Loretta Napoleoni: The intricate economics of terrorism

Prevodilac: Mirna Radin-Sabadoš Lektor: Ivana Korom

I'm going to show you how terrorism

Pokazaću vam kako terorizam

actually interacts with our daily life.

zapravo utiče na naš svakodnevni život.

15 years ago I received a phone call from a friend.

Pre petnaest godina prijatelj me je pozvao telefonom.

At the time he was looking after the rights of political prisoners

U to vreme se bavio pravima političkih zatvorenika

in Italian jails.

u italijanskim zatvorima.

He asked me if I wanted to interview the Red Brigades.

Pitao me je da li želim da obavim razgovor sa Crvenim brigadama.

Now, as many of you may remember,

Dakle, kao što se mnogi od vas sećaju,

the Red Brigades was a terrorist, Marxist organization

Crvene brigade su bile teroristička, marksistička organizacija

which was very active in Italy

koja je bila veoma aktivna u Italiji

from the 1960s until the mid-1980s.

od šezdesetih do sredine osamdesetih godina dvadesetog veka.

As part of their strategy

deo njihove strategije, bilo je

the Red Brigades never spoke with anybody, not even with their lawyers.

da Crvene brigade nikada ne razgovaraju ni sa kim, čak ni sa sopstvenim advokatima.

They sat in silence through their trails,

Na suđenjima bi sedeli bez reči,

waving occasionally at family and friends.

povremeno bi mahnuli članovima porodice ili prijateljima.

In 1993 they declared the end of the armed struggle.

1993. su proglasili okončanje oružane borbe.

And they drew a list of people with whom they would talk,

I sastavili su listu ljudi sa kojima bi pristali da razgovaraju,

and tell their story.

i da ispričaju ono što žele.

And I was one of those people.

I ja sam bila jedna od tih ljudi.

When I asked my friend why the Red Brigades want to talk to me,

Kada sam prijatelja upitala zašto Crvene brigade žele da razgovarju sa mnom,

he said that the female members of the organization

odgovorio je da su me žene, članice organizacije

had actually supported my name.

zapravo podržale.

In particular, one person had put it forward.

Jedna me je od njih kandidovala.

She was my childhood friend.

Bila je to moja prijateljica iz detinjstva.

She had joined the Red Brigades

Ona se pridružila Crvenim brigadama

and became a leader of the organization.

i postala je jedna od vođa organizacije.

Naturally, I didn't know that

Naravno, ja o tome nisam ništa znala

until the day she was arrested.

sve dok nije bila uhapšena.

In fact, I read it in the newspaper.

Zapravo, i to sam pročitala iz novina.

At the time of the phone call

U vreme kad su me pozvali

I just had a baby,

upravo sam rodila dete

I successfully completed a management buyout

i uspešno sam okončala preuzimanje kompanije

to the company I was working with,

sa kojom sam poslovala,

and the last thing I wanted to do was to go back home

i poslednje što sam želela bilo je da se vratim kući

and touring the high-security prisons.

i da obilazim zatvore sa maksimalnim obezbeđenjem

But this is exactly what I did

Ali sam upravo to uradila

because I wanted to know

jer sam želela da otkrijem

what had turned my best friend

šta je to uticalo na moju prijateljicu

into a terrorist,

i navelo je da postane terorista

and why she'd never tried to recruit me.

i zbog čega nikada nije pokušala da mene privoli da im se pridružim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

So, this is exactly what I did.

I tako, upravo to sam i uradila.

Now, I found the answer very quickly.

Odgovor sam, doduše, dobila vrlo brzo.

I actually had failed

U stvari nisam odgovarala

the psychological profiling of a terrorist.

psihološkom profilu teroriste.

The center committee of the Red Brigades

Centralni komitet Crvenih brigada

had judged me too single-minded

procenio je da sam isuviše jasno orijentisana

and too opinionated to become a good terrorist.

i da zbog svojih ubeđenja nikada ne bih bila dobar terorista.

My friend, on the other hand, she was a good terrorist

Moja je prijateljica, s druge strane, bila dobar terorista,

because she was very good at following orders.

jer je veoma uspešno sledila naređenja.

