Loretta Napoleoni: The intricate economics of terrorism

Translator: Lucia Lukanova Reviewer: Roman Studenic

I'm going to show you how terrorism

Ukážem Vám, ako terorizmus

actually interacts with our daily life.

ovplyvňuje náš každodenný život.

15 years ago I received a phone call from a friend.

Pred 15 rokmi mi zatelefonoval priateľ.

At the time he was looking after the rights of political prisoners

Zaoberal sa vtedy právami politických väzňov

in Italian jails.

v talianskych väzniciach.

He asked me if I wanted to interview the Red Brigades.

Spýtal sa ma, či chcem vypočuť Červené brigády.

Now, as many of you may remember,

Možno si spomeniete, že

the Red Brigades was a terrorist, Marxist organization

Červené brigády boli teroristická, marxistická organizácia

which was very active in Italy

veľmi aktívna v Taliansku

from the 1960s until the mid-1980s.

od 60-tych do polovice 80-tych rokov.

As part of their strategy

Súčasťou ich stratégie bolo

the Red Brigades never spoke with anybody, not even with their lawyers.

nehovoriť s nikým, ani len so svojimi právnikmi.

They sat in silence through their trails,

V tichosti presedeli súdne konania,

waving occasionally at family and friends.

občas zamávali rodine a priateľom.

In 1993 they declared the end of the armed struggle.

V 1993 vyhlásili koniec ozbrojeného odporu.

And they drew a list of people with whom they would talk,

A spísali zoznam ľudí, ktorým by

and tell their story.

povedali svoj príbeh.

And I was one of those people.

Ja som bola jednou z týchto ľudí.

When I asked my friend why the Red Brigades want to talk to me,

Môj známy na otázku, prečo Červené brigády chcú hovoriť so mnou,

he said that the female members of the organization

odpovedal, že ženy v tejto organizácii

had actually supported my name.

podporili moje meno.

In particular, one person had put it forward.

Vyslovila sa za mňa hlavne jedna osoba.

She was my childhood friend.

Bola to moja priateľka z detstva.

She had joined the Red Brigades

Vstúpila do Červených brigád

and became a leader of the organization.

a stala sa šéfkou organizácie.

Naturally, I didn't know that

Samozrejme som o tom nevedela

until the day she was arrested.

až kým ju nezatkli.

In fact, I read it in the newspaper.

Čítala som o tom v novinách.

At the time of the phone call

Tesne pred týmto telefonátom

I just had a baby,

sa mi práve narodilo dieťa,

I successfully completed a management buyout

úspešne som predala podiel na firme

to the company I was working with,

spoločnosti, s ktorou som robila

and the last thing I wanted to do was to go back home

a úplne posledným z mojich želaní bolo vrátiť sa domov

and touring the high-security prisons.

a behať po vysoko-bezpečných väzniciach.

But this is exactly what I did

No a presne to som spravila,

because I wanted to know

lebo som bola zvedavá,

what had turned my best friend

čo zmenilo moju najlepšiu kamarátku

into a terrorist,

na teroristku

and why she'd never tried to recruit me.

a prečo ma nikdy neskúsila zverbovať.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

(Applause)

(Potlesk)

So, this is exactly what I did.

Takže presne to som spravila.

Now, I found the answer very quickly.

Odpoveď som našla veľmi rýchlo.

I actually had failed

Neprešla som

the psychological profiling of a terrorist.

psychologickým profilovaním teroristu.

The center committee of the Red Brigades

Centrálny výbor Červených brigád

had judged me too single-minded

ma posúdil ako príliš zaujatú a

and too opinionated to become a good terrorist.

príliš presvedčenú na to, any som bola dobrou teroristkou.

My friend, on the other hand, she was a good terrorist

Na strane druhej, moja priateľka bola dobrá teroristka,

because she was very good at following orders.

lebo veľmi dobre plnila príkazy.

She also embraced violence.

Tiež prijala násilie.

