What happens when a city runs out of room for its dead | Alison Killing

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Sonja Žarić

So, I have an overlooked but potentially lucrative

Imam jednu zanemarenu ali potencijalno unosnu

investment opportunity for you.

poslovnu ponudu za vas.

Over the past 10 years in the UK,

Zadnjih deset godina u Velikoj Britaniji

the return on burial plots has outperformed the UK property market

zarada na grobnim mjestima je zasjenila tržište nekretnina

by a ratio of around three to one.

u omjeru oko tri naprema jedan.

There are private cemeteries being set up with plots for sale to investors,

Postoje privatna groblja sa mjestima za prodaju ulagačima,

and they start at around 3,900 pounds.

početna cijena oko 3900 funti.

And they're projected to achieve about 40 percent growth.

A projektirani su da postignu rast od 40 posto.

The biggest advantage is that this is a market with continuous demand.

Najveća prednost je ta da ovo tržište ima kontinuiranu potražnju.

Now, this is a real proposition,

Sad, to je pravi prijedlog,

and there are companies out there that really are offering this investment,

a postoje tvrtke koje stvarno nude ova ulaganja,

but my interest in it is quite different.

ali moj interes je malo drugačiji.

I'm an architect and urban designer,

Ja sam arhitekt i urbani dizajner,

and for the past year and a half,

i zadnjih godinu i pol,

I've been looking at approaches to death and dying

gledam kako pristupiti smrti i umirućima

and at how they've shaped our cities and the buildings within them.

i kako oni oblikuju naše gradove i zgrade unutar njih.

So in the summer, I did my first exhibition

Na ljeto, imala sam prvu izložbu

on death and architecture in Venice,

o smrti i arhitekturi u Veneciji,

and it was called "Death in Venice."

zvala se „Smrt u Veneciji.“

And because death is a subject

I zbog toga što je smrt tema

that many of us find quite uncomfortable to talk about,

koju mnogi od nas doživljavaju kao neugodnu za razgovor,

the exhibition was designed to be quite playful,

izložba je dizajnirana vrlo razigrano,

so that people would literally engage with it.

kako bi se ljudi u nju doslovno uključili.

So one of our exhibits was an interactive map of London

Izložili smo interaktivnu kartu Londona

which showed just how much of the real estate in the city

koja pokazuje kolika je samo površina grada

is given over to death.

dana smrti.

As you wave your hand across the map,

Kako pomičete ruku preko karte,

the name of the piece of real estate -- the building or the cemetery --

imena tih površina – zgrada i groblja --

is revealed.

se prikazuju.

And those white shapes that you can see,

I ovi bijeli oblici koje možete vidjeti

they're all of the hospitals and hospices

su bolnice, hospiciji,

and mortuaries and cemeteries in the city.

mrtvačnice i groblja u gradu.

In fact, the majority are cemeteries.

Zapravo, većina su groblja.

We wanted to show that, even though death and burial are things

Htjeli smo pokazati da, iako su smrt i pokop događaji

that we might not think about,

o kojima ne razmišljamo,

they're all around us, and they're important parts of our cities.

oni su oko nas i bitni su dijelovi našeg grada.

So about half a million people die in the UK each year,

Oko pola milijuna ljudi umire u Velikoj Britaniji svake godine,

and of those, around a quarter will want to be buried.

a četvrtina njih želi biti pokopana.

But the UK, like many Western European countries,

Ali VB, poput mnogih zapadnoeuropskih zemalja,

is running out of burial space,

ponestaje mjesta za pokop,

especially in the major cities.

poglavito u velikim gradovima.

And the Greater London Authority has been aware of this for a while,

I Uprava šireg Londona je svjesna toga,

and the main causes are population growth,

glavni razlog tome je porast stanovnika,

the fact that existing cemeteries are almost full.

činjenica da su postojeća groblja skoro pa puna.

There's a custom in the UK that graves are considered to be occupied forever,

Postoji običaj u VB da osoba bude zauvijek pokopana u grobu,

and there's also development pressure -- people want to use that same land

a postoji i razvojni pritisak -- ljudi žele koristiti isto zemljište

to build houses or offices or shops.

za izgradnju kuća, ureda ili trgovina.

So they came up with a few solutions.

Došli su do nekoliko rješenja

They were like, well, maybe we can reuse those graves after 50 years.

Mislili su, možda možemo opet koristiti grobove nakon 50 godina.

Or maybe we can bury people, like, four deep,

Ili možemo pokapati ljude po četvero u dubinu

so that four people can be buried in the same plot,

tako da je četvero ljudi pokopano u istom grobnom mjestu

and we can make more efficient use of the land that way,

i tako možemo povećati učinkovitost zemljišta,

and in that way, hopefully London will still have space to bury people

i time, nadajmo se, London će imati mjesta za pokapanje ljudi

in the near future.

u bliskoj budućnosti.

But, traditionally, cemeteries haven't been taken care of

Tradicijski, o grobljima se ne brinu

by the local authority.

lokalne vlasti.