She also embraced violence.

A isto tako je rado prihvatila nasilje.

Because she believed that the only way

Jer je poverovala da nema drugog načina,

to unblock what, at the time,

da se otkoči ono što se u to vreme

was known as a blocked democracy,

zvalo zakočenom demokratijom.

Italy, a country run by the same party for 35 years

Italija, zemlja kojom je vladala ista partija već 35 godina

was the arms struggle.

bila je poprište oružane borbe.

At the same time, while I was interviewing the Red Brigades,

Istovremeno, dok sam radila intervjue sa Crvenim brigadama,

I also discovered that their life was not ruled

otkrila sam da njihovim životima ne upravlja

by politics or ideology,

ni politika ni ideologija,

but actually was ruled by economics.

već da njima upravlja ekonomija.

They were constantly short of cash.

Neprestano im je nedostajalo gotovine.

They were constantly searching for cash.

Neprestano su tragali za izvorima gotovine.

Now, contrary to what many people believe,

Nasuprot onome što većina ljudi misli,

terrorism is actually a very expensive business.

terorizam je veoma skup poduhvat.

I'll give you an idea.

Daću vam primer.

In the 1970s, the turnover of the Red Brigades

Sedamdesetih godina, promet sredstava Crvenih brigada

on a yearly basis

na godišnjem nivou

was seven million dollars.

bio je sedam miliona dolara.

This is roughly between 100

To je otprilike između 100

and 150 million, today.

i 150 miliona danas.

Now, you know, if you live underground

I sada, ako živite u ilegali

it's really hard to produce this amount of money.

veoma je teško doći do tolikog novca.

But this also explains why, when I was interviewing the Red Brigades,

Ali istovremeno to objašnjava zašto su svi, i Crvene brigade,

and then, later on, other arms organizations,

a kasnije i druge oružane organizacije

including members of al-Zarqawi group in the Middle East,

uključujući i članove al-Zarkavijeve grupe na Bliskom Istoku

everybody was extremely reluctant

veoma nerado

to talk about ideology, or politics.

govorili o ideologiji ili o politici.

Because they had no idea.

Jer nisu imali šta da kažu.

The political vision of a terrorist organization

Politički stav terorističke organizacije

is decided by the leadership,

određuje njeno vođstvo,

which, generally, is never more than five to seven people.

koje, po pravilu, čini tek pet do sedam ljudi.

All the others do, day in and day out,

Ostali, jedino što rade iz dana u dan,

is search for money.

jeste da traže novac.

Once, for example, I was interviewing

Jednom prilikom, razgovarala sam sa

this part-timer from the Red Brigades.

jednim povremenim članom Crvenih brigada.

It was a psychiatrist. He loved sailing.

On je bio psihijatar. Obožavao je jedrenje.

He was a really keen sailor. And he had this beautiful boat.

Bio je strastveni moreplovac. I imao je prekrasan brod.

And he told me that the best time of his life

I ispričao mi je da je najbolji period njegovog života bilo

was when he was a member of the Red Brigades

vreme kada je pripadao Crvenim brigadama

and he went sailing, every summer, back and forth

jer je svakog leta jedrio do Libana i nazad

from Lebanon, where he would pick up

gde bi preuzimao

Soviet weapons from the PLO,

sovjetsko oružje od PLOa

and then carry them all the way to Sardinia

i prevozio bi ga do Sardinije

where the other arms organization from Europe would go

gde bi drugi oružani pokreti Evrope dolazili

and take their share of the arms.

i uzimali pripadajuće kontingente oružja.

For that service the Red Brigades were actually paid a fee,

Za tu su uslugu Crvene brigade naplaćivale honorar,

which went to fund their organization.

koji je odlazio u fond iz koga su se finansirale njihove aktivnosti.

So, because I am a trained economist

Tako, budući da sam po struci ekonomista

and I think in economic terms,

i stvari sagledavam iz tog ugla,

all of the sudden I thought,

u jednom trenutku sam pomislila

maybe there is something here.

da tu možda ima nečega.