Because she believed that the only way

Verila, že jedinou cestou

to unblock what, at the time,

odblokovania krajiny, ktorá bola vtedy

was known as a blocked democracy,

známa ako blokovaná demokracia,

Italy, a country run by the same party for 35 years

Talianska, krajiny vedenou tou istou stranou už 35 rokov,

was the arms struggle.

bolo ozbrojené násilie.

At the same time, while I was interviewing the Red Brigades,

Počas vypočúvania Červených brigád som vtedy

I also discovered that their life was not ruled

zistila, že ich život nebol riadený

by politics or ideology,

politikou alebo ideológiou,

but actually was ruled by economics.

ale bol vlastne riadený ekonomikou.

They were constantly short of cash.

Neustále trpeli nedostatkom peňazí.

They were constantly searching for cash.

Neustále hľadali peniaze.

Now, contrary to what many people believe,

Inak, ako si myslí väčšina ľudí,

terrorism is actually a very expensive business.

terorizmus je v podstate veľmi drahý biznis.

I'll give you an idea.

Pre predstavu uvediem, źe

In the 1970s, the turnover of the Red Brigades

v 70-tych rokoch bol ročný

on a yearly basis

obrat Červených brigád

was seven million dollars.

sedem miliónov dolárov.

This is roughly between 100

V dnešných číslach je to 100

and 150 million, today.

až 150 miliónov dolárov.

Now, you know, if you live underground

Viete si predstaviť, že undergroundovým životom

it's really hard to produce this amount of money.

je veľmí ťažké vyprodukovať takéto množstvo peňazí.

But this also explains why, when I was interviewing the Red Brigades,

Vysvetľuje to ale, prečo pri vypočúvaní Červených brigád

and then, later on, other arms organizations,

a neskôr iných ozbrojených organizácií

including members of al-Zarqawi group in the Middle East,

vrátane členov al-Zarqawiho skupiny v Strednom Východe,

everybody was extremely reluctant

sa všetci úpenlivo vyhýbali

to talk about ideology, or politics.

rozhovoru o ideológii a politike.

Because they had no idea.

Pretože nemali žiadne názory.

The political vision of a terrorist organization

O politickej vízii organizácie

is decided by the leadership,

rozhoduje jej vedenie,

which, generally, is never more than five to seven people.

väčšinou je to maximálne päť až sedem ľudí.

All the others do, day in and day out,

Všetci ostatní od nevidím do nevidím

is search for money.

hľadajú peniaze.

Once, for example, I was interviewing

Raz som napríklad vypočúvala

this part-timer from the Red Brigades.

jedného červenobrigádnika na čiastočný úväzok.

It was a psychiatrist. He loved sailing.

Bol psychiatrom. Miloval plachtenie.

He was a really keen sailor. And he had this beautiful boat.

Bol vskutku nadšeným námorníkom, mal krásnu loď.

And he told me that the best time of his life

Povedal mi, že najkrajšiu časť svojho života

was when he was a member of the Red Brigades

strávil ako člen Červených brigád,

and he went sailing, every summer, back and forth

keď plachtil každé leto hore dole

from Lebanon, where he would pick up

z Libanonu, kde vyzdvihol

Soviet weapons from the PLO,

sovietske zbrane od OOP

and then carry them all the way to Sardinia

a viezol ich potom až na Sardíniu,

where the other arms organization from Europe would go

kde si iné ozbrojené organizácie z Európy

and take their share of the arms.

vyzdvihli svôj podiel na zbraniach.

For that service the Red Brigades were actually paid a fee,

Za túto službu Červené brigády dostávali poplatok,

which went to fund their organization.

ktorý financoval ich organizáciu.

So, because I am a trained economist

Pretože som vycvičenou ekonómkou

and I think in economic terms,

a myslím v enokomických kategóriách,

all of the sudden I thought,

došlo mi zrazu,

maybe there is something here.

že na tom niečo je.

