Loretta Napoleoni: The intricate economics of terrorism

57,450 views ใƒป 2009-12-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yair Galler ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yaron Shahrabani
00:16
I'm going to show you how terrorism
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ
00:18
actually interacts with our daily life.
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ืคื•ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:21
15 years ago I received a phone call from a friend.
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ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ.
00:25
At the time he was looking after the rights of political prisoners
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืช ื”ื•ื ืขืกืง ื‘ื“ืื’ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื™ื
00:28
in Italian jails.
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™ื™ื.
00:31
He asked me if I wanted to interview the Red Brigades.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™ ืื ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ืช ืœืจืื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช.
00:35
Now, as many of you may remember,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื,
00:37
the Red Brigades was a terrorist, Marxist organization
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ ืžืจืงืกื™ืกื˜ื™
00:41
which was very active in Italy
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืคืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”
00:43
from the 1960s until the mid-1980s.
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ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ60 ื•ืขื“ ืœืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ80.
00:47
As part of their strategy
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
00:49
the Red Brigades never spoke with anybody, not even with their lawyers.
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ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืขื ืื™ืฉ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืขื ืขื•ืจื›ื™ ื“ื™ื ื.
00:53
They sat in silence through their trails,
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ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื“ืžืžื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืฉืคื˜ื,
00:57
waving occasionally at family and friends.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื ื•ืคืคื™ื ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
01:01
In 1993 they declared the end of the armed struggle.
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ื‘ึพ1993 ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื• ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ.
01:07
And they drew a list of people with whom they would talk,
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ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ืžื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
01:09
and tell their story.
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ื•ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื.
01:11
And I was one of those people.
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ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
01:14
When I asked my friend why the Red Brigades want to talk to me,
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืจืฆื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื™,
01:17
he said that the female members of the organization
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื’ื•ืŸ
01:21
had actually supported my name.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ืฉืžื™.
01:24
In particular, one person had put it forward.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ืžื™ืฉื”ื™ ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื”ืฆื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื™.
01:27
She was my childhood friend.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจืช ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื™.
01:30
She had joined the Red Brigades
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช
01:32
and became a leader of the organization.
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ื•ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื” ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ.
01:35
Naturally, I didn't know that
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ืื ื™ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš
01:37
until the day she was arrested.
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ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื ืขืฆืจื”.
01:39
In fact, I read it in the newspaper.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืงืจืืชื™ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ.
01:43
At the time of the phone call
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ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื—ื”
01:45
I just had a baby,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื™ ื™ืœื“,
01:47
I successfully completed a management buyout
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ื”ืฉืœืžืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืจื›ื™ืฉื”
01:49
to the company I was working with,
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ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ืขืžื” ืขื‘ื“ืชื™,
01:52
and the last thing I wanted to do was to go back home
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
01:55
and touring the high-security prisons.
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ื•ืœืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื›ืœื ื‘ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช.
01:58
But this is exactly what I did
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™
02:01
because I wanted to know
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื‘ืจืจ
02:03
what had turned my best friend
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ืžื” ื”ืคืš ืืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:05
into a terrorist,
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ืœื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช,
02:07
and why she'd never tried to recruit me.
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ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ืกืชื” ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ืื•ืชื™.
02:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:13
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
02:16
So, this is exactly what I did.
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ืื– ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
02:21
Now, I found the answer very quickly.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
02:25
I actually had failed
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ืื ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ื”ืชืืžืชื™
02:27
the psychological profiling of a terrorist.
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ืœืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜.
02:30
The center committee of the Red Brigades
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ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
02:32
had judged me too single-minded
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ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื” ืื•ืชื™ ื›ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื™ืงืฉืช
02:34
and too opinionated to become a good terrorist.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื“ืขื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช ืžื“ื™ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
02:38
My friend, on the other hand, she was a good terrorist
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ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ืจื•ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”
02:41
because she was very good at following orders.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืื—ืจ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
02:44
She also embraced violence.
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ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
02:47
Because she believed that the only way
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
02:49
to unblock what, at the time,
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ืœืคืจืง ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข, ื‘ื–ืžื ื•,
02:52
was known as a blocked democracy,
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ื›ึพ"ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื—ืกื•ืžื”",
02:54
Italy, a country run by the same party for 35 years
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ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”, ืฉื ื•ื”ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžืคืœื’ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ึพ35 ืฉื ื”
02:58
was the arms struggle.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื–ื•ื™ืŸ.
