What happens when a city runs out of room for its dead | Alison Killing

Translator: Gita Arimanda Reviewer: Lanny Yunita

So, I have an overlooked but potentially lucrative

Saya ada peluang investasi untuk Anda

yang sayang untuk dilewatkan.

investment opportunity for you.

Over the past 10 years in the UK,

Selama 10 tahun terakhir di Britania,

the return on burial plots has outperformed the UK property market

laba lahan pemakaman di pasar properti Britania

by a ratio of around three to one.

besarnya 3 berbanding 1.

There are private cemeteries being set up with plots for sale to investors,

Beberapa pemakaman swasta yang dijual kepada investor

and they start at around 3,900 pounds.

dimulai pada kisaran harga 3.900 poundsterling.

And they're projected to achieve about 40 percent growth.

Diperkirakan akan meningkat sebanyak 40%.

The biggest advantage is that this is a market with continuous demand.

Keuntungan terbesar dari pasar ini adalah permintaan yang berkesinambungan.

Now, this is a real proposition,

Ini adalah tawaran nyata,

and there are companies out there that really are offering this investment,

dan banyak perusahaan yang menawarkan investasi ini,

but my interest in it is quite different.

namun saya punya ketertarikan yang lain.

I'm an architect and urban designer,

Saya adalah arsitek dan ahli tata kota,

and for the past year and a half,

sudah satu setengah tahun ini,

I've been looking at approaches to death and dying

saya meneliti fenomena kematian,

and at how they've shaped our cities and the buildings within them.

dan bagaimana pengaruhnya pada kota dan bangunan yang ada di dalamnya.

So in the summer, I did my first exhibition

Musim panas kemarin, saya menggelar pameran pertama

on death and architecture in Venice,

tentang fenomena kematian dan arsitektur di kota Venice,

and it was called "Death in Venice."

berjudul "Kematian di Venice."

And because death is a subject

Karena kematian adalah subyek

that many of us find quite uncomfortable to talk about,

yang dianggap kurang nyaman untuk dibicarakan,

the exhibition was designed to be quite playful,

pameran tersebut didesain dengan rasa humor,

so that people would literally engage with it.

agar masyarakat tertarik.

So one of our exhibits was an interactive map of London

Salah satu yang dipamerkan adalah peta interaktif London

which showed just how much of the real estate in the city

yang menunjukkan seberapa banyak lahan properti

is given over to death.

yang dialokasikan untuk kematian di kota itu.

As you wave your hand across the map,

Jika melambaikan tangan di atas peta,

the name of the piece of real estate -- the building or the cemetery --

nama dari lahan properti -- baik bangunan atau pemakaman --

is revealed.

akan muncul.

And those white shapes that you can see,

Figur yang berwarna putih itu,

they're all of the hospitals and hospices

adalah rumah sakit dan klinik,

and mortuaries and cemeteries in the city.

kamar mayat dan pemakaman di kota itu.

In fact, the majority are cemeteries.

Bahkan mayoritas adalah pemakaman.

We wanted to show that, even though death and burial are things

Kami ingin menunjukkan walau kematian dan pemakaman

adalah hal-hal yang mungkin tak terpikirkan,

that we might not think about,

they're all around us, and they're important parts of our cities.

semua ada di sekeliling kita dan menjadi bagian penting kota kita.

So about half a million people die in the UK each year,

Sekitar setengah juta orang meninggal di Britania setiap tahun,

and of those, around a quarter will want to be buried.

dan sekitar seperempatnya ingin dikuburkan.

But the UK, like many Western European countries,

Namun, seperti kebanyakan negara-negara Eropa Barat,

is running out of burial space,

Britania mulai kehabisan lahan pemakaman,

especially in the major cities.

terutama di kota-kota besar.