Maybe there is a link, a commercial link,

Možno je tam prepojenie, komerčné prepojenie

between one organization and another one.

jednej organizácie s druhou.

But it was only when I interviewed

Až neskôr pri vypočúvaní

Mario Moretti, the head of the Red Brigades,

Maria Morettiho, hlavy Červených brigád,

the man who kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro,

ktorý uniesol a zabil Alda Moreho,

Italian former prime minister,

bývalého talianského premiéra,

that I finally realized

som si konečne uvedomila,

that terrorism is actually business.

že terorizmus je vlastne biznis.

I was having lunch with him

Jedli sme spolu obed

in a high-security prison in Italy.

vo vysoko-chránenej väznici v Taliansku.

And as we were eating,

Ako sme jedli,

I had the distinct feeling

som mala pocit,

that I was back in the city of London,

že som späť v Londýne

having lunch with a fellow banker or an economist.

na obede s kolegom bankárom alebo ekonómom.

This guy thought in the same way I did.

Tento muž myslel presne mojim spôsobom.

So, I decided that I wanted to investigate the economics of terrorism.

Rozhodla som sa teda študovať ekonomiku terorizmu.

Naturally, nobody wanted to fund my research.

Samozrejme, nikto nechcel financovať môj výskum.

In fact, I think many people thought that I was a bit crazy.

Mnoho ľudí si podľa mňa myslelo, že mi trochu šibe.

You know, that woman that goes around to foundations

Viete, tá žena, čo behá po nadáciách

asking for money, thinking about the economics of terrorism.

vypytujúc si peniaze na ekonomiku terorizmu.

So, in the end, I took a decision

Moje rozhodnutie mi nakoniec -

that, in retrospect, did change my life.

v spätnom pohľade - zmenilo život.

I sold my company,

Predala som svoju firmu

and funded the research myself.

na samofinancovanie výskumu.

And what I discovered

A objavila som

is this parallel reality,

túto paralelnú realitu,

another international economic system,

iný medzinarodný ekonomický systém,

which runs parallel to our own,

ktorý beží paralelne s našim,

which has been created by arms organizations

vytvorený ozbrojenými organizáciami

since the end of World War II.

od konca 2. svetovej vojny.

And what is even more shocking

Ešte šokujúcejšie je,

is that this system

že tento systém

has followed, step by step, the evolution

sledoval krok za krokom vývoj

of our own system,

nášho systému,

of our Western capitalism.

nášho západného kapitalizmu.

And there are three main stages.

A to v troch hlavných etapách.

The first one is the state sponsor of terrorism.

Prvou je štátom sponzorovaný terorizmus.

The second one is the privatization of terrorism.

Druhou je privatizácia terorizmu.

And the third, of course, is the globalization of terrorism.

A treťou, samozrejme, globalizácia terorizmu.

So, state sponsor of terrorism,

Štátom sponzorovaný terorizmus

feature of the Cold War.

je črtou Studenej vojny.

This is when the two superpowers were fighting

Dve superveľmoci vtedy viedli

a war by proxy,

vojnu prostredníctvom tretích

along the periphery of the sphere of influence,

pozdĺž periférie zóny vplyvu

fully funding arms organizations.

financujúc ozbrojené organizácie.

A mix of legal and illegal activities is used.

Používala sa zmes legálnych a ilegálnych aktivít.

So, the link between crime and terror

Prepojenie medzi kriminalitou a terorom

is established very early on.

sa tak vytvorilo veľmi skoro.

And here is the best example,

Najlepším príkladom sú

the Contras in Nicaragua, created by the CIA,

Contras v Nikarague vytvorené CIA,

legally funded by the U.S. Congress,

legálne financované kongresom Spojených Štátov,

illegally funded by the Reagan administration

ilegálne financované Reaganovou administratívou

via covert operation, for example, the Iran-Contra Affair.

cez utajené operácie, ako tiež napríklad Iránska contra aféra.

