3 reasons why we can win the fight against poverty | Andrew Youn

Prevodilac: Ivana Korom Lektor: Aleksandar Korom

I've been living in rural East Africa for about 10 years,

Ja živim oko 10 godina u ruralnoj istočnoj Africi,

and I want to share a field perspective with you on global poverty.

i hteo bih da podelim sa vama sliku sa terena o globalnom siromaštvu.

I believe that the greatest failure of the human race

Verujem da je najveći neuspeh ljudske rase

is the fact that we've left more than one billion of our members behind.

to što smo zapostavili više od jedne milijarde ljudi.

Hungry, extreme poverty:

Glad, ekstremno siromaštvo:

these often seem like gigantic, insurmountable problems,

često deluju kao ogromni i nepremostivi problemi,

too big to solve.

isuviše veliki da bi se rešili.

But as a field practitioner,

Ali, kao neko sa terena,

I believe these are actually very solvable problems

mislim da su ovo veoma rešivi problemi

if we just take the right strategies.

ako se primene adekvatne strategije.

Archimedes was an ancient Greek thinker,

Arhimed je bio stari grčki mislilac,

and he taught us that if we lean on the right levers,

i on nas je naučio da ako imamo adekvatnu polugu,

we can move the world.

možemo da pomerimo svet.

In the fight against extreme poverty, I believe there are three powerful levers

Verujem da u borbi protiv siromaštva postoje tri bitne poluge

that we can lean on.

koje možemo upotrebiti.

This talk is all about those levers, and why they make poverty

Ovaj govor je o njima i zašto je sa njima siromaštvo

a winnable fight in our lifetimes.

borba koju možemo da dobijemo u našem životnom dobu.

What is extreme poverty?

Šta je ekstremno siromaštvo?

When I first moved to rural East Africa,

Kada sam se doselio u ruralnu istočnu Afriku,

I stayed overnight with a farm family.

prenoćio sam sa jednom farmerskom porodicom.

They were wonderful people.

Bili su divni ljudi.

They invited me into their home. We sang songs together

Pozvali su me u svoj dom.

Pevali smo pesme zajedno i zajedno smo večerali.

and ate a simple dinner.

They gave me a blanket to sleep on the floor.

Dali su mi ćebe, da spavam na podu.

In the morning, however, there was nothing to eat.

Ujutru, međutim, nije bilo ništa za jelo.

And then at lunchtime, I watched with an increasingly sick feeling

I onda sam za vreme ručka, posmatrao sa mučnim osećajem,

as the eldest girl in the family cooked porridge as a substitute for lunch.

kako je najstarija devojka u porodici skuvala kašu kao zamenu za ručak.

For that meal, every child drank one cup to survive.

Za taj obrok, svako dete je popilo po šolju kako bi preživelo.

And I cannot tell you how ashamed I felt

I ne mogu vam reći kako postiđeno sam se osećao

when they handed one of those cups to me,

kada su i meni dali jednu od tih šolja,

and I knew I had to accept their hospitality.

i znao sam da moram da prihvatim njihovo gostoprimstvo.

Children need food not only to survive but also to grow physically and mentally.

Deci je potrebna hrana da bi preživela i da bi rasla, fizički i psihički.

Every day they fail to eat, they lose a little bit of their future.

Svakim danom koji ne jedu, izgube deo svoje budućnosti.

Amongst the extreme poor, one in three children

Među ekstremno siromašnima, jedno od troje dece je

are permanently stunted from a lifetime of not eating enough.

trajno zaostalo usled nedovoljno hrane.

When that's combined with poor access to health care,

Kada se na to doda loša zdravstvena zaštita,

one in 10 extremely poor children die before they reach age five.

jedno od 10 siromašne dece umre pre svoje pete godine.

And only one quarter of children complete high school

I samo jedna četvrtina dece završi srednju školu,

because they lack school fees.

pošto nemaju za školarinu.

Hunger and extreme poverty curb human potential in every possible way.

Glad i ekstremno siromaštvo ograničavaju ljudski potencijal u svakom smislu.