03:02
At the same time, while I was interviewing the Red Brigades,
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ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ, ื›ืฉืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช,
03:05
I also discovered that their life was not ruled
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื”ื ืœื ื ืฉืœื˜ื•
03:08
by politics or ideology,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืื• ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
03:11
but actually was ruled by economics.
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ืืœื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืฉืœื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
03:14
They were constantly short of cash.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื.
03:17
They were constantly searching for cash.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจ ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื.
03:20
Now, contrary to what many people believe,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื,
03:22
terrorism is actually a very expensive business.
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ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืกืง ื™ืงืจ ืžืื•ื“.
03:26
I'll give you an idea.
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ืืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’.
03:28
In the 1970s, the turnover of the Red Brigades
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืกืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช
03:33
on a yearly basis
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
03:35
was seven million dollars.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืขื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืฉื ื”.
03:37
This is roughly between 100
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืขืจืš ืœื›ืžืื”
03:39
and 150 million, today.
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ืขื“ ืžืื” ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ื™ื.
03:41
Now, you know, if you live underground
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ื›ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื—ืชืจืช
03:44
it's really hard to produce this amount of money.
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ื–ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืžื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ.
03:49
But this also explains why, when I was interviewing the Red Brigades,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข, ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
03:53
and then, later on, other arms organizations,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื™ืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
03:56
including members of al-Zarqawi group in the Middle East,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืืœึพื–ืจืงืื•ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:01
everybody was extremely reluctant
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื• ืžืื•ื“
04:04
to talk about ideology, or politics.
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ืžืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืขืœ ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
04:07
Because they had no idea.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’.
04:09
The political vision of a terrorist organization
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ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื˜ืจื•ืจ
04:13
is decided by the leadership,
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ื ืงื‘ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื”,
04:16
which, generally, is never more than five to seven people.
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ืฉื”ื™ื, ืœืจื•ื‘, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืขื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:19
All the others do, day in and day out,
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ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืืจ ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื’ืจืชื™,
04:22
is search for money.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื›ืกืคื™ื.
04:24
Once, for example, I was interviewing
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ืคืขื ืื—ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™
04:26
this part-timer from the Red Brigades.
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ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืจื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช.
04:29
It was a psychiatrist. He loved sailing.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคืกื™ื›ื™ืื˜ืจ. ื”ื•ื ืื”ื‘ ืœืฉื•ื˜.
04:31
He was a really keen sailor. And he had this beautiful boat.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ื˜ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืข. ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืกื™ืจื” ื™ืคื”ืคื™ื”.
04:35
And he told me that the best time of his life
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืฉื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื•
04:37
was when he was a member of the Red Brigades
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช
04:40
and he went sailing, every summer, back and forth
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื˜, ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ, ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื—ื–ื•ืจ
04:42
from Lebanon, where he would pick up
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ืžืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ, ืฉื ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืกืฃ
04:44
Soviet weapons from the PLO,
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ื ืฉืง ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืžืืฉ"ืค,
04:46
and then carry them all the way to Sardinia
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืกืจื“ื™ื ื™ื”
04:49
where the other arms organization from Europe would go
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ืœืฉื ื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืื™ืจื•ืคื”
04:52
and take their share of the arms.
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ื•ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœื”ื ืžื”ื ืฉืง.
04:55
For that service the Red Brigades were actually paid a fee,
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ืœื ืฉื›ืจ ืœื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
04:59
which went to fund their organization.
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ืฉื”ื•ืคื ื” ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื.
05:02
So, because I am a trained economist
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ื•ืื–, ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ืช ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื™
05:05
and I think in economic terms,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื,
05:07
all of the sudden I thought,
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ืคืชืื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
05:09
maybe there is something here.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืžืฉื”ื•.
05:11
Maybe there is a link, a commercial link,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ื ืงืฉืจ, ืงืฉืจ ืžืกื—ืจื™,
05:13
between one organization and another one.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืœืื—ืจ.