Then comes the late 1970s, early '80s,

Prišli neskoré 70-te a skoré 80-te roky

and some groups successfully carry out

a niektoré skupiny úspešne

the privatization of terrorism.

sprivatizovali terorizmus

So, they gain independence from the sponsor,

na získanie nezávislosti od štátu

and start funding themselves.

a začiatku samofinancovania.

Now, again we see a mix of legal and illegal activities.

Znova vidíme mix legálnych a nelegálnych aktivít.

So, Arafat used to get a percentage

Arafat získaval percentá

of the smuggling of hashish

za pašovanie hašišu

from Bekáa Valley, which is the valley between Lebanon and Syria.

z údolia Bekáa medzi Libanonom a Sýriou.

And the IRA, which control the private transportation system

A IRA, ktorá kontrolovala súkromný dopravný systém

in Northern Ireland, did exactly the same thing.

v Severnom Írsku spravila presne to isté.

So, every single time

Zakaždým, keď

that somebody got into a taxi in Belfast

niekto v Belfaste išiel taxíkom,

without knowing, actually,

bez toho, aby o tom vedel,

was funding the IRA.

financoval IRA.

But the great change came, of course,

Najväčšia zmena prišla ale samozrejme

with globalization and deregulation.

s globalizáciou a dereguláciou.

This is when arms organization were able to link up,

Umožnilo to organizáciám navzájom sa

also financially, with each other.

finančne pospájať.

But above all, they started to do

Hlavne začali seriózne

serious business with the world of crime.

obchodovať s kriminálnym svetom.

And together they money-laundered

Spoločne prali peniaze zo

their dirty business through the same channel.

svojho špinavého biznisu tým istým kanálom.

This is when we see the birth of the transnational

Takto sa zrodila nadnárodná

arms organization Al Qaeda.

ozbrojená organizácia Al Kajdá.

This is an organization that can raise money across border.

Táto organizácia vie zbierať peniaze bezohľadu na hranice.

But also that is able to carry out attacks

Tiež vie vykonať útoky

in more than one country.

viac ako v jednej krajine.

Now, deregulation also brought back

Deregulácia priniesla späť so sebou

rogue economics.

zločineckú ekonomiku.

So what is rogue economics?

Čo je zločinecká ekonomika?

Rogue economics is a force which is constantly

Zločinecká ekonomika je sila, ktorá neustále

lurking in the background of history.

číha na pozadí histórie.

It comes back at times of great transformation,

Prichádza späť v časoch veľkej transformácie

globalization being one of those transformations.

a globalizácia je jednou z takých transformácií.

It is at this times in which

Je to v časoch, kedy

politics actually loses control of the economy,

politika stráca kontrolu nad ekonomikou

and the economy becomes a rogue force

a ekonomika sa stane zločineckou silou,

working against us.

ktorá pôsobí proti nám.

It has happened before in history.

Stalo sa to v histórii.

It has happened with the fall of the Roman Empire.

Stalo sa to s pádom Rímskej ríše.

It has happened with Industrial Revolution.

Stalo sa to s priemyselnou revolúciou.

And it actually happened again, with the fall of the Berlin wall.

A stalo sa to znova s pádom Berlínskeho múra.

Now, I calculated how big was this international

Vypočítala som veľkosť tohoto medzinárodného

economic system composed by crime,

ekonomického systému pozostávajúceho z kriminality,

terror, and illegal economy,

teroru a ilegálnej ekonomiky

before 9-11.

pred 9-11.

And it is a staggering 1.5 trillion dollars.

Je to zarážajúci 1,5 bilión dolárov.

It is trillions, it's not billions.

Sú to bilióny, nie miliardy.

This is about twice the GDP of the United Kingdom,

Je to približne dvojnásobok HDP Spojeného Kráľovstva

soon will be more,

a čoskoro to bude viac

considering where this country is going.

vzhľadom na to, kam smeruje táto krajina.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

Now, until 9-11,

Pred 9-11

the bulk of all this money

väčšina týchto peňazí

flew into the U.S. economy

tiekla do ekonomiky USA

because the bulk of the money was denominated in U.S. dollars

pretože bola denominovaná v US dolároch

and the money laundering was taking place

a pranie peňazí sa dialo

inside the United States.

vnútri USA.