We see ourselves as a thinking, feeling and moral human race,

Mi vidimo sebe kao misleću, osećajnu i moralnu ljudsku rasu,

but until we solve these problems for all of our members,

ali dok ne rešimo ove probleme za sve naše članove,

we fail that standard,

pali smo na tom standardu,

because every person on this planet matters.

zato što svaka osoba na ovoj planeti vredi.

This child matters.

Ovo dete vredi.

These children matter.

Ova deca vrede.

This girl matters.

Ova devojčica vredi.

You know, we see things like this,

Znate, mi vidimo ove stvari,

and we're upset by them,

i uznemireni smo njima,

but they seem like such big problems.

ali one deluju kao tako veliki problemi.

We don't know how to take effective action.

Ne znamo kako da preduzmemo efektivnu akciju.

But remember our friend Archimedes.

Ali setite se našeg prijatelja Arhimeda.

Global poverty has powerful levers.

Globalno siromaštvo ima jake poluge.

It's a problem like any other.

To je problem kao i bilo koji drugi.

I live and work in the field, and as a practitioner,

Ja živim i radim na terenu, i kao čovek u praksi,

I believe these are very solvable problems.

ja verujem da su ovo veoma rešivi problemi.

So for the next 10 minutes,

Tako da u nardenih 10 minuta,

let's not be sad about the state of the world.

hajde da ne budemo tužni o stanju u svetu.

Let's engage our brains.

Hajde da uključimo naše mozgove.

Let's engage our collective passion for problem-solving

Hajde da podstaknemo našu kolektivnu strast za rešavanjem problema,

and figure out what those levers are.

i zaključimo koje su to poluge.

Lever number one: most of the world's poor are farmers.

Poluga broj jedan: najsiromašniji među ljudskom populacijom su farmeri.

Think about how extraordinary this is.

Zamislite kako je ovo neobično.

If this picture represents the world's poor,

Ako ova slika predstavlja siromašne na Zemlji,

then more than half engage in farming as a major source of income.

onda je za više od pola njih poljoprivreda glavni izvor prihoda.

This gets me really excited.

Ovo je veoma uzbudljivo.

All of these people, one profession.

Svi ovi ljudi, jedna profesija.

Think how powerful this is.

Razmislite koliko je to moćno.

When farmers become more productive, then more than half the world's poor

Kada farmeri postanu produktivniji, onda više od polovine siromašnih na svetu

earn more money and climb out of poverty.

zarađuje više novca i izlazi iz siromaštva.

And it gets better.

I postaje bolje.

The product of farming is, of course, food.

Proizvodi poljoprivrede su, naravno, hrana.

So when farmers become more productive, they earn more food,

Tako da kada farmeri postanu produktivniji, imaju više hrane,

and they don't just help themselves,

i ne pomažu samo sebi,

but they help to feed healthy communities and thriving economies.

već da se nahrani zdrava zajednica i razvija ekonomija.

And when farmers become more productive, they reduce environmental pressure.

I kada farmeri postanu produktivniji, smanjuju pritisak na okolinu.

We only have two ways we can feed the world:

Imamo samo dva načina da nahranimo svet:

we can either make our existing farmland a lot more productive,

da napravimo naše farme produktivnijim,

or we can clear cut forest and savannah to make more farmland,

ili da pretvorimo šume i savane u zemljište za poljoprivredu,

which would be environmentally disastrous.

što bi bilo pogubno za okolinu.

Farmers are basically a really important leverage point.

Farmeri su suštinski, veoma bitna poluga.

When farmers become more productive,

Kada farmeri postanu produktivniji,

they earn more income, they climb out of poverty,

zarađuju više, izvlače se iz siromaštva,

they feed their communities and they reduce environmental land pressure.

hrane svoje zajednice i smanjuju pritisak na životnu sredinu.

Farmers stand at the center of the world.

Farmeri stoje u centru sveta.

And not a farmer like this one,

I ne farmeri poput ovoga,

but rather this lady.

već više poput ove dame.

Most of the farmers I know are actually women.

Većina farmera koje poznajem su zapravo žene.