And the Greater London Authority has been aware of this for a while,

Pemerintah Kota London sudah lama menyadari hal ini,

and the main causes are population growth,

dan penyebab utamanya adalah pertumbuhan penduduk,

the fact that existing cemeteries are almost full.

yang mengakibatkan penuhnya pemakaman.

There's a custom in the UK that graves are considered to be occupied forever,

Menurut tradisi di Britania, pemakaman umumnya dipakai permanen,

and there's also development pressure -- people want to use that same land

namun ada juga desakan pembangunan -- masyarakat ingin menggunakan

to build houses or offices or shops.

lahan yang sama untuk perumahan, perkantoran, atau pertokoan.

So they came up with a few solutions.

Maka, dibuatlah beberapa solusi.

They were like, well, maybe we can reuse those graves after 50 years.

Mungkin setelah 50 tahun, pemakaman tersebut bisa didaur ulang.

Or maybe we can bury people, like, four deep,

Atau membuat kuburan 4 susun ke bawah,

so that four people can be buried in the same plot,

sehingga empat jenazah bisa dikuburkan di lahan yang sama,

and we can make more efficient use of the land that way,

dengan begitu penggunaan lahan lebih efisien,

and in that way, hopefully London will still have space to bury people

dan juga, agar London punya lahan yang cukup

untuk pemakaman di masa mendatang.

in the near future.

But, traditionally, cemeteries haven't been taken care of

Namun selama ini, pemakaman tidak dikelola

by the local authority.

oleh pemerintah setempat.

In fact, the surprising thing is that there's no legal obligation

Bahkan, tidak ada kewajiban hukum untuk menyediakan lahan pemakaman

on anyone in the UK to provide burial space.

yang dibebankan pada siapa pun di Britania.

Traditionally, it's been done by private and religious organizations,

Biasanya, itu ditanggung oleh organisasi swasta dan keagamaan,

like churches and mosques and synagogues.

seperti gereja, masjid, dan sinagoge.

But there's also occasionally been a for-profit group

Namun terkadang ada juga kelompok usaha

who has wanted to get in on the act.

yang juga ingin terlibat.

And, you know, they look at the small size of a burial plot

Berdasarkan kecilnya lahan pemakaman,

and that high cost,

dan tingginya harga,

and it looks like there's serious money to be made.

sepertinya keuntungan yang bisa diraup cukup besar.

So, actually, if you want to go out and start your own cemetery,

Sebenarnya, jika ingin mendirikan pemakaman sendiri,

you kind of can.

juga bisa.

There was this couple in South Wales,

Ada satu pasangan di Wales Selatan,

and they had a farmhouse and a load of fields next to it,

yang mempunyai rumah dengan lahan pertanian dan mereka ingin

and they wanted to develop the land.

mengembangkan lahan tersebut.

They had a load of ideas.

Mereka punya banyak ide.

They first thought about making a caravan park,

Pada awalnya mereka ingin membangun taman karavan,

but the council said no.

namun pemerintah tidak menyetujui.

And then they wanted to make a fish farm

Lalu, ingin membuat lahan perikanan,

and again the council said no.

namun lagi-lagi tidak disetujui.

Then they hit on the idea of making a cemetery

Lalu mereka mempunyai ide untuk membangun pemakaman,

and they calculated that by doing this,

dan setelah diperhitungkan,

they could increase the value of their land

nilai lahan itu bisa dinaikkan,

from about 95,000 pounds to over one million pounds.

dari sekitar 95 ribu poundsterling menjadi 1 juta poundsterling lebih.

But just to come back to this idea of making profit from cemeteries,

Ide meraup keuntungan dari pemakaman

like, it's kind of ludicrous, right?

terdengar menggiurkan, bukan?

The thing is that the high cost of those burial plots

Sesungguhnya, tingginya harga lahan pemakaman tersebut

is actually very misleading.

sangatlah menipu.

