Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds

48,764 views ・ 2009-05-28

TED


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翻译人员: xiaomin chen 校对人员: Chaoran Yu
00:12
All human life,
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所有人类生命,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
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所有生命,皆赖于植物。
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
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让我试着在几秒钟内说服你们相信它。
00:21
Just think for a moment.
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试想一下。
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
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不管你是住在非洲的一个小村庄,
00:26
or you live in a big city,
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还是住在一个大城市里,
00:28
everything comes back to plants in the end:
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最终一切都会追溯到植物。
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
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不管是食物、药物、
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
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燃料、建筑、衣服,所有显而易见的东西,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
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或精神上的或娱乐上的,
00:38
that matter to us so much;
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这些对我们来说是非常重要的东西,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
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又或者是土壤的形成,
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
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或者对大气的影响,
00:44
or primary production.
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或者初级生产。
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
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该死的,甚至连这里的书本都是用植物造的。
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
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所有的这些东西,可以追溯到植物。
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
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要是没有植物的话我们就不可能在这里。
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
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现在植物正受到威胁。
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
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它们由于气候的改变而受到威胁。
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
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它们还因为跟像我们一样的人类生存在同一个星球,
01:01
with people like us.
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而受到威胁。
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
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我们这些人所做的却是在摧毁植物,
01:06
and their habitats.
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甚至侵占它们的栖息地。
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
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不管是由于食物生产的原因
01:10
or because of the introduction of alien plants
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还是由于引进外来植物品种
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
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到它们本不该存在的地方,
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
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或者是由于栖息地被占为它用,
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
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所有的这些东西会导致植物要么适应,
01:23
or die, or move.
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要么死去或者转移。
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
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但是植物在多数情况下很难转移
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
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因为会有城市和其他的一些东西挡住去路。
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
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所以如果所有人类的生命依赖于植物,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
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难道很难理解我们或许该拯救它们?
01:36
I think it does.
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我想应该很好理解。
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
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我想告诉你们有关于一个可以拯救植物的项目。
01:41
And the way that you save plants
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拯救植物的方法
01:43
is by storing seeds.
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可以通过保存种子来实现。
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
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因为种子,有多种值得称赞的功能,
01:49
are plants' futures.
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其中一种就是[它们]是植物的未来。
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
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所有用于将来生产植物的遗传信息
01:54
are held in seeds.
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都保存在种子里。
01:56
So here is the building;
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因此这里有一座建筑物。
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
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它看上去很普通。
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
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但却埋在地下好几层深。
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
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并且是世界上最大的种子库。
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
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它不仅存于英格兰南部,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
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并且将会分布在世界各地。我将会实现这个愿望的。
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
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这是座可以防核爆的建筑物。
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
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但愿不会发生,但(种子库)必须得承受得住(核爆)。
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
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那么如果你要建一座种子库,你必需得决定
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
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你所要保存(植物种类)。对吧?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
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所以我们决定首先保存
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
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濒危植物品种。
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
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和旱生植物种类。
02:27
So first of all we did deals
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因此我们和
02:30
with 50 different countries.
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50个不同国家达成协议。
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
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这意味着要跟50个国家的管理者
02:35
and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
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和部长们谈判
02:37
to sign treaties.
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并签订各项协议。
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
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我们在全世界有120个合作机构,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
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在所有标橘红色的国家中。
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
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人们来自世界各地学习(保存种子所需要的技术)。
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
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然后回去并计划具体如何
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
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收集这些种子。
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
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分布在世界各地的成千上万的人
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
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他们先标记目标植物的潜在栖息地。
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
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并寻找它们(植物种子)。他们会找处于开花期间的植物。
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
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然后等产生种子的时候再回来。
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
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然后他们收集这些种子。在全世界范围内。
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
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有些种子(的保存)不需要什么技术。
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
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有的你只要把它们都铲到袋子里然后晾干。
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
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做上标记。然后做些高技术的活。
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