Look at the strength and the will radiating from this woman.

Pogledajte snagu i želju koje izbijaju iz ove žene.

She is physically strong, mentally tough,

Ona je fizički jaka, mentalno snažna,

and she will do whatever it takes to earn a better life for her children.

i ona će uraditi šta god je potrebno da zaradi za bolji život svoje dece.

If we're going to put the future of humanity in one person's hands,

Ako treba da stavimo budućnost čovečanstva u ruke jedne osobe,

then I'm really glad it's her.

onda sam zaista srećan da je to ona.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

There's just one problem:

Postoji samo jedan problem:

many smallholder farmers lack access to basic tools and knowledge.

mnogo malih farmera manjka u pristupu osnovnim alatima i znanju.

Currently, they take a little bit of saved food grain from the prior year,

Trenutno, oni uzimaju malo sačuvanog zrnevlja hrane, od prošle godine,

they plant it in the ground and they till it with a manual hand hoe.

i to sade u zemlju i zalivaju manuelnim ručnim crevom.

These are tools and techniques that date to the Bronze Age,

Ovo su alati i tehnike koje datiraju iz bronzanog doba,

and it's why many farmers are still very poor.

i to je razlog zbog koga je mnogo farmera i dalje siromašno.

But good news, again.

Ali opet, dobre vesti.

Lever number two:

Poluga broj dva:

humanity actually solved the problem of agricultural poverty a century ago.

ljudi su rešili problem poljoprivrednog siromaštva pre jednog veka.

Let me walk you through the three most basic factors in farming.

Dozvolite mi da vas sprovdem kroz tri osnovna faktora u poljoprivredi.

First, hybrid seed is created when you cross two seeds together.

Prvo, hibridno seme nastaje kada se dva semena međusobno ukrste.

If you naturally pollinate a high-yielding variety

Ako prirodno oprašujete vrstu sa velikim prinosima

together with a drought-resistant variety,

zajedno sa vrstom koja je otporna na sušu,

you get a hybrid that inherits positive traits from both of its parents.

dobićete hibrid koji će naslediti pozitivne osobine od oba roditelja.

Next, conventional fertilizer, if used responsibly,

Dalje, konvencionalno đubrivo, ako se koristi odgovorno,

is environmentally sustainable.

je ekološki održivo.

If you micro-dose just a pinch of fertilizer

Ako mikro dozirate malo đubriva

to a plant that's taller than I am,

za biljku koja je viša od mene,

you unlock enormous yield gain.

dobićete neverovatan prinos.

These are known as farm inputs.

Ovo je poznato kao inputi za farmere.

Farm inputs need to be combined with good practice.

Inputi za famere se moraju kombinovati sa dobrom praksom.

When you space your seeds and plant with massive amounts of compost,

Kada posadite seme sa velikom količinom komposta,

farmers multiply their harvests.

farmeri multiplikuju žetvu.

These proven tools and practices have more than tripled

Ovi dokazani alati i metodi su utrostručili

agricultural productivity in every major region of the world,

poljoprivrednu produktivnost u svakom većem regionu na svetu,

moving mass numbers of people out of poverty.

izvlačeći narod iz siromaštva.

We just haven't finished delivering these things to everybody just yet,

Samo nismo stigli da dostavimo to svima još uvek,

particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa.

pre svega podsaharskoj Africi.

So overall, this is amazing news.

Tako da, ovo su odlične vesti.

Humanity actually solved agricultural poverty a century ago,

Čovečanstvo je rešilo poljoprivredno siromaštvo pre jednog veka,

in theory.

u teoriji.

We just haven't delivered these things to everybody just yet.

Samo što nismo svima to i isporučili.

In this century, the reason that people remain poor

U ovom veku, razlog zbog koga ljudi ostaju siromašni

is because maybe they live in remote places.

je možda zato što žive na udaljenim mestima.

They lack access to these things.

Nemaju pristup ovim stvarima.

Therefore, ending poverty is simply a matter

Tako da, rešenje siromaštva je, pitanje

of delivering proven goods and services to people.

dostavljanja dokazanih roba i usluga do ljudi.

