κ²Œ μ‹€μ œ μ„Έμƒμ˜ 이미지λ₯Ό λ³΄μ—¬μ£Όκ±°λ‚˜
10:02
if you show others like him real world images,
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μœ μ‚¬ν•œ μ¦μƒμ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‚¬λžŒμ—κ²Œ μ„Έμƒμ˜ 이미지λ₯Ό 보여주면,
10:05
they are unable to recognize most of the objects
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그듀은 λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 물체λ₯Ό μΈμ§€ν•˜μ§€ λͺ»ν•  κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€
10:07
because the world to them is over-fragmented;
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 세상은 λ„ˆλ¬΄λ‚˜ λΆ„λ¦¬λ˜μ–΄ 있고,
10:10
it's made up of a collage, a patchwork,
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색깔, κ΄‘μ±„μ˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ˜μ—­μ΄
10:13
of regions of different colors and luminances.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ ν•©μ΄κ±°λ‚˜, λΆ€λΆ„μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ–΄ 있기 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ .
10:15
And that's what's indicated in the green outlines.
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그리고 이것은 녹색 μœ€κ³½μ„ μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜μ–΄ 있죠.
10:17
When you ask them,
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ§ˆλ¬Έν•  λ•Œ,
10:19
"Even if you can't name the objects, just point to where the objects are,"
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비둝 물체 이름을 λŒ€μ§€ λͺ» ν•˜κ±°λ‚˜, μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 가리킀지 λͺ»ν•΄λ„,
10:22
these are the regions that they point to.
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그듀이 κ°€λ¦¬ν‚€λŠ” μ˜μ—­μ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:24
So the world is this complex
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ 세상은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ν•©μœΌλ‘œ
10:26
patchwork of regions.
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λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ μ˜μ—­μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:28
Even the shadow on the ball
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심지어 곡의 κ·Έλ¦Όμžλ„
10:30
becomes its own object.
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ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ 물체가 되죠.
10:33
Interestingly enough,
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ν₯미둜운 사싀은,
10:35
you give them a few months,
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κ·Έλ“€μ—κ²Œ λͺ‡ κ°œμ›”μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ„ μ€€λ‹€λ©΄,
10:37
and this is what happens.
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이런 일이 λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠.
10:43
Doctor: How many are these?
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μ˜μ‚¬: λͺ‡ κ°œκ°€ 있죠?
10:45
Patient: These are two things.
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ν™˜μž: 2κ°œλ„€μš”.
10:47
Doctor: What are their shapes?
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μ˜μ‚¬: λͺ¨μ–‘이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 되죠?
10:49
Patient: Their shapes ...
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ν™˜μž: λͺ¨μ–‘은...
10:51
This one is a circle,
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ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” 원,
10:54
and this
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그리고 이것은
10:56
is a square.
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μ‚¬κ°ν˜•μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
10:58
PS: A very dramatic transformation has come about.
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PS: 맀우 극적인 μ „ν™˜μ΄ μΌμ–΄λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:01
And the question is:
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그리고 λ‹€μŒ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€:
11:03
What underlies this transformation?
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이 μ „ν™˜μ˜ κΈ°μ΄ˆλŠ” λ¬΄μ—‡μΌκΉŒμš”?
11:05
It's a profound question,
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맀우 심도 μžˆλŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έμ΄μ§€λ§Œ,
11:07
and what's even more amazing is how simple
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λ”μš± λ†€λΌμš΄ 것은 κ·Έ λŒ€λ‹΅μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜
11:09
the answer is.
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κ°„λ‹¨ν•œκ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 것이죠.
11:11
The answer lies in motion
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닡변은 μ œκ°€ λ‹€μŒ μ˜μƒμ—μ„œ
11:13
and that's what I want to show you in the next clip.
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λ³΄μ—¬λ“œλ¦¬κ³  μ‹Άμ—ˆλ˜ μ›€μ§μž„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
11:18
Doctor: What shape do you see here?
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μ˜μ‚¬: μ—¬κΈ° μ–΄λ–€ λͺ¨μ–‘이 λ³΄μ΄λ‚˜μš”?
11:20
Patient: I can't make it out.
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ν™˜μž: λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² μ–΄μš”.
11:28
Doctor: Now?
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μ˜μ‚¬: μ§€κΈˆμ€?
11:31
Patient: Triangle.
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ν™˜μž: μ‚Όκ°ν˜•μ΄μš”.
11:35
Doctor: How many things are these?
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μ˜μ‚¬: μ—¬κΈ° λͺ‡ κ°œκ°€ 있죠?