Maybe there is a link, a commercial link,

Možda postoji veza, kroz trgovinu,

between one organization and another one.

između ove organizacije i neke druge organizacije.

But it was only when I interviewed

Ali tek kada sam razgovarala sa

Mario Moretti, the head of the Red Brigades,

Mariom Moretijem, liderom Crvenih brigada,

the man who kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro,

čovekom koji je oteo i ubio Alda Mora,

Italian former prime minister,

bivšeg italijanskog premijera,

that I finally realized

shvatila sam

that terrorism is actually business.

da je terorizam zapravo poslovni poduhvat.

I was having lunch with him

Sastali smo se u vreme ručka

in a high-security prison in Italy.

u zatvoru maksimalnog obezbeđenja u italiji.

And as we were eating,

I dok smo ručali,

I had the distinct feeling

imala sam osećaj da sam se opet

that I was back in the city of London,

našla u londonskom Sitiju,

having lunch with a fellow banker or an economist.

i da ručam sa kolegom bankarom ili ekonomistom.

This guy thought in the same way I did.

Ovaj je tip razmišljao na isti način kao ja.

So, I decided that I wanted to investigate the economics of terrorism.

Tada sam odlučila da želim da se upustim u istraživanje ekonomije terorizma.

Naturally, nobody wanted to fund my research.

Naravno, moje istraživanje niko nije hteo da finansira.

In fact, I think many people thought that I was a bit crazy.

U stvari, mislim da su mnogi ljudi smatrali da sam malo šašava.

You know, that woman that goes around to foundations

Znate, žena koja obilazi razne fondacije

asking for money, thinking about the economics of terrorism.

i traži novac, razmišljajući o ekonomiji terorizma.

So, in the end, I took a decision

I tako sam na kraju donela odluku koja

that, in retrospect, did change my life.

mi je, kad pogledam unazad, promenila život.

I sold my company,

Prodala sam svoju kompaniju,

and funded the research myself.

i sama sam finansirala istraživanje.

And what I discovered

I ono što sam otkrila

is this parallel reality,

jeste jedna paralelna stvarnost,

another international economic system,

alternativni ekonomski sistem,

which runs parallel to our own,

koji postoji paralelno sa ovim našim,

which has been created by arms organizations

koji su stvorili oružani pokreti

since the end of World War II.

po završetku II svetskog rata.

And what is even more shocking

A što je bilo još gore,

is that this system

taj je sistem

has followed, step by step, the evolution

u stopu pratio razvojne faze

of our own system,

našeg ekonomskog sistema

of our Western capitalism.

Zapadnog kapitalizma.

And there are three main stages.

I tu postoje tri glavna stadijuma.

The first one is the state sponsor of terrorism.

Prvi jeste terorizam pod patronatom države.

The second one is the privatization of terrorism.

Drugi je privatizacija terorizma.

And the third, of course, is the globalization of terrorism.

I treći, naravno, jeste globalizacija terorizma.

So, state sponsor of terrorism,

I tako je državni terorizam

feature of the Cold War.

odlika perioda hladnog rata.

This is when the two superpowers were fighting

U to vreme su se dve super-sile sukobljavale

a war by proxy,

posredno u okršajima

along the periphery of the sphere of influence,

na linijama razdvajanja njihovih uticajnih sfera,

fully funding arms organizations.

gde su u potpunosti finansirale oružane pokrete.

A mix of legal and illegal activities is used.

Služili su se i legalnim i ilegalnim aktivnostima.

So, the link between crime and terror

Pa je tako veza kriminala i terorizma

is established very early on.

uspostavljena već na samim počecima.

And here is the best example,

Evo najboljeg primera,

the Contras in Nicaragua, created by the CIA,

pobunjeničke grupe u Nikaragvi, koje je stvorila CIA,

legally funded by the U.S. Congress,

legalno je finansirao američki Kongres,

illegally funded by the Reagan administration

ilegalno je finansirala Reganova uprava

via covert operation, for example, the Iran-Contra Affair.

tajnim operacijama, na primer, kroz aferu Iran-Kontra.