They look like they're expensive,

Kelihatannya harganya mahal,

but that cost reflects the fact that you need to maintain the burial plot --

namun kenyataannya biaya perawatan lahan pemakaman memang tinggi --

like, someone has to cut the grass for the next 50 years.

misalnya, untuk memotong rumput selama 50 tahun.

That means it's very difficult to make money from cemeteries.

Jadi, memang susah mendapat keuntungan dari pemakaman.

And it's the reason that normally they're run by the council

Karena itu biasanya pemakaman dikelola pemerintah,

or by a not-for-profit group.

atau kelompok nirlaba.

But anyway, the council granted these people permission,

Pemerintah akhirnya memberikan izin pada pasangan ini,

and they're now trying to build their cemetery.

dan sekarang proses pembangunan sedang berlangsung.

So just to explain to you kind of how this works:

Penjelasannya kira-kira begini:

If I want to build something in the UK,

Jika saya ingin membangun sesuatu di Britania,

like a cemetery for example,

misalnya pemakaman,

then I have to apply for planning permission first.

maka saya harus mendaftarkan izin rencana membangun dahulu.

So if I want to build a new office building for a client

Jika saya ingin membangun gedung perkantoran untuk seorang klien,

or if I want to extend my home

atau jika ingin memperbesar rumah,

or, you know, if I have a shop and I want to convert it into an office,

atau mengubah toko menjadi perkantoran,

saya harus menggambar banyak rancangan,

I have to do a load of drawings,

and I submit them to the council for permission.

lalu diajukan ke pemerintah untuk perizinan.

And they'll look at things like how it fits in the surroundings.

Beberapa hal, seperti kecocokannya dengan area sekitar akan ditinjau.

So they'll look at what it looks like.

Bentuknya akan dipertimbangkan.

But they'll also think about things like what impact is it going to have

Termasuk juga dampak yang akan ditimbulkan

on the local environment?

pada lingkungan sekitar.

And they'll be thinking about things like,

Pertimbangan lain adalah,

is this thing going to cause pollution

apakah ini akan menambah polusi,

or is there going to be a lot of traffic

atau menambah kemacetan

that wants to go to this thing that I've built?

di sekitar bangunan yang akan didirikan?

But also good things.

Dampak positifnya juga ditinjau.

Is it going to add local services like shops to the neighborhood

Apakah fasilitas yang berguna bagi masyarakat setempat,

that local people would like to use?

seperti toko, akan dibangun?

And they'll weigh up the advantages and the disadvantages

Keuntungan dan kerugiannya akan dipertimbangkan,

and they'll make a decision.

lalu keputusan dibuat.

So that's how it works if I want to build a large cemetery.

Begitulah gambarannya jika saya ingin membangun sebuah pemakaman besar.

But what if I've got a piece of land

Namun bagaimana jika saya punya lahan,

and I just want to bury a few people, like five or six?

yang hanya ingin digunakan untuk 5 atau 6 orang?

Well, then -- actually, I don't need permission from anyone!

Maka sebenarnya saya tidak perlu izin dari siapa pun!

There's actually almost no regulation in the UK around burial,

Sebetulnya tidak ada peraturan mengenai penguburan di Britania,

and the little bit that there is, is about not polluting water courses,

yang ada hanyalah himbauan untuk tidak mengotori sumber air,

like not polluting rivers or groundwater.

seperti sungai atau air tanah.

So actually, if you want to go and make your own mini-cemetery,

Maka apabila Anda ingin membangun pemakaman pribadi,

then you can.

itu bisa.

But I mean, like -- really, who does this? Right?

Tapi, siapa yang mau melakukannya?

Well, if you're an aristocratic family and you have a large estate,

Jika Anda berasal dari keluarga bangsawan yang punya lahan luas,

then there's a chance that you'll have a mausoleum on it,

maka kemungkinan ada makam di dalamnya

and you'll bury your family there.

untuk menguburkan kerabat Anda.