We don't need more genius types right now.

Ne trebaju nam genijalci trenutno.

The humble delivery guy is going to end global poverty in our lifetime.

Skromni dostavljači će da okončaju globalno siromaštvo u našem dobu.

So these are the three levers,

Ovo su tri poluge,

and the most powerful lever is simply delivery.

i najjača poluga je jednostavno isporuka.

Wherever the world's companies, governments and nonprofits

Kada god svetske kompanije, vlade i NVO

set up delivery networks for life-improving goods,

osnuju distributivne mreže za robu koja unapređuje život,

we eliminate poverty.

eliminisaćemo siromaštvo.

OK, so that sounds really nice in theory,

OK, ovo zvuči super u teoriji,

but what about in practice?

ali kako je u praksi?

What do these delivery networks look like?

Kako ove distributivne mreže izgledaju?

I want to share the concrete example that I know best,

Želim da podelim ovaj primer koji znam najbolje,

my organization, One Acre Fund.

moju organizaciju, One Acre Fund.

We only serve the farmer,

Mi samo služimo farmere,

and our job is to provide her with the tools that she needs to succeed.

i naš posao je da joj pružimo alate koji su joj potrebni da uspe.

We start off by delivering farm inputs to really rural places.

Počinjemo dostavljanjem inputa za farme u ruralnim oblastima.

Now, this may appear initially very challenging,

Sada, u početku ovo može biti izazovno ali je moguće.

but it's pretty possible. Let me show you.

Dozvolite mi da vam pokažem.

We buy farm inputs with the combined power of our farmer network,

Kupimo inpute za farmu zajedničkim snagama naše mreže

and store it in 20 warehouses like this.

i to čuvamo u 20 ovakvih skladišta.

Then, during input delivery, we rent hundreds of 10-ton trucks

Onda, prilikom dostave inputa, iznajmimo na stotine 10-tonskih kamiona

and send them out to where farmers are waiting in the field.

i pošaljemo ih farmerima koji čekaju u polju.

They then get their individual orders and walk it home to their farms.

Onda oni dobiju svoje porudžbine i odnesu ih do svojih farmi.

It's kind of like Amazon for rural farmers.

To je slično Amazonu za ruralne farmere.

Importantly, realistic delivery also includes finance, a way to pay.

Važno je što realistična isporuka takođe uključuje finansiranje, način plaćanja.

Farmers pay us little by little over time, covering most of our expenses.

Farmeri nam vremenom plaćaju malo po malo, pokrivajući najveći deo naših troškova.

And then we surround all that with training.

I onda mi zaokružimo sve treningom.

Our rural field officers deliver practical, hands-on training

Naši ljudi na terenu omoguće praktični trening iz prve ruke

to farmers in the field

farmerima na polju

every two weeks.

svake dve nedelje.

Wherever we deliver our services, farmers use these tools

Gde god da radimo, farmeri koriste ove alate

to climb out of poverty.

da se izvuku iz siromaštva.

This is a farmer in our program, Consolata.

Ovo je farmer u našem programu, Konsolata.

Look at the pride on her face.

Pogledajte ponos na njenom licu.

She has achieved a modest prosperity that I believe is the human right

Ona je postigla skroman uspeh za koji verujem da je ljudsko pravo

of every hardworking person on the planet.

svakog radnog čoveka na planeti.

Today, I'm proud to say that we're serving about 400,000 farmers like Consolata.

Danas, ponosan sam što mogu da kažem da služimo 400.000 farmera, poput Konsolate.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

The key to doing this is scalable delivery.

Ključ ovoga je prilagodljiva isporuka.

In any given area, we hire a rural field officer

U svakom području, angažujemo čoveka

who delivers our services to 200 farmers, on average,

koji isporučuje naše usluge ka 200 farmera u proseku

with more than 1,000 people living in those families.

sa više od 1.000 ljudi koji žive u tim porodicama.

Today, we have 2,000 of these rural field officers

Danas, imamo 2.000 ovih stručnjaka

growing very quickly.

i to raste brzo.