Then comes the late 1970s, early '80s,

Potom dolaze kasne sedamdesete i rane osamdesete,

and some groups successfully carry out

i neke grupe uspešno izvode

the privatization of terrorism.

privatizaciju terorizma.

So, they gain independence from the sponsor,

I tako, nisu više zavisni od svojih sponzora,

and start funding themselves.

i počinju sami da se finansiraju.

Now, again we see a mix of legal and illegal activities.

Tu se opet dešavaju i legalne i ilegalne aktivnosti.

So, Arafat used to get a percentage

Arafat je uzimao procenat

of the smuggling of hashish

od šverca hašiša

from Bekáa Valley, which is the valley between Lebanon and Syria.

iz doline Beka, koja se nalazi između Libana i Sirije.

And the IRA, which control the private transportation system

IRA je kontrolisala privatni sistem prevoza putnika

in Northern Ireland, did exactly the same thing.

u Severnoj Irskoj i postupala je na isti način.

So, every single time

Tako da je svaki put kada

that somebody got into a taxi in Belfast

bi neko seo u taksi u Belfastu

without knowing, actually,

zapravo finansirao IRA

was funding the IRA.

a da toga nije bio svestan.

But the great change came, of course,

Ali došlo je do velikih promena,

with globalization and deregulation.

sa nastupanjem globalizacije i deregulacije.

This is when arms organization were able to link up,

Tada su se militantne organizacije povezale,

also financially, with each other.

i finansijski.

But above all, they started to do

Ali, pre svega, započeli su

serious business with the world of crime.

ozbiljan biznis u svetu kriminala.

And together they money-laundered

I zajednički su prali novac

their dirty business through the same channel.

stečen prljavim poslovima kroz iste kanale.

This is when we see the birth of the transnational

Ovo je trenutak kada prisustvujemo rođenju transnacionalne

arms organization Al Qaeda.

militantne organizacije Al-Kaida.

This is an organization that can raise money across border.

To je organizacija koja može da prikuplja novac bez obzira na granice.

But also that is able to carry out attacks

A takođe je u stanju da izvede napade

in more than one country.

u više od jedne zemlje.

Now, deregulation also brought back

Dakle, deregulacija je takođe vratila u igru

rogue economics.

ekonomiju odmetništva.

So what is rogue economics?

Šta je ekonomija odmetništva?

Rogue economics is a force which is constantly

Ekonomija odmetništva je snaga koja neprestano

lurking in the background of history.

kroz istoriju vreba negde iz drugog plana.

It comes back at times of great transformation,

Vraća se u vremenima velikih promena,

globalization being one of those transformations.

a globalizacija jedna od tih promena.

It is at this times in which

U takvim vremenima

politics actually loses control of the economy,

politika nema kontrolu nad ekonomijom,

and the economy becomes a rogue force

i ekonomija postaje odmetnuta sila

working against us.

koja radi protivno našem interesu.

It has happened before in history.

Nešto slično se događalo i ranije.

It has happened with the fall of the Roman Empire.

Desilo se sa padom Rimskog carstva.

It has happened with Industrial Revolution.

Desilo se i sa nastupanjem industrijske revolucije.

And it actually happened again, with the fall of the Berlin wall.

I opet se ponovilo sa padom berlinskog zida.

Now, I calculated how big was this international

Izračunala sam koliko je veliki ovaj međunarodni

economic system composed by crime,

ekonomski sistem koji stvara kriminal,

terror, and illegal economy,

teror i ilegalna ekonomija,

before 9-11.

pre 11. septembra.

And it is a staggering 1.5 trillion dollars.

I došla do brojke od 1,5 biliona dolara.

It is trillions, it's not billions.

Radi se o bilionima ne milijardama (bilion je 1000 milijardi).

This is about twice the GDP of the United Kingdom,

To je otprilike dva puta više od bruto nacionalnog dohotka Velike Britanije,

soon will be more,

a uskoro će biti još i više

considering where this country is going.

s obzirom na stanje u ovoj zemlji.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

Now, until 9-11,

Sve do 11. septembra,

the bulk of all this money

najveći deo ovog novca

flew into the U.S. economy

ulivao se u američku ekonomiju

because the bulk of the money was denominated in U.S. dollars

jer je najveći deo novca bio denominacije u američkim dolarima

and the money laundering was taking place

i pranje novca se dešavalo

inside the United States.

unutar Sjedinjenih Država.