05:17
But it was only when I interviewed
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™
05:20
Mario Moretti, the head of the Red Brigades,
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ืืช ืžืืจื™ื• ืžื•ืจื˜ื™, ืžืคืงื“ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
05:24
the man who kidnapped and killed Aldo Moro,
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื—ื˜ืฃ ื•ืจืฆื— ืืช ืืœื“ื• ืžื•ืจื•,
05:27
Italian former prime minister,
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ืฉืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”,
05:30
that I finally realized
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ
05:32
that terrorism is actually business.
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ืฉื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืกืง.
05:35
I was having lunch with him
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ืื›ืœืชื™ ืื™ืชื• ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื
05:37
in a high-security prison in Italy.
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ื‘ื›ืœื ื‘ืจืžืช ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ืื™ื˜ืœื™ื”.
05:39
And as we were eating,
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ื•ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื•ื—ื”,
05:42
I had the distinct feeling
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžื•ื—ืฉื™ืช
05:44
that I was back in the city of London,
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ืฉืื ื™ ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ึพ"ืกื™ื˜ื™" ืฉืœ ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
05:47
having lunch with a fellow banker or an economist.
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ืื•ื›ืœืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืขื ืื—ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืชื™ื™ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื ืื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื.
05:51
This guy thought in the same way I did.
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ื–ื” ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืžื•ื ื™.
05:55
So, I decided that I wanted to investigate the economics of terrorism.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
06:01
Naturally, nobody wanted to fund my research.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™, ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื™.
06:05
In fact, I think many people thought that I was a bit crazy.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื ื“ืžื” ืœื™ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืื ื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื•ื’ืขืช.
06:07
You know, that woman that goes around to foundations
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ืืชื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
06:10
asking for money, thinking about the economics of terrorism.
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ื•ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
06:14
So, in the end, I took a decision
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”
06:17
that, in retrospect, did change my life.
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ืฉื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™.
06:20
I sold my company,
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ืžื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื™,
06:22
and funded the research myself.
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ื•ืžื™ืžื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื™.
06:25
And what I discovered
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™
06:27
is this parallel reality,
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื”,
06:29
another international economic system,
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช,
06:33
which runs parallel to our own,
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ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•,
06:36
which has been created by arms organizations
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ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื
06:38
since the end of World War II.
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ืžืื– ืชื•ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
06:40
And what is even more shocking
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืชื™ืข
06:42
is that this system
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื•
06:46
has followed, step by step, the evolution
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ื—ื™ืงืชื”, ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“, ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
06:49
of our own system,
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ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
06:51
of our Western capitalism.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
06:53
And there are three main stages.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
06:56
The first one is the state sponsor of terrorism.
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
06:59
The second one is the privatization of terrorism.
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ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ืคืจื˜ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
07:02
And the third, of course, is the globalization of terrorism.
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ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
07:06
So, state sponsor of terrorism,
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ืื– ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
07:09
feature of the Cold War.
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ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืจื”.
07:11
This is when the two superpowers were fighting
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืฆืžื•ืช ื”ืขืœ ื ืœื—ืžื•
07:13
a war by proxy,
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ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
07:15
along the periphery of the sphere of influence,
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ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื”,
07:18
fully funding arms organizations.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื.
07:21
A mix of legal and illegal activities is used.
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ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช.
07:24
So, the link between crime and terror
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ื›ืš, ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืฉืข ื•ื˜ืจื•ืจ
07:27
is established very early on.
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ื ืงื‘ืข ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
07:30
And here is the best example,
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
07:32
the Contras in Nicaragua, created by the CIA,
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ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื‘ื ื™ืงืจื’ื•ืื”, ืฉื”ื•ืงื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ึพCIA,
07:35
legally funded by the U.S. Congress,
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ืžืžื•ืžืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
07:38
illegally funded by the Reagan administration
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืžืฉืœ ืจื™ื’ืŸ
07:41
via covert operation, for example, the Iran-Contra Affair.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืฉืื™ืช. ืœืžืฉืœ ืคืจืฉืช ืื™ืจืŸึพืงื•ื ื˜ืจื”.
07:47
Then comes the late 1970s, early '80s,
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ื•ืื– ืžื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช, ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื,
07:50
and some groups successfully carry out
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”
07:53
the privatization of terrorism.
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ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
07:55
So, they gain independence from the sponsor,
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ื›ืš ื”ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžืื•ืช ืžื”ืžืžืžืŸ,
07:58
and start funding themselves.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืžืžืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื.