11:48
Now, how many things are these?
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자, λͺ‡ κ°œκ°€ 있죠?
11:51
Patient: Two.
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ν™˜μž: 두 κ°œμš”.
11:53
Doctor: What are these things?
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μ˜μ‚¬: 무엇이죠?
11:56
Patient: A square and a circle.
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ν™˜μž: μ‚Όκ°ν˜• 그리고 μ›μ΄μš”.
11:58
PS: And we see this pattern over and over again.
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PS: μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 같은 방식을 계속 λ³Ό 수 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
12:01
The one thing the visual system needs
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세상을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ‹œκ°μ‘°μ§μ΄
12:04
in order to begin parsing the world
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ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν–ˆλ˜ 것은
12:06
is dynamic information.
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동적인 μ •λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:08
So the inference we are deriving from this,
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μ΄κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„° μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 얻은 μΆ”λ‘ ,
12:10
and several such experiments,
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그리고 λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ μ‹€ν—˜λ“€μ€,
12:12
is that dynamic information processing,
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동적인 정보 처리, ν˜Ήμ€
12:14
or motion processing,
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μ›€μ§μž„ μ²˜λ¦¬λŠ” 남아 μžˆλŠ”
12:16
serves as the bedrock for building
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μ‹œκ° 처리의 λ³΅μž‘μ„±μ„ ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ”
12:18
the rest of the complexity of visual processing;
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근본적인 μ—­ν™œμ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:22
it leads to visual integration
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이것은 μ‹œκ°μ˜ 톡합 그리고
12:24
and eventually to recognition.
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인지λ₯Ό μ΄λ•λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:27
This simple idea has far reaching implications.
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이 κ°„λ‹¨ν•œ 생각은 폭 넓은 λœ»μ„ λ‚΄ν¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:30
And let me just quickly mention two,
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이제 κ°„λ‹¨ν•˜κ²Œ 두 κ°€μ§€λ§Œ μ–ΈκΈ‰ν•˜κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:33
one, drawing from the domain of engineering,
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기술 λΆ€λΆ„μ—μ„œ, 그리고
12:35
and one from the clinic.
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μž„μƒμ—μ„œ μ˜€λŠ” κ³„νšμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:37
So, from the perspective of engineering,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ, 기술의 μ „λ§μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€ν„°,
12:39
we can ask: Goven that we know
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λ™μž‘μ΄ μΈκ°„μ˜ μ‹œκ° 쑰직에
12:42
that motion is so important for the human visual system,
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μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 것을 μ•Œκ³  μžˆλ‹€λ©΄, λ¬Όμ–΄λ³Ό 수 있겠죠,
12:44
can we use this as a recipe
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 이것을 μžμ‹  슀슀둜 ν•™μŠ΅ν•˜κ³ ,
12:47
for constructing machine-based vision systems
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μΈκ°„μ˜ ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ 과정이 ν•„μš”μ—†μ΄ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§€λŠ”
12:50
that can learn on their own, that don't need to be programmed
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κΈ°κ³„μ˜ μ‹œκ° 쑰직을 ν˜•μ„±ν•˜λŠ”λ° μ‘μš©ν•  수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
12:53
by a human programmer?
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라고 μ§ˆλ¬Έν• μˆ˜ 있죠.
12:55
And that's what we're trying to do.
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이것이 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‹œλ„ν•˜λ €κ³  ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12:57
I'm at MIT, at MIT you need to apply
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μ €λŠ” MIT에 있고, MITμ—μ„œλŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄
13:00
whatever basic knowledge you gain.
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μŠ΅λ“ν•œ μ–΄λ–€ κΈ°λ³Έ 지식이라도 μ μš©ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:02
So we are creating Dylan,
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 거의
13:04
which is a computational system
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아이듀이 ν‘μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” μ‹œκ° μž…λ ₯을
13:06
with an ambitious goal
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받아듀이고, μžμ—°νžˆ
13:08
of taking in visual inputs
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μ‹œκ° μž…λ ₯μ—μ„œ 무엇이 물체인지
13:10
of the same kind that a human child would receive,
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검색할 수 μžˆλŠ” κ³„μ‚°λœ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ
13:13
and autonomously discovering:
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μ•Όμ‹¬μž‘ Dylan을
13:15
What are the objects in this visual input?
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λ§Œλ“€μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:18
So, don't worry about the internals of Dylan.
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Dylan의 λ‚΄λΆ€λŠ” 신경쓰지 μ•ŠμœΌμ…”λ„ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:21
Here, I'm just going to talk about
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이제, μ €λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ Dylan을
13:24
how we test Dylan.