This is our delivery army,

Ovo je naša distributivna vojska,

and we're just one organization.

i mi smo samo jedna organizacija.

There are many companies, governments and nonprofits

Ima mnogo kompanija, vlada, NVO

that have delivery armies just like this.

koje imaju slične armije.

And I believe we stand at a moment in time

I verujem da se nalazimo u trenutku

where collectively, we are capable of delivering farm services to all farmers.

gde smo zajedno u mogućnosti da pružimo svim farmerima usluge.

Let me show you how possible this is.

Da vam pokažem koliko je to zaista izvodljivo.

This is a map of Sub-Saharan Africa,

Ovo je mapa podsaharske Afrike,

with a map of the United States for scale.

sa mapom SAD-a radi poređenja.

I chose Sub-Saharan Africa because this is a huge delivery territory.

Ja biram podsaharsku Afriku zato što je ovo ogromna distributivna teritorija.

It's very challenging.

Veoma je izazovna,

But we analyzed every 50-mile by 50-mile block on the continent,

ali mi smo analizirali, svaki blok od 50x50 milja na kontinentu,

and we found that half of farmers live in just these shaded regions.

i ustanovili smo da samo pola farmera živi u osenčenim delovima.

That's a remarkably small area overall.

To je neverovatno malo područje ukupno.

If you were to lay these boxes next to each other

Ako biste poslagali ove kutije jedne pored drugih

within a map of the United States,

unutar mape SAD-a,

they would only cover the Eastern United States.

oni bi samo pokrili istočne SAD.

You can order pizza anywhere in this territory

Možete da naručite picu bilo gde na ovoj teritoriji

and it'll arrive to your house hot, fresh and delicious.

i ona će stići u vašu kuću vruća, sveža i ukusna.

If America can deliver pizza to an area of this size,

Ako Amerika može da dostavi picu na ovom području,

then Africa's companies, governments and non-profits

onda afričke kompanije, vlade i NVO

can deliver farm services to all of her farmers.

mogu da omoguće usluge za farmere za sve.

This is possible.

Ovo je izvodljivo.

I'm going to wrap up by generalizing beyond just farming.

Završiću generalizacijom koja prevazilazi poljoprivredu.

In every field of human development,

U svakom polju ljudskog razvoja,

humanity has already invented effective tools to end poverty.

čovečanstvo je već pronašlo načine da okonča siromaštvo.

We just need to deliver them.

Samo moramo da ih isporučimo.

So again, in every area of human development,

Opet, u svakoj oblasti ljudskog razvoja.

super-smart people a long time ago invented inexpensive,

super-intelegentni ljudi su davno razvili jeftine,

highly effective tools.

veoma efikasne alate.

Humanity is armed to the teeth

Ljudi su naoružani do zuba

with simple, effective solutions to poverty.

jednostavnim, efektivnim, rešenjima za siromaštvo.

We just need to deliver these to a pretty small area.

Samo je potrebno da ih isporučimo na prilično malu površinu.

Again using the map of Sub-Saharan Africa as an example,

Opet, koristeći ovu mapu podsaharske Afrike kao primer

remember that rural poverty is concentrated in these blue shaded areas.

zapamtite da je ruralno siromaštvo koncentrisano u plavo senčenim sredinama.

Urban poverty is even more concentrated, in these green little dots.

Urbano siormaštvo je više koncentrisano u ovim malim zelenim tačkama.

Again, using a map of the United States for scale,

Opet, koristeći mapu SAD-a kao primer,

this is what I would call a highly achievable delivery zone.

ovo je ono što bih nazvao zonom lake distribucije.

In fact, for the first time in human history,

Zapravo, po prvi put u ljudskoj istoriji,

we have a vast amount of delivery infrastructure available to us.

imamo pregršt distributivne infrastrukture raspoloživo.

The world's companies, governments and non-profits

Svetske kompanije, vlade, NVO

have delivery armies that are fully capable

imaju distributivne armije koje su potpuno osposobljene

of covering this relatively small area.

da pokriju ovo relativno malo područje.