The entry point, of course, of most of this money

Vstupným bodom týchto peňazí boli samozrejme

were the off-shore facilities.

daňové raje.

So, this was a vital injection of cash

Bola to teda vitálna injekcia hotovosti

into the U.S. economy.

do ekonomiky USA.

Now, when I went to look at the figures of the U.S. money supply,

Pozrela som sa na hodnotu ponuky peňazí v USA,

the U.S. money supply is the amount

ponuka peňazí v USA je množstvo

of dollars that the Federal Reserve

dolárov, ktoré národná banka

prints every year

vytlačí každý rok

in order to satisfy

na uspokojenie

the increase in the demand for dollars,

rastu dopytu po dolároch,

which, of course, reflects the growth

ktorý odráža rast

of the economy.

ekonomiky.

So, when I went to look at those figures, I noted that since the late 1960s

Keď som sa teda pozrela na tieto čisla, všimla som si, že od 1960-tych

a growing number of these dollars

rastúci počet dolárov

was actually leaving the United States,

opúšťal Spojené Štáty

never to come back.

a už sa nikdy nevrátil.

These were money taken out

Boli to peniaze odnesené

in suitcases or in containers, in cash of course.

v kufroch alebo kontajneroch, samozrejme v hotovosti.

These were money taken out by criminals and money launderers.

Boli to peniaze odnesené zločincami a pračmi peňazí.

These were money taken out to fund

Boli to peniaze odnesené na financovanie

the growth of the terror,

rastu teroru,

illegal and criminal economy.

ilegálnej a kriminálnej ekonomiky.

So, you see, what is the relationship?

Aký je to vzťah?

The United States actually is a country

Spojené Štáty sú vlastne krajinou,

that is the reserve currency of the world.

ktorá je rezervnou menou sveta.

What does it mean? That means that

Čo to znamená? Znamená to,

it has a privilege that other countries do not have.

že má výhodu, ktoré iné krajiny nemajú.

It can borrow against the total amount of dollars

Može si požičat proti celkovému množstvu dolárov

in circulation in the world.

v obehu po svete.

This privilege is called seigniorage.

Toto privilégium sa nazýva razobné.

No other country can do that.

Nemá ho žiadna iná krajina.

All the other countries, for example the United Kingdom,

Všetky ostatné krajiny, napríklad Spojené Kráľovstvo

can borrow only against the amount of money

si môžu požičať len proti množstvu peňazí

in circulation inside its own borders.

v obehu vnútri vlastných hraníc.

So, here is the implication of the relationship

A tu je dôsledok vzťahu

between the worlds of crime, terror, and illegal economy, and our economy.

medzi svetom kriminality, teroru a ilegálnej ekonomiky na našu ekonomiku.

The U.S. in the 1990s

USA si v 90-tych rokoch

was borrowing against the growth

požičiavali oproti rastu

of the terror, illegal and criminal economy.

teroru, ilegálnej a kriminálnej ekonomiky.

This is how close we are with this world.

Takto úzko sme prepojení s týmto svetom.

Now, this situation changed, of course, after 9-11,

Situácia sa po 9-11 samozrejme zmenila,

because George Bush launched the War on Terror.

pretože George Bush vyhlásil vojnu proti teroru.

Part of the War on Terror

Časťou vojny proti teroru

was the introduction of the Patriot Act.

bolo zavedenie zákona Patriot Act.

Now, many of you know that the Patriot Act

Mnohí z Vás vedia, že Patriot Act

is a legislation that greatly reduces

je legislatíva, ktorá významne ohraničuje

the liberties of Americans in order to protect them

slobodu Američanov kvôli ich ochrane

against terrorism.

proti terorizmu.