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μ‹œν—˜ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ λ§ν•˜κ³ μž ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:26
The way we test Dylan is by giving it
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Dylan을 κ²€μ‚¬ν–ˆλ˜ 방법은 이전에 μ œκ°€ λ§ν–ˆλ˜ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
13:28
inputs, as I said, of the same kind
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ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œ ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ— μ°Έμ—¬ν–ˆλ˜ μ•„μ΄λ“€μ΄λ‚˜
13:31
that a baby, or a child in Project Prakash would get.
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같은 증상을 가진 μ•„μ΄λ“€μ—κ²Œ μž…λ ₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” 것이죠.
13:34
But for a long time we couldn't quite figure out:
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μ˜μƒ μž…λ ₯을
13:37
Wow can we get these kinds of video inputs?
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κ°–λŠ”μ§€ μ•Œ 수 μ—†μ—ˆμ£ .
13:41
So, I thought,
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μ €λŠ”
13:43
could we have Darius
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λ‹€λ¦¬μš°μŠ€κ°€ μ†Œν˜•μΉ΄λ©”λΌ 운반체
13:45
serve as our babycam carrier,
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역할을 ν•  μˆ˜μžˆμ„κΉŒ, 그리고 이 방법이
13:48
and that way get the inputs that we feed into Dylan?
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Dylan에 μ£Όμž…ν•œ μž…λ ₯을 얻을 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ μƒκ°ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
13:51
So that's what we did.
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ, μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
13:53
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:00
I had to have long conversations with my wife.
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μ €λŠ” μ €μ˜ 아내와 μ˜€λž«λ™μ•ˆ λŒ€ν™”ν•΄μ•Όλ§Œ ν–ˆμ—ˆμ£ .
14:03
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:08
In fact, Pam, if you're watching this,
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여보, λ§Œμ•½ 이 강연을 λ³΄κ³ μžˆλ‹€λ©΄,
14:10
please forgive me.
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λ‚  μš©μ„œν•΄μ€˜.
14:13
So, we modified the optics of the camera
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ•„κΈ°μ˜ μ‹œκ° 정확성을
14:17
in order to mimic the baby's visual acuity.
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흉내 λ‚΄κΈ°μœ„ν•΄ 카메라 λˆˆμ„ μˆ˜μ •ν–ˆμ£ .
14:20
As some of you might know,
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ λΆ„λ“€ μ•„μ‹œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
14:22
babyies are born pretty much legally blind.
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μ•„κΈ°λŠ” 거의 눈이 λ¨Ό μƒνƒœλ‘œ νƒœμ–΄λ‚˜μ£ .
14:26
Their acuity -- our acuity is 20/20;
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우리의 정확성은 20/20 --
14:29
babies' acuity is like 20/800,
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μ•„κΈ°μ˜ 정확성은 20/800이죠,
14:32
so they are looking at the world
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κ·Έλž˜μ„œ 맀우 λΏŒμ—° μƒνƒœλ‘œ
14:34
in a very, very blurry fashion.
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세상을 바라보죠.
14:37
Here's what a baby-cam video looks like.
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μ•„κΈ°κ°€ λ³΄λŠ” 세상은 μ΄λ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:41
(Laughter)
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(μ›ƒμŒ)
14:50
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
14:53
Thankfully, there isn't any audio
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λ‹€ν–‰νžˆλ„, μ˜€λ””μ˜€λ₯Ό λ…ΉμŒν•˜μ§€
14:55
to go with this.
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μ•Šμ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
14:58
What's amazing is that working with such
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λ†€λΌμš΄ 것은, μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ μ„ λͺ…ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ€ μž…λ ₯에도
15:00
highly degraded input,
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μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이죠,
15:02
the baby, very quickly, is able
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μ•„κΈ°λŠ”, 맀우 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ, 이 μž…λ ₯μ—μ„œ
15:04
to discover meaning in such input.
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μ˜λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” 것을 찾을 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:07
But then two or three days afterward,
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2-3 일만 μ§€λ‚˜λ„,
15:09
babies begin to pay attention
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κ·Έλ“€μ˜ μ–΄λ¨Έλ‹ˆ ν˜Ήμ€ μ•„λ²„μ§€μ—κ²Œ
15:11
to their mother's or their father's face.
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주의λ₯Ό μ§‘μ€‘ν•˜κΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν•˜μ£ .
15:13
How does that happen? We want Dylan to be able to do that,
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘λ™ν•˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”? Dylan도 이런 일을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•΄μ£ΌκΈΈ 바라죠.