The entry point, of course, of most of this money

Mesto ulaska za najveću količinu ovog novca, naravno,

were the off-shore facilities.

bile su of-šor kompanije.

So, this was a vital injection of cash

Tako je to bila injekcija kapitala od vitalnog značaja

into the U.S. economy.

za američku ekonomiju.

Now, when I went to look at the figures of the U.S. money supply,

Kad sam pregledala brojke koje se odnose na ukupna novčana sredstva Sjedinjenih Država

the U.S. money supply is the amount

to je ukupna suma novca u

of dollars that the Federal Reserve

dolarima koju Savezne rezerve

prints every year

puštaju u opticaj svake godine

in order to satisfy

da bi zadovoljili

the increase in the demand for dollars,

povećanu potražnju za dolarima,

which, of course, reflects the growth

koja, naravno, odražava rast

of the economy.

ekonomije.

So, when I went to look at those figures, I noted that since the late 1960s

Kada sam pogledala te brojke, primetila sam da je od kasnih šezdesetih

a growing number of these dollars

sve veća količina tih dolara

was actually leaving the United States,

napuštala teritorije Sjedinjenih Država,

never to come back.

i nikada se nije vraćala.

These were money taken out

To je novac koji je iznet

in suitcases or in containers, in cash of course.

u koferima i kontejnerima, u gotovini, naravno.

These were money taken out by criminals and money launderers.

To je novac koji su iznosili kriminalci i perači novca.

These were money taken out to fund

To je novac koji je iznošen da bi finansirao

the growth of the terror,

porast terorizma,

illegal and criminal economy.

ilegalne i kriminalne ekonomije.

So, you see, what is the relationship?

Dakle, da li primećujete u kakvom su odnosu?

The United States actually is a country

Sjedinjene Države su zapravo država

that is the reserve currency of the world.

koja predstavlja svetske državne rezerve.

What does it mean? That means that

Šta to znači? To znači da

it has a privilege that other countries do not have.

one imaju privilegiju koju druge države nemaju.

It can borrow against the total amount of dollars

Količina novca koju mogu da pozajme računa se naspram ukupne količine dolara

in circulation in the world.

u opticaju u celom svetu.

This privilege is called seigniorage.

Ova se privilegija naziva monetarna zarada.

No other country can do that.

Nijedna druga država to ne može.

All the other countries, for example the United Kingdom,

Sve druge države, na primer, Velika Britanija,

can borrow only against the amount of money

mogu da pozajmljuju novac, samo spram iznosa

in circulation inside its own borders.

koji je u opticaju unutar njihovih granica.

So, here is the implication of the relationship

Ovde postoji implikacija da postoji odnos između

between the worlds of crime, terror, and illegal economy, and our economy.

sveta kriminala, terorizma, i ilegalne ekonomije i naše ekonomije.

The U.S. in the 1990s

Sjedinjene Države su devedesetih godina

was borrowing against the growth

pozajmljivale novac naspram rasta

of the terror, illegal and criminal economy.

terorizma, ilegalne i kriminalne ekonomije.

This is how close we are with this world.

Toliko je sve blisko povezano u svetu.

Now, this situation changed, of course, after 9-11,

Situacija se dakako promenila posle 11. septembra,

because George Bush launched the War on Terror.

jer je Džordž Buš objavio rat protiv terorizma.

Part of the War on Terror

Deo tog rata

was the introduction of the Patriot Act.

bilo je uvođenje niza zakona poznatih kao Patriotski akt.

Now, many of you know that the Patriot Act

Mnogi od vas znaju da je Patriotski akt

is a legislation that greatly reduces

set zakona kojim se u velikoj meri redukuje

the liberties of Americans in order to protect them

sloboda Amerikanaca da bi ih se zaštitilo

against terrorism.

od terorizma.