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或者非技术性的活。
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
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然后最主要的是你必须得把它们弄干
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
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要在低温下非常的小心。
03:23
And then you have to store them
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然后你得把它们保存
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
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在大约零下20度 --
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
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也就是零下4华氏温度,我想 --
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
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还要在一个非常准确的低湿度条件下。
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
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这样这些种子才能发芽,
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
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我们认为,对很多种类来说,
03:39
in thousands of years,
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在几千年后,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
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并且在几百年后肯定可以发芽。
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
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如果你不确定这些种子是否能孕育出植物,那么收藏它们是没有意义的。
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
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因此,每10年我们会做种子发芽试验
03:50
on every sample of seeds that we have.
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即是对我们已经收藏的种子样本做测试。
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
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如今的网络是分布性的,
03:55
So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
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因此,分布于世界各地的人也会做同样的测试。
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
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而这使我们能够拟出种子发芽的草案。
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
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这意味着我们能够从测试数据中
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
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得到冷热的适当结合,
04:06
to make the seed germinate.
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以及这种冷热的循环使得种子发芽。
04:09
And that is very useful information.
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这些都是非常有用的信息。
04:11
And then we grow these things,
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然后我们把这些信息传播开来,
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
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分享给那些种子原产地国家的人们,
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
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“看,其实我们不止是收藏这些数据
04:19
to get the seeds later,
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来得到种子,
04:21
but we can give you this information about
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但我们可以给你们一些启示
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
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即是如何让那些难以种植的植物更好的生长。”
04:25
And that's already happening.
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而这个办法已经实现了。
04:27
So where have we got to?
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那么我们现在已经达到了什么程度呢?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
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我很高兴想大家宣布:我们的第30亿颗种子,
04:32
that's three thousand millionth seed --
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即是第三千百万的那颗种子
04:35
is now stored.
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已经成功储存了。
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
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(这意味着)地球上所有植物物种的百分之十,
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
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有24000的物种是安全存活的。
04:43
30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
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如果我们到明年能够得到足够的资金,安全存活的物种可以达到3万。
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
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即是到2020年,数量可以达到全球植物总量的25%。
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
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它们不止包括农作物,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
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这些农作物可以在挪威斯瓦尔巴特群岛的储存室看到。
04:55
fantastic work there.
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那里的景象是非常壮观了。
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
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它的面积至少要比其他储存库大100倍。
05:00
We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
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那里储存着成千上万的种子收藏,
05:03
all over the world:
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这些种子曾经也被分布到世界各地。
05:05
drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
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耐旱树种送到巴基斯坦和埃及。
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
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而那些需要光合作用的植物
05:12
come here to the United States;
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就被送到美国。
05:15
salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
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耐盐牧草物种就送到澳大利亚。
05:18
the list goes on and on.
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这样的例子不胜枚举。
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
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这些种子是用来恢复植被的。
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
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比如那些动植物生存环境已经受到破坏的地区,
05:25
like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
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像美国的大草原,
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
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或者是许多国家的矿井地区,
05:30
restoration is already happening because of these species --
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这些物种使得以上类似的地区在生态上得到了修复。
05:34
and because of this collection.
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多亏了这些收藏,
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
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其中一些植物,如屏幕上,
05:38
to the left of your screen,
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左下角的这些植物,
05:40
they are down to the last few remaining members.
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它们是存活下来极少数的树,
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
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而这些植物的种子正是收藏者在货车上与人交易得到的,
05:47
that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
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这是最后剩下的30棵树。
05:49
Fantastically useful plant,
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它们及其重要,
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
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不管是对蛋白质还是药物提供都是很重要。
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
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我们的植物组织培养正在中国,美国,
05:58
and many other countries.
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已经其他国家进行。
06:01
How much does it cost?
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这些培养费用共需要多少呢?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
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平均每个物种需要2800美元。
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
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我认为在价格方面还是比较便宜的。
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
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因为很多科学数据
06:11
that goes with it.
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都是从这些培养中得到的。
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
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今后的研究是“我们该如何找到
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
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影响种子生命力的
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
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基因和分子生物组成的迹象,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
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从而不需要每隔十年才确定可以种植?”
06:22
And we're almost there.
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我们快要成功了。
06:24
Thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
06:26
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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