15:16
and using this mantra of motion,
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μ›€μ§μž„μ΄λΌλŠ” 주문을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬,
15:19
Dylan actually can do that.
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6, 7λΆ„ κ°€λŸ‰μ˜ μ˜μƒ μž…λ ₯을
15:21
So, given that kind of video input,
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받은 Dylan은 μ‹€μ œλ‘œ
15:24
with just about six or seven minutes worth of video,
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이런 μž‘μ—…μ„ μˆ˜ν–‰ν–ˆλŠ”λ°,
15:27
Dylan can begin to extract patterns
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얼꡴을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ νŒ¨ν„΄μ„
15:30
that include faces.
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μΆ”μΆœν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:33
So, it's an important demonstration
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자, 이것은 λ™μž‘μ˜ νž˜μ„ λ³΄μ—¬μ£ΌλŠ”
15:35
of the power of motion.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ μ‹œμ—°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
15:37
The clinical implication, it comes from the domain of autism.
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자폐증 λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œλ„ μž„μƒμ μΈ 뢄석이 μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
15:40
Visual integration has been associated with autism
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λͺ‡λͺ‡μ˜ 연ꡬ진듀은 μ‹œκ° 톡합이 자폐증과
15:42
by several researchers.
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μ—°κ΄€ μžˆλŠ” 것을 λ°ν˜”μ£ .
15:44
When we saw that, we asked:
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이에 κ΄€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ§ˆλ¬Έν–ˆμ–΄μš”.
15:46
Could the impairment in visual integration
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μ–΄λ–€ μ†μƒμœΌλ‘œ 인해 μ‹œκ° ν†΅ν•©μ—μ„œ
15:49
be the manifestation of something underneath,
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λ°œμƒν•œ 결함이 μžνμ¦μ—μ„œ 보인
15:52
of dynamic information processing deficiencies in autism?
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동적 정보 처리 κ²°ν•μ˜ 원인이 될 수 μžˆμ„κΉŒ?
15:55
Because, if that hypothesis were to be true,
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μ™œλƒν•˜λ©΄, λ§Œμ•½ 이 가정이 사싀이라면,
15:58
it would have massive repercussions in our understanding
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무엇이 μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ 많고 λ‹€λ₯Έ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ 자폐증 ν‘œν˜„ν˜•μ„
16:01
of what's causing the many different aspects
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μΌμœΌν‚€λŠ” 가에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό
16:03
of the autism phenotype.
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μ¦κ°€μ‹œμΌœμ€„ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:06
What you're going to see are
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이제 λ³΄μ‹œκ²Œ 될 것은
16:08
video clips of two children -- one neurotypical,
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두 μ•„μ΄μ˜ μ˜μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, ν•œ μ•„μ΄λŠ” μΌλ°˜μ•„μ΄κ³ ,
16:11
one with autism, playing Pong.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ ν•œ λͺ…은 μžνμ•„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, 탁ꡬ κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ„€μš”.
16:13
So, while the child is playing Pong, we are tracking where they're looking.
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ, κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” λ™μ•ˆ, μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‹œκ°μ„ μΆ”μ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:16
In red are the eye movement traces.
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λΉ¨κ°„ 뢀뢄은, 눈의 μ›€μ§μž„μ„ μΆ”μ ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:19
This is the neurotypical child, and what you see
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μ „ν˜•μ μΈ μ•„μ΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€, λ³΄μ‹œλŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ
16:22
is that the child is able to make cues
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볼이 λ‚˜μ•„κ°€λŠ” 곳을 μ˜ˆμΈ‘ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄
16:24
of the dynamic information
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λ§Žμ€ 동적 정보λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ 
16:26
to predict where the ball is going to go.
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μžˆλŠ” 것을 μ•Œ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:28
Even before the ball gets to a place,
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심지어 볼이 λ„μ°©ν•˜κΈ° 전에,
16:31
the child is already looking there.
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μ•„μ΄λŠ” 이미 그곳을 λ°”λΌλ΄…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:34
Contrast this with a child
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λ°˜λŒ€λ‘œ κ²Œμž„μ— λͺ°λ‘ν•˜λŠ”
16:36
with autism playing the same game.
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μžνμ•„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:38
Instead of anticipating,
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κ²Œμž„μ„ ν•˜κΈ°λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”,
16:40
the child always follows where the ball has been.
