Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds

48,764 views ・ 2009-05-28

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Jelena Nedjic Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:12
All human life,
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Ljudski život,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
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život generalno, zavisi od biljaka.
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
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Dozvolite mi da vas ubedim u to u samo nekoliko sekundi.
00:21
Just think for a moment.
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Razmislite samo jedan momenat.
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
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Nezavisno od toga da li živite u malom selu u Africi,
00:26
or you live in a big city,
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ili živite u velikom gradu,
00:28
everything comes back to plants in the end:
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sve se na kraju zasniva na biljkama:
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
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bez obzira da li ih koristimo kao hranu, lekove,
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
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gorivo, gradivni materijal, za garderobu, za sve očigledne stvari,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
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ili da li su u pitanju spritualni ili rekreativni fenomeni
00:38
that matter to us so much;
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koji su nam jako važni,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
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ili govorimo o stvaranju zemljišta,
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
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ili o uticaju na atmosferu,
00:44
or primary production.
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ili primarnu prozivodnju.
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
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Dođavola, čak su knjige napravljene od biljaka.
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
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Sve ove stvari, sve su povezane sa biljkama.
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
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Bez biljaka ne bismo bili ovde.
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
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Danas su biljke u opasnosti.
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
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U opasnosti su usled promena klime.
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
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U opasnosti su i usled toga što dele planetu sa
01:01
with people like us.
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ljudima kao što smo mi.
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
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Ljudi kao što smo mi žele da unište biljke i
01:06
and their habitats.
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njihova staništa.
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
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Bez obzira da li je to usled prozivodnje hrane
01:10
or because of the introduction of alien plants
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ili usled uvođenja stranih biljaka na mesta
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
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gde te biljke ne bi trebalo da budu
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
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ili zato što se staništa koriste u druge svrhe --
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
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sve to znači da biljke moraju da se adaptiraju,
01:23
or die, or move.
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izumru ili presele.
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
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Biljkama je ponekad veoma teško da se sele
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
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jer nailaze na gradove na tom putu.
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
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S obzirom da ljudski život zavisi od biljaka,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
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da li vam se čini razumno da treba da pokušamo da ih spasemo?
01:36
I think it does.
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Ja mislim da ima smisla.
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
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Želim da vam pričam o projektu koji za cilj ima da spase biljke.
01:41
And the way that you save plants
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Način na koji spašavate biljke jeste
01:43
is by storing seeds.
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da uskladištite njihova semena.
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
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Jer su semena, u svojoj raznovrsnoj veličanstvenosti,
01:49
are plants' futures.
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budućnost biljaka.
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
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Sva genetička informacija neophodna za sledeće generacije biljaka
01:54
are held in seeds.
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je sadržana u semenima.
01:56
So here is the building;
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Ovo je zgrada,
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
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zaista ne izgleda pretenciozno,
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
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ali se proteže duboko ispod nivoa zemlje.
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
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Ovo je najveća banka semena na svetu.
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
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Postoji ne samo u Južnoj Engleskoj,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
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več na različitim delovima sveta. Pričaću vam o tome.
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
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Ovo je postrojenje koje ima protiv-nuklearnu zaštitu.
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
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Ne daj Bože da treba da odoli tome.
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
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Ako želite da napravite banku semena, treba i da odlučite
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
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šta želite u njoj da uskladištite. Zar ne?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
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Mi smo odlučili da želimo pre svega da uskadištimo
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
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semena onih vrsta koje su pod najvećom opasnošću.
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
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To su vrste koje žive u sušnim predelima.
02:27
So first of all we did deals
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Prvo smo napravili dogovor sa
02:30
with 50 different countries.
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50 različitih zemalja.
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
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To znači da smo pregovarali sa predsednicima država,
02:35
and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
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i zamenicima predsednika 50 država
02:37
to sign treaties.
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kako bismo potpisali sporazume.
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
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Imamo 120 instituta koji su naši partneri po celom svetu,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
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u svim ovim zemljama u narandžastoj boji.
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
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Ljudi dolaze iz svih delova sveta da nauče,
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
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a potom odlaze i planiraju tačno kako će
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
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sakupiti ta semena.
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
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Postoje hiljade ljudi širom sveta koji
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
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obeležavaju mesta na kojim je rečeno da se te biljke mogu naći.
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
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Traže ih. Nađu ih u periodu cvetanja.
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
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Vraćaju se kada su semena spremna za žetvu.
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
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Potom sakupe ta semena širom sveta.
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
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Semena -- deo tih procesa je veoma netehnički.
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
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U principu vi ih otresete u kesu i osušite ih.
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
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Obeležite ih. Odradite neke visoko tehnološke postupke tu i tamo,
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
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i neke ne tako sofisticirane postupke.
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
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Glavna stvar leži u tome da treba veoma pažljivo
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
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da osušite semena na niskoj temepraturi.