But there is a section of the Patriot Act

Ali u Patriotskom aktu postoji odeljak

which refers specifically to finance.

koji se naročito odnosi na finansije.

And it is, in fact, an anti-money-laundering legislation.

I zapravo i jeste zakonska regulativa protiv aktivnosti vezanih za pranje novca.

What the Patriot Act did was

Patriotski akt je omogućio

to prohibit U.S. bank,

da se američkim bankama

and U.S.-registered foreign banks

kao i stranim bankama registrovanim na teritoriji Sjedinjenih Država

from doing any businesses with off-shore facilities.

zabrani da posluju sa of-šor kompanijama.

It closed that door between the money laundering

Zatvorena su vrata između pranja novca

in dollars, and the U.S. economy.

u dolarima i američke ekonomije.

It also gave the U.S. monetary authorities

Takođe je američkim monetarnim vlastima data

the right to monitor any dollar transaction

mogućnost da prate sve transakcije u dolarima

taking place anywhere in the world.

koje se odvijaju bilo gde u svetu.

Now, you can imagine what was the reaction of the international

Možete zamisliti reakciju međunarodnog

finance and banking.

finansijskog i bankarskog tržišta.

All the bankers said to their clients,

Svi su bankari svojim klijentima savetovali

"Get out of the dollars and go and invest somewhere else."

"Oslobodite se dolara i idite da ulažete negde drugo."

Now, the Euro was a newly born currency

Euro je bila nova valuta

of great opportunity for business, and, of course, for investment.

koja je pružala izvanredne poslovne i, naravno, investicione, mogućnosti.

And this is what people did.

I to su ljudi uradili.

Nobody wants the U.S. monetary authority

Niko nije želeo da američke monetarne vlasti

to check their relationship,

proveravaju njihove odnose,

to monitor their relationship with their clientele.

da nadgledaju njihove odnose sa klijentelom.

The same thing happened, of course,

Ista se stvar ponovila, naravno,

in the world of crime and terror.

i u svetu kriminala i terorizma.

People simply moved their money-laundering activities

Jednostavno su svoje aktivnosti u vezi sa pranjem novca premestili

away from the United States

iz Sjedinjenih Država

into Europe.

u Evropu.

Why did this happen? This happened because

Zašto se ovo dogodilo? Dogodilo se, jer je

the Patriot Act was a unilateral legislation.

Patriotski akt bio unilateralni set zakona.

It was introduced only in the United States.

Uveden je samo u Sjedinjenim Državama.

And it was introduced only for the U.S. dollars.

I primenjivao se samo na američke dolare.

In Europe, a similar legislation

U Evropi, neki takav set zakona

was not introduced.

nikada nije uveden.

So, within six months

Tako je u roku od šest meseci

Europe became the epicenter

Evropa postala epicentar

of the money-laundering activities

pranja novca

of the world.

iz celog sveta.

So, this is how incredible are the relationship

Do te mere su neverovatno povezani

between the world of crime

svet kriminala

and the world of terror,

i svet terorizma

and our own life.

i naši životi.

So, why did I tell you this story?

Zašto sam vam sve ovo ispričala?

I told you this story because you

Ispričala sam vam, jer

must understand that there is a world

treba da razumete da postoji svet

that goes well beyond the headlines of the newspapers,

koji seže dalje od naslova u novinama

including the personal relationship that you have

i dotiče vaše lične odnose

with friends and family.

sa prijateljima i porodicom.

You got to question everything that is told to you,

Treba da preispitujete sve što vam je ikada rečeno,

including what I just told you today.

uključujući i ovo što sam vam rekla ja danas.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

This is the only way for you

To je jedini način da

to step into the dark side, and have a look at it.

pređete na mračnu stranu i da je pogledate.

And believe me,

I verujte mi,

it's going to be scary.

biće veoma zastrašujuće.

It's going to be frightful, but it's going to enlighten you.

Biće strašno, ali će vas prosvetliti.

And, above all, it's not going to be boring.

I iznad svega, neće biti dosadno.

(Laughter)

(smeh)

(Applause)

(aplauz)