Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds

48,764 views ・ 2009-05-28

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Prevoditelj: Ivan Majstorovic Recezent: Nenad Maljković
00:12
All human life,
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Sav ljudski život,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
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sav život, ovisi o biljkama.
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
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Dopustite mi da vas u nekoliko sekundi uvjerim u to.
00:21
Just think for a moment.
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Samo razmislite na trenutak.
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
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Svejedno je živite li u malom afričkom selu
00:26
or you live in a big city,
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ili u velikom gradu,
00:28
everything comes back to plants in the end:
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sve se na kraju vraća na biljke.
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
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Svejedno je radi li se o hrani, lijekovima,
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
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gorivu, gradnji, odjeći, svim tim očitim stvarima,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
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ili se radi o duhovnim i rekreacijskim namjenama
00:38
that matter to us so much;
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koje nam toliko znače,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
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ili je to zbog formiranja tla,
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
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ili učinaka na atmosferu,
00:44
or primary production.
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ili primarne proizvodnje.
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
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Dovraga, čak su i knjige ovdje napravljene od biljaka.
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
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Sve su ove stvari, na kraju, od biljaka.
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
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Bez njih mi ne bi bili ovdje.
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
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Biljke su sada ugrožene.
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
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Ugrožene su zbog klimatskih promjena.
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
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Ugrožene su i zato što dijele planet
01:01
with people like us.
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s ljudima poput nas.
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
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A ljudi poput nas žele činiti stvari koje uništavaju biljke
01:06
and their habitats.
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i njihova staništa.
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
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Bilo to zbog proizvodnje hrane
01:10
or because of the introduction of alien plants
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ili zbog uvođenja stranih biljnih vrsta
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
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na mjesta gdje one ne bi trebale biti
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
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ili zato što se staništa koriste za neke druge svrhe,
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
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sve ovo znači da se biljke moraju prilagoditi
01:23
or die, or move.
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ili umrijeti, ili se preseliti.
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
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Biljkama je ponekad teško preseliti se
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
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zbog toga što im u selidbi smetaju gradovi ili druge stvari.
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
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Stoga, ako sav ljudski život ovisi o biljkama,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
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zar nema smisla da ih možda pokušamo spasiti?
01:36
I think it does.
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Osobno mislim da ima.
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
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Želim vam predstaviti projekt za spašavanje biljaka.
01:41
And the way that you save plants
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A način na koji spašavate biljke
01:43
is by storing seeds.
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jest čuvanjem sjemenki.
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
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Zato što su sjemenke, u svoj svojoj veličanstvenoj
01:49
are plants' futures.
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raznolikosti - budućnost biljaka.
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
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Sve genetske informacije za buduće naraštaje biljaka
01:54
are held in seeds.
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sadržane su u sjemenkama.
01:56
So here is the building;
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Stoga, evo zgrade.
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
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Ne izgleda baš impozantno.
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
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Ali zgrada ima mnogo katova i ispod zemlje.
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
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I najveća je banka sjemenki na svijetu.
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
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Postoji ne samo u južnoj Engleskoj,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
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već je raspoređena svugdje po svijetu. Vratit ću se na to.
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
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To je građevina otporna na nuklearne eksplozije.
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
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Bože sačuvaj da to mora izdržati.
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
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Dakle, ako želite izgraditi banku sjemenki, morate odlučiti
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
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što ćete u njemu skladištiti, zar ne?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
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Mi smo odlučili da ćemo ponajprije skladištiti
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
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sve one vrste koje su najviše ugrožene.
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
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A to su vrste iz sušnih područja.
02:27
So first of all we did deals
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Najprije smo postigli dogovore
02:30
with 50 different countries.
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sa 50 različitih zemalja.
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
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To znači pregovarati za državnim poglavarima
02:35
and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
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i ministrima vanjskih poslova u 50 zemalja
02:37
to sign treaties.
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kako bi potpisali sporazume.
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
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Imamo 120 partnerskih ustanova svugdje po svijetu,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
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u svim ovim zemljama označenim narančastom bojom.
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
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Ljudi dolaze iz svih krajeva svijeta kako bi učili.
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
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Tada odlaze i planiraju na koji će točno
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
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način prikupiti te sjemenke.