But the really weird thing

Namun anehnya,

is that you don't need to have a piece of land of a certain size

tidak perlu memiliki lahan berukuran khusus

before you're allowed to start burying people on it.

jika hendak menguburkan seseorang.

And so that means that, technically,

Yang artinya termasuk

this applies to, like, the back garden of your house in the suburbs.

taman belakang rumah Anda yang ada di pelosok.

(Laughter)

(Tertawa)

So what if you wanted to try this yourself at home?

Bagaimana jika Anda ingin mencoba ini sendiri di rumah?

Well, there's a few councils that have guidance on their website

Ada petunjuk yang tercantum di laman beberapa institusi

which can help you.

yang bisa membantu Anda.

So, the first thing that they tell you

Petunjuk pertama yaitu

is that you need to have a certificate of burial before you can go ahead --

Anda harus punya sertifikat pemakaman --

you're not allowed to just murder people and put them under the patio.

dilarang membunuh dan menguburnya di halaman begitu saja.

(Laughter)

(Tertawa)

They also tell you that you need to keep a record of where the grave is.

Letak makamnya juga harus dicatat.

But that's pretty much it for formal requirements.

Syarat umumnya cuma itu.

Now, they do warn you that your neighbors might not like this,

Ada peringatan bahwa tetangga mungkin tidak menyukainya,

but, legally speaking, there's almost nothing that they can do about it.

namun secara hukum, mereka tidak bisa berbuat apa pun.

And just in case any of you still had that profit idea in your mind

Andai masih ada pemikiran tentang keuntungan

about how much those burial plots cost

dari harga lahan pemakaman,

and how much money you might be able to make,

dan berapa banyak keuntungan yang bisa diraup,

they also warn that it might cause the value of your house

juga perlu diketahui bahwa nilai rumah Anda

to drop by 20 percent.

bisa turun sebanyak 20%.

Although, actually, it's more likely

Atau lebih tepatnya,

that no one will want to buy your house at all after that.

nantinya tidak ada orang yang ingin membeli rumah Anda.

So what I find fascinating about this

Menurut saya yang menarik adalah

is the fact that it kind of sums up many of our attitudes towards death.

bagaimana hal ini mencerminkan cara pandang kita terhadap kematian.

In the UK, and I think that the figures across Europe are probably similar,

Di Britania dan mungkin data di Eropa juga hampir sama,

only about 30 percent of people have ever talked to anyone

hanya sekitar 30% orang yang pernah menyampaikan

about their wishes around death,

keinginan mereka seputar kematian,

and even for people over 75,

bahkan pada yang berusia di atas 75 tahun,

only 45 percent of people have ever talked about this.

hanya 45% yang membicarakannya.

And the reasons that people give ... you know,

Alasannya karena

they think that their death is far off

kematian dianggap masih lama,

or they think that they're going to make people uncomfortable

atau mereka takut orang akan merasa tidak nyaman,

by talking about it.

saat membicarakannya.

And you know, to a certain extent,

Memang, ada orang-orang

there are other people out there who are taking care of things for us.

yang mengerjakan hal ini untuk kita.

The government has all this regulation and bureaucracy around things

Pemerintah punya peraturan dan birokrasi tentang hal-hal,

like burying a death, for example,

seperti penguburan jenazah,

and there's people like funeral directors

dan ada seorang kepala pemakaman

who devote their entire working lives to this issue.

yang bekerja mengabdikan waktu untuk persoalan ini.

But when it comes to our cities

Jika menyangkut kota kita,

and thinking about how death fits in our cities,

dan kematian yang terjadi,

there's much less regulation and design and thought

betapa sedikit peraturan, rancangan, dan pemikiran

dibandingkan bayangkan kita.

than we might imagine.

So we're not thinking about this,

Jadi, kita tidak memikirkannya,

but all of the people we imagine are thinking about it --

namun orang-orang yang mungkin memikirkannya,

they're not taking care of it either.

mereka juga tidak mengurusnya.

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)