What happens when a city runs out of room for its dead | Alison Killing

Prevodilac: Kristina Janković Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

So, I have an overlooked but potentially lucrative

Imam za vas zanemarenu, ali potencijalno unosnu

investment opportunity for you.

priliku za investiciju.

Over the past 10 years in the UK,

Tokom proteklih deset godina u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,

the return on burial plots has outperformed the UK property market

zarada od grobnih mesta prevazišla je tržište nekretnina

by a ratio of around three to one.

u razmeri od oko tri prema jedan.

There are private cemeteries being set up with plots for sale to investors,

Otvaraju se privatna groblja sa parcelama na prodaju za investitore,

and they start at around 3,900 pounds.

a cene kreću od oko 3900 funti

And they're projected to achieve about 40 percent growth.

i očekuje se da dostignu rast od oko 40 odsto.

The biggest advantage is that this is a market with continuous demand.

Najveća prednost je to što je ovo tržište sa neprekidnom potražnjom.

Now, this is a real proposition,

Ovo je pravi predlog

and there are companies out there that really are offering this investment,

i postoje kompanije koje zaista nude ovakve investicije,

but my interest in it is quite different.

ali je moje interesovanje prilično drugačije.

I'm an architect and urban designer,

Ja sam arhitekta i urbana dizajnerka,

and for the past year and a half,

i proteklih godinu i po

I've been looking at approaches to death and dying

posmatrala sam kako pristupamo smrti i umiranju

and at how they've shaped our cities and the buildings within them.

i kako su oblikovali naše gradove i građevine u njima.

So in the summer, I did my first exhibition

Letos sam održala svoju prvu izložbu

on death and architecture in Venice,

o smrti i arhitekturi u Veneciji,

and it was called "Death in Venice."

a zvala se „Smrt u Veneciji“.

And because death is a subject

Budući da je smrt tema

that many of us find quite uncomfortable to talk about,

o kojoj je mnogima neprijatno da razgovaraju,

the exhibition was designed to be quite playful,

izložba je bila osmišljena da bude prilično razigrana -

so that people would literally engage with it.

da bi ljudi bukvalno mogli da se uključe.

So one of our exhibits was an interactive map of London

Tako je jedan od naših eksponata bila interaktivna mapa Londona

which showed just how much of the real estate in the city

koja je pokazivala koliko je tačno nekretnina u gradu

is given over to death.

dato smrti.

As you wave your hand across the map,

Dok prelazite rukom preko mape, ime dela nekretnine -

the name of the piece of real estate -- the building or the cemetery --

zgrade ili groblja -

is revealed.

se pokaže.

And those white shapes that you can see,

Beli oblici koje vidite,

they're all of the hospitals and hospices

sve su to bolnice, domovi za teško obolele,

and mortuaries and cemeteries in the city.

mrtvačnice i groblja u gradu.

In fact, the majority are cemeteries.

Zapravo, većina su groblja.

We wanted to show that, even though death and burial are things

Hteli smo da pokažemo da, iako su smrt i sahrane

nešto o čemu možda ne razmišljamo,

that we might not think about,

they're all around us, and they're important parts of our cities.

one su svuda oko nas i važan su deo naših gradova.

So about half a million people die in the UK each year,

Oko pola miliona ljudi godišnje umre u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,

and of those, around a quarter will want to be buried.

i od njih, oko četvrtina će želeti da bude sahranjena.

But the UK, like many Western European countries,

Međutim, u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,

kao i u mnogim državama Zapadne Evrope,

is running out of burial space,

ponestaje mesta za sahranjivanje,

especially in the major cities.

pogotovo u većim gradovima.

And the Greater London Authority has been aware of this for a while,

Uprava šireg Londona je svesna ovoga već neko vreme,

and the main causes are population growth,

a glavni uzroci su rast populacije,

the fact that existing cemeteries are almost full.

činjenica da su postojeća groblja skoro puna.

There's a custom in the UK that graves are considered to be occupied forever,

Postoji običaj u Britaniji da se smatra da su grobovi zauvek zauzeti,

and there's also development pressure -- people want to use that same land

a postoji i pritisak novogradnje - ljudi žele da koriste to isto zemljište

to build houses or offices or shops.

da grade kuće, kancelarije ili prodavnice.

So they came up with a few solutions.

Tako su došli do novih rešenja.

They were like, well, maybe we can reuse those graves after 50 years.

Pomislili su da možda možemo da koristimo grobove posle 50 godina.

Or maybe we can bury people, like, four deep,

Ili možemo da zakopamo ljude učetvoro,

so that four people can be buried in the same plot,

tako da njih četvoro može da se sahrani u istoj parceli,

and we can make more efficient use of the land that way,

i tako efikasnije možemo da iskoristimo zemlju,

and in that way, hopefully London will still have space to bury people

i na taj način će, nadamo se, London i dalje imati mesta

za sahranjivanje ljudi u bližoj budućnosti.

in the near future.