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μ•„μ΄λŠ” 항상 볼이 어디에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ λ”°λΌκ°‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:43
The efficiency of the use
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역동적인 정보λ₯Ό 효과적으둜
16:45
of dynamic information
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μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯에 μžˆμ–΄μ„œ μžνμ¦μ€
16:47
seems to be significantly compromised in autism.
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μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 문제λ₯Ό μ§€λ‹Œ κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ λ³΄μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:51
So we are pursuing this line of work
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이와 같은 일련의 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜κ³  있으며,
16:54
and hopefully we'll have
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곧 더 λ§Žμ€ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°œν‘œν•  수 있기λ₯Ό
16:56
more results to report soon.
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ν¬λ§ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
16:58
Looking ahead, if you think of this disk
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이 μ›νŒμ΄ μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μš°λ¦¬κ°€
17:01
as representing all of the children
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μΉ˜λ£Œν–ˆλ˜ λͺ¨λ“  아이듀을
17:03
we've treated so far,
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λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Έ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄,
17:05
this is the magnitude of the problem.
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이것이 문제의 ν¬κΈ°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:07
The red dots are the children we have not treated.
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λΉ¨κ°„ 점은 μΉ˜λ£Œλ°›μ§€ λͺ»ν•œ μ•„μ΄λ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:10
So, there are many, many more children who need to be treated,
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μ•„μ£Ό 많이, μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ§Žμ€ 아이듀이 치료λ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:12
and in order to expand the scope of the project,
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이 ν”„λ‘œμ νŠΈμ˜ λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό ν™•μž₯μ‹œν‚€κΈ° μœ„ν•΄,
17:15
we are planning on launching
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 어린이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ
17:17
The Prakash Center for Children,
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ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œ μ„Όν„°λ₯Ό μΆœλ²”ν•  κ³„νšμ΄λ©°,
17:19
which will have a dedicated pediatric hospital,
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μ†Œμ•„κ³Ό 병원, 치료 쀑인 아이듀을 μœ„ν•œ
17:22
a school for the children we are treating
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ν•™κ΅λŠ” 물둠이고 μ΅œμ‹  연ꡬ μ‹œμ„€μ„
17:24
and also a cutting-edge research facility.
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λ³΄μœ ν•˜κ²Œ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:26
The Prakash Center will integrate health care,
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ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œ μ„Όν„°λŠ” 보건 의료,
17:29
education and research in a way
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ꡐ윑, 연ꡬλ₯Ό ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ ν†΅ν•©ν•˜μ—¬
17:31
that truly creates the whole
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μ§„μ •μœΌλ‘œ λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ 합보닀
17:33
to be greater than the sum of the parts.
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더 큰 전체λ₯Ό λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ 갈 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
17:36
So, to summarize: Prakash, in its five years of existence,
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μš”μ•½ν•΄μ„œ 말씀 λ“œλ¦¬λ©΄, ν”„λΌμΉ΄μ‹œ μ„Όν„°λŠ”
17:39
it's had an impact in multiple areas,
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5λ…„ 전에 μ„€λ¦½λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°,
17:42
ranging from basic neuroscience
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μ—¬λŸ¬ 방면에 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³  μžˆλŠ”λ°,
17:44
plasticity and learning in the brain,
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기초적인 μ‹ κ²½κ³Όν•™, λ‘λ‡Œ 적응성 및 ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ
17:46
to clinically relevant hypotheses like in autism,
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자폐증과 같은 μž„μƒμ μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€λ ¨λœ κ°€μ„€,
17:50
the development of autonomous machine vision systems,
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자체 μ‹œκ°μ²΄κ³„λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ˜ 기계 μž₯치 개발,
17:53
education of the undergraduate and graduate students,
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ν•™λΆ€ 및 λŒ€ν•™μ›μƒ ꡐ윑, 그리고 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•œ
17:56
and most importantly in the alleviation
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아동기 μ‹œκ°μž₯μ•  μ™„ν™”λ₯Ό
17:58
of childhood blindness.
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μˆ˜ν–‰ν•΄ μ™”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:00
And for my students and I, it's been
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그리고 이것은 저와 ν•™μƒλ“€μ—κ²Œ
18:02
just a phenomenal experience
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경이둜운 κ²½ν—˜μ΄μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:04
because we have gotten to do interesting research,
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μš°λ¦¬μ™€ ν•¨κ»˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 아이듀을
18:08
while at the same time
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λ•λŠ” λ™μ‹œμ— ν₯미둜운
18:10
helping the many children that we have worked with.
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연ꡬλ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆκΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:12
Thank you very much.
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맀우 κ°μ‚¬λ“œλ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€.
18:14
(Applause)
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(λ°•μˆ˜)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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