In fact, the surprising thing is that there's no legal obligation

Zapravo, iznenađujuće je to da ne postoji legalna obveza

on anyone in the UK to provide burial space.

nikoga u VB da osigura grobno mjesto.

Traditionally, it's been done by private and religious organizations,

Tradicijski, to rade privatne i religijske organizacije,

like churches and mosques and synagogues.

poput crkvi, džamija i sinagoga.

But there's also occasionally been a for-profit group

Ponekad se pojave i organizacije koje žele zaraditi

who has wanted to get in on the act.

baveći se time.

And, you know, they look at the small size of a burial plot

Znate, kada pogledate veličinu grobnog mjesta

and that high cost,

i visoku cijenu,

and it looks like there's serious money to be made.

čini se da bi se mogli zaraditi ozbiljni novci.

So, actually, if you want to go out and start your own cemetery,

I, zapravo, ako želite otvoriti svoje groblje,

you kind of can.

zapravo možete.

There was this couple in South Wales,

Postoji par u Južnom Walesu

and they had a farmhouse and a load of fields next to it,

koji je imao kuću na farmi i mnogo njiva pored nje,

and they wanted to develop the land.

i htjeli su nešto učiniti s njom.

They had a load of ideas.

Imali su mnogo ideja.

They first thought about making a caravan park,

prvo su htjeli napraviti park za kamp kućice,

but the council said no.

ali je vijeće reklo ne.

And then they wanted to make a fish farm

Zatim su htjeli napraviti ribnjak

and again the council said no.

i opet vijeće je reklo ne.

Then they hit on the idea of making a cemetery

I onda su dobili ideju da naprave groblje

and they calculated that by doing this,

i računali su da ako to učine,

they could increase the value of their land

povisit će vrijednost njihove zemlje

from about 95,000 pounds to over one million pounds.

od 95 000 funti do preko 1 milijun funti.

But just to come back to this idea of making profit from cemeteries,

Hajde da se vratim na tu ideju o profitiranju putem groblja,

like, it's kind of ludicrous, right?

smiješna je, zar ne?

The thing is that the high cost of those burial plots

Stvar je u tome da je visoka cijena grobnih mjesta

is actually very misleading.

zapravo zabluda.

They look like they're expensive,

Izgledaju skupo

but that cost reflects the fact that you need to maintain the burial plot --

ali cijena odražava činjenicu da morate održavati grobno mjesto --

like, someone has to cut the grass for the next 50 years.

poput, netko treba kositi travu sljedećih 50 godina.

That means it's very difficult to make money from cemeteries.

To znači da je vrlo teško zaraditi novce imajući groblje.

And it's the reason that normally they're run by the council

I to je razlog zašto ih obično vodi neko vijeće

or by a not-for-profit group.

ili neprofitne grupe.

But anyway, the council granted these people permission,

No, vijeće je dalo odobrenje tim ljudima,

and they're now trying to build their cemetery.

i sad pokušavaju sagraditi svoje groblje.

So just to explain to you kind of how this works:

Da vam objasnim otprilike kako ovo funkcionira:

If I want to build something in the UK,

Ako želim sagraditi nešto u VB,

like a cemetery for example,

na primjer groblje,

then I have to apply for planning permission first.

moram se prvo prijaviti za dopuštenje o planiranju.

So if I want to build a new office building for a client

Ako želim sagraditi nove urede za klijente

or if I want to extend my home

ili želim proširiti svoju kuću

or, you know, if I have a shop and I want to convert it into an office,

ili, znate, imam trgovinu i želim ju pretvoriti u ured,

I have to do a load of drawings,

moram napraviti hrpu crteža,

and I submit them to the council for permission.

i to predati vijeću za dozvole.

And they'll look at things like how it fits in the surroundings.

I oni će provjeriti stvari poput kako se uklapa u okolinu.

So they'll look at what it looks like.

Pogledat će kako će sve izgledati.

But they'll also think about things like what impact is it going to have

Ali će također razmisliti i o stvarima poput kakav će utjecaj imati

on the local environment?

na okolinu.

And they'll be thinking about things like,

I razmislit će o stvarima poput,

is this thing going to cause pollution

hoće li ovo stvarati zagađenje

or is there going to be a lot of traffic

ili hoće li biti prometno

that wants to go to this thing that I've built?

zbog toga što gradim.

But also good things.

Ali gledat će i dobre stvari.

Is it going to add local services like shops to the neighborhood

Hoće li dodati novu uslugu, poput trgovine, u susjedstvo

that local people would like to use?

koje će ljudi htjeti koristiti?

And they'll weigh up the advantages and the disadvantages

Vagati će prednosti i nedostatke

and they'll make a decision.

i donijeti odluku.

So that's how it works if I want to build a large cemetery.

Tako bi to išlo da želim otvoriti veliko groblje.

But what if I've got a piece of land

A što ako imam komad zemljišta

and I just want to bury a few people, like five or six?

i želim sahraniti nekoliko ljudi, pet-šest?