But, traditionally, cemeteries haven't been taken care of

Međutim, tradicionalno, o grobljima se lokalne vlasti nisu starale.

by the local authority.

In fact, the surprising thing is that there's no legal obligation

Zapravo, iznenađujuće je da ne postoji pravna obaveza

on anyone in the UK to provide burial space.

da iko u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu obezbeđuje grobna mesta.

Traditionally, it's been done by private and religious organizations,

Tradicionalno, to su obavljale privatne i religijske organizacije,

like churches and mosques and synagogues.

poput crkava, džamija i sinagoga.

But there's also occasionally been a for-profit group

Međutim, povremeno je bilo i profitnih organizacija

who has wanted to get in on the act.

koje su htele da se uključe.

And, you know, they look at the small size of a burial plot

Znate, vide malu veličinu grobnog mesta

and that high cost,

i tako visoku cenu,

and it looks like there's serious money to be made.

i deluje kao da može da se zaradi ozbiljan novac.

So, actually, if you want to go out and start your own cemetery,

Tako da, ako želite da se pojavite i otvorite svoje groblje,

you kind of can.

zapravo možete.

There was this couple in South Wales,

Bio je jedan par u Južnom Velsu;

and they had a farmhouse and a load of fields next to it,

imali su farmu i gomilu polja do nje,

and they wanted to develop the land.

i hteli su da razviju zemljište.

They had a load of ideas.

Imali su gomilu ideja.

They first thought about making a caravan park,

Prvo su mislili da naprave kamp za prikolice,

but the council said no.

ali je veće reklo ne.

And then they wanted to make a fish farm

Zatim su hteli da naprave ribnjak

and again the council said no.

i veće je opet reklo ne.

Then they hit on the idea of making a cemetery

Onda su došli na ideju da naprave groblje

and they calculated that by doing this,

i izračunali su da bi time mogli da povećaju vrednost svog zemljišta

they could increase the value of their land

from about 95,000 pounds to over one million pounds.

sa oko 95 000 funti na preko milion.

But just to come back to this idea of making profit from cemeteries,

No, doći na ovu ideju zarađivanja na groblju,

like, it's kind of ludicrous, right?

nekako je suludo, zar ne?

The thing is that the high cost of those burial plots

Stvar je u tome što visoka cena tih grobnih mesta

is actually very misleading.

zapravo veoma obmanjuje.

They look like they're expensive,

Deluju kao da su skupa,

but that cost reflects the fact that you need to maintain the burial plot --

ali cena oslikava činjenicu da mesto mora da se održava -

like, someone has to cut the grass for the next 50 years.

neko mora da kosi travu narednih 50 godina.

That means it's very difficult to make money from cemeteries.

To znači da je veoma teško zarađivati od groblja,

And it's the reason that normally they're run by the council

i to je razlog što ih obično vodi veće ili neprofitna organizacija.

or by a not-for-profit group.

But anyway, the council granted these people permission,

U svakom slučaju, veće je ovim ljudima odobrilo zahtev,

and they're now trying to build their cemetery.

i sada pokušavaju da izgrade svoje groblje.

So just to explain to you kind of how this works:

Da vam samo objasnim kako to funkcioniše.

If I want to build something in the UK,

Ako želim nešto da izgradim u Britaniji,

like a cemetery for example,

groblje, na primer,

then I have to apply for planning permission first.

prvo moram da se prijavim za plansku dozvolu.

So if I want to build a new office building for a client

Ako želim da izgradim novu poslovnu zgradu za klijenta

or if I want to extend my home

ili da proširim kuću

or, you know, if I have a shop and I want to convert it into an office,

ili ako imam radnju i želim da je preuredim u kancelariju,

I have to do a load of drawings,

moram da nacrtam gomilu crteža

and I submit them to the council for permission.

i podnesem ih veću na odobrenje.

And they'll look at things like how it fits in the surroundings.

Oni će obratiti pažnju na to kako se uklapa u okolinu.

So they'll look at what it looks like.

Gledaće kako izgleda.

But they'll also think about things like what impact is it going to have

Takođe će misliti i o tome kako će uticati na lokalno okruženje.

on the local environment?

And they'll be thinking about things like,

I misliće o tome da li će izazivati zagađenje

is this thing going to cause pollution

ili da li će biti mnogo saobraćaja ka tome što pravim.

or is there going to be a lot of traffic

that wants to go to this thing that I've built?

But also good things.

Ipak, gledaće i dobre stvari.

Is it going to add local services like shops to the neighborhood

Da li će lokalnoj zajednici doneti usluge poput prodavnica

that local people would like to use?

koje bi meštani voleli da koriste.

And they'll weigh up the advantages and the disadvantages

Vagaće prednosti i mane

and they'll make a decision.

i doneće odluku.

So that's how it works if I want to build a large cemetery.

Tako to izgleda ako hoću da sagradim veliko groblje.

But what if I've got a piece of land

Međutim, šta ako imam parče zemlje

and I just want to bury a few people, like five or six?

i hoću da sahranim samo nekoliko ljudi, pet ili šest?