We just lack the will.

Samo nam manjka volje.

If we are willing,

Ako smo voljni,

every one of us has a role to play.

svako od nas ima ulogu da odigra.

We first need more people to pursue careers in human development,

Prvo nam treba više njih u ljudskom razvoju,

especially if you live in a developing nation.

pogotovo ako živite u zemlji u razvoju.

We need more front line health workers, teachers, farmer trainers,

Trebaju nam medicinski radnici, nastavnici, farmeri,

sales agents for life-improving goods.

agenti prodaje za robu koja poboljšava standard.

These are the delivery people that dedicate their careers

Ovo su ljudi koji su posvetili svoje karijere

to improving the lives of others.

da unaprede živote drugih.

But we also need a lot of support roles.

Ali takođe nam trebaju i uloge podrške.

These are roles available at just my organization alone,

Ove uloge su tražene u samo mojoj organizaciji

and we're just one out of many.

a mi smo samo jedni od mnogih.

This may surprise you, but no matter what your technical specialty,

Ovo vas može iznenaditi, ali bez obzira na vašu tehničku ekspertizu,

there is a role for you in this fight.

postoji uloga za vas u ovoj borbi.

And no matter how logistically possible it is to end poverty,

I bez obzira koliko je logistički moguće okončati siromaštvo,

we need a lot more resources.

potrebno nam je više resursa.

This is our number one constraint.

Ovo je naša prva prepreka.

For private investors, we need a big expansion of venture capital,

Za privatne investitore, potreban nam je rast rizičnog kapitala,

private equity, working capital, available in emerging markets.

privatnog kapitala, radnog kapitala, dostupnog na tržištima u razvoju.

But there are also limits to what private business can accomplish.

Ali takođe postoje ograničenja ononga šta privatno preduzetništvo može.

Private businesses often struggle to profitably serve the extreme poor,

Privatno predsuzetništvo se često bori da profitabilno usluži ekstremno siromašne

so philanthropy still has a major role to play.

tako da filantropija i dalje igra bitnu ulogu.

Anybody can give, but we need more leadership.

Svako može dati, ali nam je potrebno više vođstva.

We need more visionary philanthropists

Potrebni su man vizionari filantropi

and global leaders who will take problems in human development

i lideri na globalnom nivou koji će se posvetiti problemima ljudskog razvoja

and lead humanity to wipe them off the face of the planet.

i povesti čovečanstvo da ih zbriše sa lica planete.

If you're interested in these ideas, check out this website.

Ako ste zainteresovani za ove ideje, pogledajte sajt.

We need more leaders.

Potrebno nam je više lidera.

Humanity has put people on the moon.

Čovečanstvo je poslalo ljude na Mesec.

We've invented supercomputers that fit into our pockets

Izmislili smo super kompjutere koji staju u naš džep

and connect us with anybody on the planet.

i povezuju nas sa svima na planeti.

We've run marathons at a five-minute mile pace.

Trčimo maratone tempom od pet minuta po milji.

We are an exceptional people.

Mi smo izuzetni ljudi.

But we've left more than one billion of our members behind.

Ali smo zapostavili više od jedne milijarde naših pripadnika.

Until every girl like this one has an opportunity

Sve dok svaka devojka poput ove nema priliku

to earn her full human potential,

da ostvari svoj pun potencijal,

we have failed to become a truly moral and just human race.

propustili smo da postanemo iskreno moralna i pravedna humana rasa.

Logistically speaking, it's incredibly possible

Logistički pričano, neverovatno je moguće

to end extreme poverty.

okončati ekstremno siromaštvo.

We just need to deliver proven goods and services

Samo treba da isporučimo robu i usluge

to everybody.

svima.

If we have the will, every one of us has a role to play.

Ako postoji volja, svako od nas ima ulogu da odigra.

Let's deploy our time, our careers,

Hajde da upotrebimo naše vreme karijere,

our collective wealth.

naše bogatstvo.

Let us deliver an end to extreme poverty

Hajde da okončamo ekstremno siromaštvo

in this lifetime.

u našem životnom dobu.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)