But there is a section of the Patriot Act

V Patriot Act je však sekcia,

which refers specifically to finance.

ktorá sa vzťahuje na financie.

And it is, in fact, an anti-money-laundering legislation.

Tým je teda aj legislatívou proti praniu peňazí.

What the Patriot Act did was

Tento zákon

to prohibit U.S. bank,

zakázal US bankám a

and U.S.-registered foreign banks

zahraničným bankám registrovaným v USA

from doing any businesses with off-shore facilities.

obchodovať s daňovými rajmi.

It closed that door between the money laundering

Zavrel dvere medzi praním peňazí

in dollars, and the U.S. economy.

v dolároch a US ekonomikou.

It also gave the U.S. monetary authorities

Tiež umožnil monetárnym úradom v USA

the right to monitor any dollar transaction

monitorovať akékoľvek dolárové tranzakcie

taking place anywhere in the world.

uskutočňujúce sa kdekoľvek vo svete.

Now, you can imagine what was the reaction of the international

Viete si predstaviť reakciu medzinárodného

finance and banking.

finančníctva a bankovníctva.

All the bankers said to their clients,

Všetky banky povedali svojim klientom

"Get out of the dollars and go and invest somewhere else."

"Vystúpte z dolárov a investujte niekde inde."

Now, the Euro was a newly born currency

Euro bola čerstvo zrodená mena

of great opportunity for business, and, of course, for investment.

veľkých možností pre biznis a samozrejme investície.

And this is what people did.

A presne toto ľudia urobili.

Nobody wants the U.S. monetary authority

Nikto nechce aby monetárne úrady USA

to check their relationship,

kontrolovali a

to monitor their relationship with their clientele.

monitorovali ich vzťah s klientami.

The same thing happened, of course,

Presne to isté sa samozrejme stalo

in the world of crime and terror.

vo svete kriminality a teroru.

People simply moved their money-laundering activities

Ľudia jednoducho presunuli pranie peňazí

away from the United States

z USA

into Europe.

do Európy.

Why did this happen? This happened because

Prečo sa to stalo? Stalo sa to, lebo

the Patriot Act was a unilateral legislation.

zákon (Patriot Act) bol unilaterálny.

It was introduced only in the United States.

Bol zavedený len v USA.

And it was introduced only for the U.S. dollars.

A bol zavedený len pre US doláre.

In Europe, a similar legislation

V Európe podobná legislatíva

was not introduced.

zavedená nebola.

So, within six months

Takže v priebehu šiestich mesiacov

Europe became the epicenter

sa Európa stala epicentrom

of the money-laundering activities

prania peňazí

of the world.

vo svete.

So, this is how incredible are the relationship

Takýto neuveriteľný je vzťah

between the world of crime

medzi svetom kriminality,

and the world of terror,

svetom teroru

and our own life.

a našim vlastným životom.

So, why did I tell you this story?

Prečo Vám to hovorím?

I told you this story because you

Rozprávam tento príbeh,

must understand that there is a world

pretože musíte pochopiť, že existuje svet,

that goes well beyond the headlines of the newspapers,

ktorý sa tiahne daľeko za titulkami v novinách,

including the personal relationship that you have

vrátane osobných vzťahov, ktoré máte

with friends and family.

s priateľmi a rodinou.

You got to question everything that is told to you,

Musíte pochybovať o všetkom, čo je Vám povedané

including what I just told you today.

vrátane toho, čo som Vám dnes povedala ja.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

This is the only way for you

Je to jediný spôsob, akým

to step into the dark side, and have a look at it.

môžete nahliadnuť aj do tmavej strany.

And believe me,

Verte mi,

it's going to be scary.

bude to nahánať strach.

It's going to be frightful, but it's going to enlighten you.

Bude to strašidelné, ale osvieti Vás to.

And, above all, it's not going to be boring.

A nadovšetko to nebude nudné.

(Laughter)

(Smiech)

(Applause)

(Potlesk)