03:23
And then you have to store them
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Potom treba da ih uskladištite na
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
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temepraturi od -20 stepeni C --
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
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mislim da je to od prilike -4 stepena Farenhajtove skale --
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
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i pri kritično niskom sadržaju vlage.
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
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Ova semena će moći da proklijaju,
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
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mi verujemo u slučaju mnogih vrsta i za
03:39
in thousands of years,
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hiljade godina,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
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a sigurno za nekoliko stotina godina.
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
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Nema koristi u skladištenju semena, ukoliko ne znate da li su vijabilna.
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
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Tako da svakih 10 godina proveravamo sposobnost klijanja
03:50
on every sample of seeds that we have.
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na svim uzorcima semena koje imamo.
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
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Ovo je razrađena mreža zadataka.
03:55
So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
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Širom sveta ljudi rade iste stvari.
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
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To nam omogućava da napravimo protokole za klijanje.
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
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To znači da mi znamo pravu kombinaciju toplote
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
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i hladnoće i ciklusa koji su neophodni
04:06
to make the seed germinate.
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da bi to seme proklijalo.
04:09
And that is very useful information.
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To su veoma korisne informacije.
04:11
And then we grow these things,
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Potom uzgajamo ove biljke,
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
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i kažemo ljudima u zemljama u kojima su ova semena sakupljena:
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
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"Gledajte, mi ne samo da skladištimo semena
04:19
to get the seeds later,
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kako bismo uzgajali biljke kasnije,
04:21
but we can give you this information about
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već možemo i da vam obezbedimo informacije o
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
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neophodnim uslovima za klijanje ovih komplikovanih biljaka."
04:25
And that's already happening.
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To se već dešava.
04:27
So where have we got to?
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Pa dokle smo stigli u tome?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
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Počastvovan sam da mogu da vam saopštim da je naše tromilijardito seme --
04:32
that's three thousand millionth seed --
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to je tri hiljade milionito seme --
04:35
is now stored.
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sada uskladišteno.
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
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To predstvalja 10 posto svih biljnih vrsta na planeti,
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
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24000 vrsta je osigurano,
04:43
30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
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a osiguraćemo 30000 vrsta do sledeće godine, ukoliko dođemo do novca.
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
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A do 2020. godine računamo da će taj procenat doći do 25 posto.
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
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To nisu samo žitarice,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
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to ste možda videli u Svalbardu u Norveškoj --
04:55
fantastic work there.
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odličan posao su tamo uradili.
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
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Ovo je barem 100 puta veći projekat.
05:00
We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
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Imamo hiljade kolekcija koje su poslate
05:03
all over the world:
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širom sveta: vrste koje su
05:05
drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
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tolerantne na sušne uslove koje smo poslali u Pakistan i Egipat,
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
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u Sjedinjene Države stižu vrste koje su
05:12
come here to the United States;
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naročito efektne u fotosintezi,
05:15
salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
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vrste koje su tolerantne na ispašu poslate su u Australiju,
05:18
the list goes on and on.
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i nema kraja toj listi.
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
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Ova semena se koriste za obnovu.
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
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Na staništima koja su već oštećena,
05:25
like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
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kao što su prerije sa visokom travom ovde u SAD-u,
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
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ili u područjima rudnika u raznim državama,
05:30
restoration is already happening because of these species --
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obnova se već sada dešava zahvaljujući ovim vrstama --
05:34
and because of this collection.
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i zahvaljujući ovoj kolekciji.
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
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Populacija nekih od ovih biljaka, kao što su ove sa donje
05:38
to the left of your screen,
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leve strane ekrana,
05:40
they are down to the last few remaining members.
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se smanjila na samo nekoliko preostalih primeraka.
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
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Vrsta čije seme čovek sakuplja sa kamiona,
05:47
that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
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ima još samo oko 30 preostalih primeraka.
05:49
Fantastically useful plant,
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Te biljke su neverovatno korisne,
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
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kao izvori proteina i kao lekovi.
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
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Organizovali smo obučavanje u Kini, u SAD-u,
05:58
and many other countries.
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i u mnogim drugim državama.
06:01
How much does it cost?
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Koliko to košta?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
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Prosečna cena po vrsti je 2800 dolara.
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
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Ja mislim da je to jeftino, ako pogledate ulog.
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
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Ovim dobijate i sve neophodne
06:11
that goes with it.
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naučne podatke.
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
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Pitanje kojim ćemo se baviti u budućnosti je:
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
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"Kako pronaći genetičke i molekularne markere
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
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koji određuju vijabilnost semena,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
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bez zasađivanja biljaka svakih 10 godina?"
06:22
And we're almost there.
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Skoro smo stigli do te tačke.
06:24
Thank you very much.
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Hvala vam mnogo.
06:26
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
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