Well, then -- actually, I don't need permission from anyone!

Tada, zapravo, ne trebam ničije odobrenje!

There's actually almost no regulation in the UK around burial,

Skoro pa ne postoje propisi u VB što se tiče pokopa,

and the little bit that there is, is about not polluting water courses,

a ono što ima, tiče se onečišćenja voda,

like not polluting rivers or groundwater.

poput rijeka i podzemnih voda

So actually, if you want to go and make your own mini-cemetery,

Zapravo, ako želite stvoriti svoje malo groblje,

then you can.

možete.

But I mean, like -- really, who does this? Right?

Ali --stvarno, tko to čini? Zar ne?

Well, if you're an aristocratic family and you have a large estate,

Ako ste aristokratska obitalj i imate veliki posjed,

then there's a chance that you'll have a mausoleum on it,

postoji šansa da imate mauzolej na njemu,

and you'll bury your family there.

i da se tu pokapaju članovi obitelji.

But the really weird thing

Ali stvarno čudna stvar je to

is that you don't need to have a piece of land of a certain size

da ne morate imati komad zemlje određene veličine

before you're allowed to start burying people on it.

prije no što vam je dopušteno pokapati ljude na njoj.

And so that means that, technically,

A to znači da tehnički,

this applies to, like, the back garden of your house in the suburbs.

to se odnosi i na stražnje dvorište vaše kuće u predgrađu.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So what if you wanted to try this yourself at home?

Što ako biste htjeli to pokušati kod kuće?

Well, there's a few councils that have guidance on their website

postoji nekoliko vijeća koja imaju smjernice na internetu

which can help you.

koje vam mogu pomoći.

So, the first thing that they tell you

Prva stvar koju vam kažu

is that you need to have a certificate of burial before you can go ahead --

je da morate imati certifikat pokopa prije no što to učinite --

you're not allowed to just murder people and put them under the patio.

nije dozvoljeno samo ubiti ljude i pokopati ih u dvorištu.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

They also tell you that you need to keep a record of where the grave is.

Također vam kažu da morate označiti mjesto gdje je grob.

But that's pretty much it for formal requirements.

I to je to što vam je službeno potrebno.

Now, they do warn you that your neighbors might not like this,

Upozorit će vas da se to vašim susjedima možda neće svidjeti,

but, legally speaking, there's almost nothing that they can do about it.

ali, pravno govoreći, ne mogu ništa učiniti po tom pitanju.

And just in case any of you still had that profit idea in your mind

I ako slučajno još netko ima ideju zarade na umu

about how much those burial plots cost

i koliko takva grobna mjesta koštaju

and how much money you might be able to make,

i koliko novca možete zaraditi,

they also warn that it might cause the value of your house

upozore vas da to može smanjiti vrijednost vaše kuće

to drop by 20 percent.

za 20 posto.

Although, actually, it's more likely

Iako, zapravo, vjerojatnije je

that no one will want to buy your house at all after that.

da nitko neće htjeti kupiti vašu kuću nakon toga.

So what I find fascinating about this

Ono što me fascinira kod ovoga

is the fact that it kind of sums up many of our attitudes towards death.

je činjenica da to zapravo prikazuje naše različite stavove prema smrti.

In the UK, and I think that the figures across Europe are probably similar,

U VB, a mislim da su brojke u Europi slične,

only about 30 percent of people have ever talked to anyone

samo 30 posto ljudi je pričalo s nekim

about their wishes around death,

o svojim željama oko smrti,

and even for people over 75,

i čak ljudi koji su stariji od 75,

only 45 percent of people have ever talked about this.

samo 45 posto ljudi je pričalo o ovome.

And the reasons that people give ... you know,

A razlog tome je da ljudi... znate,

they think that their death is far off

misle da je njihova smrt daleko

or they think that they're going to make people uncomfortable

ili misle da će ljudima biti neugodno

by talking about it.

pričajući o tome.

And you know, to a certain extent,

I znate, do neke mjere,

there are other people out there who are taking care of things for us.

postoje drugi ljudi koji se brinu o tome umjesto nas.

The government has all this regulation and bureaucracy around things

Vlada ima propise i birokraciju za stvari

like burying a death, for example,

poput pokapanja, na primjer

and there's people like funeral directors

i postoje ljudi poput pogrebnika

who devote their entire working lives to this issue.

koji posvete svoju karijeru ovom problemu.

But when it comes to our cities

Ali kada se radi o našim gradovima

and thinking about how death fits in our cities,

i razmišljanju o tome kako se smrt uklapa u njih,

there's much less regulation and design and thought

postoji puno manje propisa i dizajnova i razmišljanja

than we might imagine.

no što mislimo.

So we're not thinking about this,

Ne razmišljamo o ovome,

but all of the people we imagine are thinking about it --

ali razni ljudi za koje mislimo da da razmišljaju o tome --

they're not taking care of it either.

ni oni ne poduzimaju ništa.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)