Well, then -- actually, I don't need permission from anyone!

Pa, ako je tako - zapravo, ne treba mi ničija dozvola!

There's actually almost no regulation in the UK around burial,

Ne postoje gotovo nikakva pravila o sahranjivanju u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,

and the little bit that there is, is about not polluting water courses,

a i to malo što ih ima, je o tome da se ne zagade vodeni tokovi,

like not polluting rivers or groundwater.

poput reka i podzemnih voda.

So actually, if you want to go and make your own mini-cemetery,

Tako da, ako želite da napravite sopstveno mini-groblje, možete.

then you can.

But I mean, like -- really, who does this? Right?

Ali, mislim, stvarno, ko to radi? Zar ne?

Well, if you're an aristocratic family and you have a large estate,

Pa, ako ste aristokratska porodica i imate ogromno imanje,

then there's a chance that you'll have a mausoleum on it,

svi su izgledi da ćete na njemu imati mauzolej,

and you'll bury your family there.

i tamo ćete sahraniti porodicu.

But the really weird thing

No, najčudnije je

is that you don't need to have a piece of land of a certain size

to što ne morate imati zemljište određene veličine

before you're allowed to start burying people on it.

da biste počeli da sahranjujete ljude na njemu.

And so that means that, technically,

Ovo praktično znači

this applies to, like, the back garden of your house in the suburbs.

da se to odnosi i na dvorište vaše kuće u predgrađu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So what if you wanted to try this yourself at home?

Šta ako hoćete da probate ovo sami kod kuće?

Well, there's a few councils that have guidance on their website

Postoji nekoliko veća koja na svom sajtu imaju savete

which can help you.

koji mogu da vam pomognu.

So, the first thing that they tell you

Prva stvar koju vam kažu

is that you need to have a certificate of burial before you can go ahead --

je da prvo morate imati potvrdu o sahranjivanju -

you're not allowed to just murder people and put them under the patio.

ne smete da ubijete ljude i gurnete ih pod dvorište.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

They also tell you that you need to keep a record of where the grave is.

Kažu vam i da morate da vodite evidenciju gde se nalazi grob,

But that's pretty much it for formal requirements.

ali to je manje-više sve što se tiče formalnih zahteva.

Now, they do warn you that your neighbors might not like this,

Istina, upozore vas da se ovo možda neće dopasti komšijama,

but, legally speaking, there's almost nothing that they can do about it.

ali, pravno govoreći, ne mogu gotovo ništa da urade povodom toga.

And just in case any of you still had that profit idea in your mind

I, za slučaj da neki od vas još imaju ideju o zaradi,

about how much those burial plots cost

vezano za to koliko koštaju ta grobna mesta,

and how much money you might be able to make,

a koliko biste mogli da zaradite,

they also warn that it might cause the value of your house

takođe vas upozore da bi vrednost vaše kuće mogla

to drop by 20 percent.

da padne za 20 odsto.

Although, actually, it's more likely

Mada je, zapravo, verovatnije

that no one will want to buy your house at all after that.

da niko neće ni hteti da je kupi posle toga.

So what I find fascinating about this

Ono što me ovde fascinira

is the fact that it kind of sums up many of our attitudes towards death.

je što ovo na neki način sumira mnoge naše stavove prema smrti.

In the UK, and I think that the figures across Europe are probably similar,

U Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu,

a mislim da su brojke verovatno slične širom Evrope,

only about 30 percent of people have ever talked to anyone

svega oko 30 odsto ljudi je sa nekim razgovaralo

about their wishes around death,

o svojim željama vezanim za smrt,

and even for people over 75,

i čak i od ljudi starijih od 75,

only 45 percent of people have ever talked about this.

samo 45 odsto je pričalo o ovome.

And the reasons that people give ... you know,

I razlog što ljudi...

znate, misle da je njihova smrt daleko

they think that their death is far off

or they think that they're going to make people uncomfortable

ili misle da će ljudima biti neprijatno

by talking about it.

ako pričaju o tome.

And you know, to a certain extent,

I znate, donekle,

there are other people out there who are taking care of things for us.

postoje drugi ljudi koji se umesto nas pobrinu za stvari.

The government has all this regulation and bureaucracy around things

Vlada ima sva ova pravila i birokratiju za stvari

like burying a death, for example,

poput sahranjivanja, na primer,

and there's people like funeral directors

i postoje pogrebnici,

who devote their entire working lives to this issue.

koji čitav radni vek posvete ovim problemima.

But when it comes to our cities

Međutim, što se tiče naših gradova

and thinking about how death fits in our cities,

i toga kako se smrt uklapa u naše gradove,

there's much less regulation and design and thought

postoji mnogo manje pravila i planiranja i mozganja

than we might imagine.

nego što pretpostavljamo.

So we're not thinking about this,

Dakle, mi ne razmišljamo o ovome,

but all of the people we imagine are thinking about it --

ali svi ljudi za koje smatramo da misle o tome -

they're not taking care of it either.

takođe se ne brinu o tome.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)