08:02
Now, again we see a mix of legal and illegal activities.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ืจื•ืื™ื ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืœืึพื—ื•ืงื™ืช.
08:07
So, Arafat used to get a percentage
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ืขืจืคืืช ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
08:10
of the smuggling of hashish
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ืžื”ื‘ืจื—ืช ื—ืฉื™ืฉ
08:13
from Bekรกa Valley, which is the valley between Lebanon and Syria.
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ืžื”ื‘ืงืขื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืขืžืง ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ื•ืŸ ื•ืกื•ืจื™ื”.
08:17
And the IRA, which control the private transportation system
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ื•ื”ึพIRA, ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช
08:21
in Northern Ireland, did exactly the same thing.
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืื™ืจืœื ื“, ืขืฉื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
08:24
So, every single time
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ื•ื›ืš, ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื
08:26
that somebody got into a taxi in Belfast
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ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ื‘ืœืคืกื˜
08:29
without knowing, actually,
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ื‘ืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื
08:31
was funding the IRA.
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ืžื™ืžืŸ ืืช ื”ึพIRA.
08:34
But the great change came, of course,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
08:36
with globalization and deregulation.
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ืขื ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื•ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื”,
08:39
This is when arms organization were able to link up,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ,
08:42
also financially, with each other.
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ื’ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™, ืื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™.
08:44
But above all, they started to do
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
08:46
serious business with the world of crime.
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ืขืกืงื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉืข
08:49
And together they money-laundered
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ื•ื™ื—ื“ ื”ื ื”ืœื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ื›ืกืคื™
08:51
their dirty business through the same channel.
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ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ื”ืœื ื—ื•ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื•ืฅ.
08:55
This is when we see the birth of the transnational
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืขืช ื‘ื” ืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืœื™ื“ืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ
08:58
arms organization Al Qaeda.
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ื”ื—ืžื•ืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืœึพืงืขื™ื“ื”.
09:01
This is an organization that can raise money across border.
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ื–ื”ื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ื™ื™ืก ื›ืกืคื™ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ,
09:04
But also that is able to carry out attacks
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ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืชืงืคื•ืช
09:07
in more than one country.
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ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืช.
09:10
Now, deregulation also brought back
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืกืจืช ื”ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื”
09:13
rogue economics.
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ืืช ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ืช.
09:15
So what is rogue economics?
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ืื– ืžื”ื™ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ืช?
09:17
Rogue economics is a force which is constantly
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ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื–ื“ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื— ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ื™
09:19
lurking in the background of history.
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ืžืžืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืงืข ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
09:23
It comes back at times of great transformation,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
09:26
globalization being one of those transformations.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
09:29
It is at this times in which
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ื–ื” ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื•
09:32
politics actually loses control of the economy,
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ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืื‘ื“ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”,
09:35
and the economy becomes a rogue force
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ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ื–ื“ื•ื ื™
09:38
working against us.
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ืืฉืจ ืคื•ืขืœ ื ื’ื“ื ื•.
09:40
It has happened before in history.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
09:41
It has happened with the fall of the Roman Empire.
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืขืช ื ืคื™ืœืช ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช.
09:45
It has happened with Industrial Revolution.
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ืขื ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
09:47
And it actually happened again, with the fall of the Berlin wall.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงืจื” ืคืขื ื ื•ืกืคืช, ืขื ื ืคื™ืœืช ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ืจืœื™ืŸ.
09:52
Now, I calculated how big was this international
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช
09:57
economic system composed by crime,
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ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื–ื• ืฉื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื” ืžืคืฉืข,
09:59
terror, and illegal economy,
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ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช,
10:02
before 9-11.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื”ึพ11 ื‘ืกืคื˜ืžื‘ืจ.
10:04
And it is a staggering 1.5 trillion dollars.
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ื•ื–ื” ืกื›ื•ื ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ 1.5 ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
10:09
It is trillions, it's not billions.
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ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ, ืœื ื‘ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
10:11
This is about twice the GDP of the United Kingdom,
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื›ืคื•ืœ ืžื”ืชืœ"ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื”ืžืื•ื—ื“ืช,
10:14
soon will be more,
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ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื›ืš,
10:16
considering where this country is going.
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•.
10:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:21
Now, until 9-11,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืขื“ ื”โ€Žึพ11/9,
10:23
the bulk of all this money
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืกื›ื•ื ื”ื–ื”
10:25
flew into the U.S. economy
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ื–ืจื ืœื›ืœื›ืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘
10:27
because the bulk of the money was denominated in U.S. dollars
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ื ืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
10:31
and the money laundering was taking place
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ื•ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื”
10:34
inside the United States.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจื”"ื‘.
10:36
The entry point, of course, of most of this money
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ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”,
10:39
were the off-shore facilities.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืฅึพืžื“ื™ื ื™.
10:41
So, this was a vital injection of cash
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ืœืคื™ื›ืš, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื–ืจืงืช ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช
10:45
into the U.S. economy.
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ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
10:48
Now, when I went to look at the figures of the U.S. money supply,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
10:53
the U.S. money supply is the amount
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืกื›ื•ื
10:55
of dollars that the Federal Reserve
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ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื ืง ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
10:58
prints every year
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ืžื“ืคื™ืก ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”
11:00
in order to satisfy
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืกืคืง
11:02
the increase in the demand for dollars,
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ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœื“ื•ืœืจื™ื,
11:05
which, of course, reflects the growth
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ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืžืฉืงืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ
11:07
of the economy.
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ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
11:09
So, when I went to look at those figures, I noted that since the late 1960s
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืฉืžืชื™ ืœื‘ ืฉืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60 ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื•ืช
11:13
a growing number of these dollars
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ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ืืœื•
11:17
was actually leaving the United States,
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื–ื‘ื” ืืช ืืจื”"ื‘,
11:19
never to come back.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืฉืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืฉื•ื‘.
11:22
These were money taken out
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ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื ืœืงื—ื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
11:24
in suitcases or in containers, in cash of course.
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ื‘ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื•ืช ืื• ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ.
11:28
These were money taken out by criminals and money launderers.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื•ืฉืขื™ื ื•ืžืœื‘ื™ื ื™ ื›ืกืคื™ื.
11:31
These were money taken out to fund
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืžืžืŸ
11:34
the growth of the terror,
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ืืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
11:36
illegal and criminal economy.
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ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืฉืขืช.
11:40
So, you see, what is the relationship?
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ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื”ื• ื”ืงืฉืจ?
11:44
The United States actually is a country
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”
11:48
that is the reserve currency of the world.
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ื‘ืขืœืช ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืขืชื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
11:52
What does it mean? That means that
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ืžื– ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ? ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
11:54
it has a privilege that other countries do not have.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ.
11:57
It can borrow against the total amount of dollars
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืœื•ื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืกืš ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื
12:01
in circulation in the world.
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ืฉื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
12:03
This privilege is called seigniorage.
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ื–ื• ื ืงืจืืช "ื‘ื›ื™ืจื•ืช".
12:06
No other country can do that.
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ืืฃ ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื›ืš.
12:09
All the other countries, for example the United Kingdom,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
12:11
can borrow only against the amount of money
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ืช ืจืง ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื›ืกืฃ
12:15
in circulation inside its own borders.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืชื™ื”ื.
12:19
So, here is the implication of the relationship
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื–ื•
12:21
between the worlds of crime, terror, and illegal economy, and our economy.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉืข, ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ, ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื ื•.
12:26
The U.S. in the 1990s
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ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ึพ90
12:29
was borrowing against the growth
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ืœื•ื•ืชื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื”
12:31
of the terror, illegal and criminal economy.
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ื‘ื˜ืจื•ืจ ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื—ื•ืงื™ืช ื•ื”ืคื•ืฉืขืช.
12:35
This is how close we are with this world.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื–ื”.
12:40
Now, this situation changed, of course, after 9-11,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ื”ึพ11/9,
12:42
because George Bush launched the War on Terror.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื’'ื•ืจื’' ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืชื— ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
12:45
Part of the War on Terror
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ื—ืœืง ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ
12:47
was the introduction of the Patriot Act.
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ื ื™ืกืชื• ืœืชื•ืงืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื˜ืจื•ื™ื•ื˜.
12:50
Now, many of you know that the Patriot Act
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜
12:52
is a legislation that greatly reduces
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืง ืฉืžืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช
12:55
the liberties of Americans in order to protect them
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœื™ื”ื
12:58
against terrorism.
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ื›ื ื’ื“ ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
13:00
But there is a section of the Patriot Act
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืกืงื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜
13:02
which refers specifically to finance.
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ืฉืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.
13:04
And it is, in fact, an anti-money-laundering legislation.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื ื’ื“ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื.
13:08
What the Patriot Act did was
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ืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืง ื”ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ ืงื‘ืข
13:10
to prohibit U.S. bank,
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ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื,
13:12
and U.S.-registered foreign banks
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ื•ืขืœ ื‘ื ืงื™ื ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
13:14
from doing any businesses with off-shore facilities.
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ืœื ื”ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื ืขื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฅึพืžื“ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
13:18
It closed that door between the money laundering
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ื”ื•ื ืกื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืœืช ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื
13:21
in dollars, and the U.S. economy.
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ื‘ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
13:24
It also gave the U.S. monetary authorities
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื ืชืŸ ืœืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
13:29
the right to monitor any dollar transaction
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ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื ื˜ืจ ื›ืœ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื“ื•ืœืจื™ืช
13:32
taking place anywhere in the world.
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ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
13:36
Now, you can imagine what was the reaction of the international
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืืจ ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืžื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ
13:38
finance and banking.
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ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ืงืื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™.
13:40
All the bankers said to their clients,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืงืื™ื ืืžืจื• ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
13:43
"Get out of the dollars and go and invest somewhere else."
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"ืฆืื• ืžื”ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื ื•ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ".
13:46
Now, the Euro was a newly born currency
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื•ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื–ื” ืืš ื ื•ืœื“
13:49
of great opportunity for business, and, of course, for investment.
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ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืขืกืงื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช.
13:53
And this is what people did.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•.
13:55
Nobody wants the U.S. monetary authority
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช
13:57
to check their relationship,
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ื™ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื,
13:59
to monitor their relationship with their clientele.
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ื™ื ื˜ืจื• ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืขื ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
14:03
The same thing happened, of course,
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ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืงืจื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
14:05
in the world of crime and terror.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉืข ื•ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ.
14:09
People simply moved their money-laundering activities
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
14:14
away from the United States
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ืžืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
14:17
into Europe.
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ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
14:20
Why did this happen? This happened because
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืงืจื”? ื–ื” ืงืจื” ื›ื™
14:22
the Patriot Act was a unilateral legislation.
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ื—ื•ืง ื‘ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื—ื“ึพืฆื“ื“ื™ืช.
14:25
It was introduced only in the United States.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืœ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
14:27
And it was introduced only for the U.S. dollars.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื—ืœ ืจืง ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™.
14:30
In Europe, a similar legislation
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ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”, ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื“ื•ืžื”
14:32
was not introduced.
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ืœื ื ื—ืงืงื”.
14:34
So, within six months
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ื›ืš, ืชื•ืš 6 ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
14:36
Europe became the epicenter
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ื”ืคื›ื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ืœืžื•ืงื“
14:38
of the money-laundering activities
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ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื
14:41
of the world.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:44
So, this is how incredible are the relationship
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ืื–, ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
14:48
between the world of crime
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคืฉืข
14:50
and the world of terror,
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ื•ืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ืจื•ืจ,
14:52
and our own life.
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ื•ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื•.
14:55
So, why did I tell you this story?
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ืื–, ืœืžื” ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
14:57
I told you this story because you
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ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ ืืชื
14:59
must understand that there is a world
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื•ืœื
15:02
that goes well beyond the headlines of the newspapers,
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ืฉืžืฉืชืจืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ืชืจื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ื™ื,
15:06
including the personal relationship that you have
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ื•ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื
15:08
with friends and family.
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคื—ื”.
15:11
You got to question everything that is told to you,
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืžืกื•ืคืจ ืœื›ื,
15:14
including what I just told you today.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžื” ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
15:16
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:18
This is the only way for you
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ื–ื• ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื›ื
15:20
to step into the dark side, and have a look at it.
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ืœื—ืฆื•ืช ืœืฆื“ ื”ืืคืœ, ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•.
15:23
And believe me,
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ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืœื™,
15:25
it's going to be scary.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“.
15:27
It's going to be frightful, but it's going to enlighten you.
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื.
15:30
And, above all, it's not going to be boring.
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืขืžื.
15:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:35
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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