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
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Imaju tisuće ljudi svugdje po svijetu
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
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koji označavaju mjesta na kojima se smatra da postoje te biljke.
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
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Traže ih. Pronalaze ih u vrijeme cvatnje.
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
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Tada se vraćaju kad su sjemenke formirane.
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
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Prikupljaju sjemenje. Svugdje po svijetu.
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
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Sjemenke -- nešto od toga posla jako je jednostavno.
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
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Istresete ih u vrećice i onda ih sušite.
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
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Označavate ih. Tu i tamo napravite nešto visoko-tehnološko.
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
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Zatim tu i tamo napravite nešto nisko-tehnološko.
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
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A najvažnije je da ih morate osušiti
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
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vrlo pažljivo, na niskoj temperaturi.
03:23
And then you have to store them
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Zatim ih morate uskladištiti
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
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na otprilike minus 20 stupnjeva C --
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
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to je, mislim, oko minus 4 stupnjeva Fahrenheita --
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
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sa kritično malim udjelom vlage.
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
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I ove sjemenke će moći proklijati,
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
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vjerujemo, s mnogim drugim vrstama,
03:39
in thousands of years,
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i nakon nekoliko tisuća godina,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
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a sigurno nakon nekoliko stotina godina.
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
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Nema smisla skladištiti sjemenke koje ne mogu klijati.
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
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Stoga, svakih 10 godina radimo testove klijavosti
03:50
on every sample of seeds that we have.
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na svakom uzorku sjemenja koje imamo.
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
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I to je distribuirana mreža.
03:55
So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
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Znači da svugdje po svijetu ljudi rade istu stvar.
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
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Što nam omogućuje da razvijemo protokole za klijanje.
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
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To znači da znamo pravu kombinaciju topline
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
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i hladnoće i cikluse koje morate ostvariti
04:06
to make the seed germinate.
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kako sjemenka proklijala.
04:09
And that is very useful information.
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A to su vrlo korisne informacije.
04:11
And then we grow these things,
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I tada uzgajamo te biljke
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
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i govorimo ljudima, u zemljama iz kojih te sjemenke potiču,
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
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"Gledajte, zapravo ne skladištimo ove biljke
04:19
to get the seeds later,
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da bi koristili sjemenke kasnije,
04:21
but we can give you this information about
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već vam odmah možemo dati informacije
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
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o klijanju ovih zahtjevnih biljaka."
04:25
And that's already happening.
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I to se već događa.
04:27
So where have we got to?
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Dakle, dokle smo stigli?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
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Drago mi je da mogu otkriti da je naša tri milijardita sjemenka,
04:32
that's three thousand millionth seed --
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znači tri tisuće milijunta sjemenka.
04:35
is now stored.
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sada u spremištu.
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
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10 posto svih biljnih vrsta na planetu.
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
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24 tisuće vrsta su sada na sigurnom.
04:43
30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
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30 tisuća vrsta, ako dobijemo sredstva, do iduće godine.
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
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25 posto svih svjetskih vrsta, do 2020.
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
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To nisu samo poljoprivredne kulture,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
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koje ste možda vidjeli pohranjene u Svalbardu u Norveškoj.
04:55
fantastic work there.
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Fantastične stvari tamo rade.
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
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Ovo je barem stotinu puta veće.
05:00
We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
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Imamo na tisuće zbirki koje su poslane
05:03
all over the world:
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po cijelom svijetu.
05:05
drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
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Šumske vrste otporne na sušu poslane u Pakistan i Egipat.
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
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Biljke iznimno učinkovite fotosinteze
05:12
come here to the United States;
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dolaze ovdje u SAD.
05:15
salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
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Vrste otporne na sol poslane u Australiju.
05:18
the list goes on and on.
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Popis se nastavlja.
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
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Ove sjemenke se koriste za obnavljanje.
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
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Tako da u staništima koja su već bila oštećena,
05:25
like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
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poput prerije visoke trave, ovdje u SAD-u,
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
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ili u rudarenoj zemlji u raznim državama,
05:30
restoration is already happening because of these species --
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obnova se već događa zbog ovih vrsta.
05:34
and because of this collection.
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I zbog ove zbirke.
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
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Neke od ovih biljaka, poput ovih u donjem
05:38
to the left of your screen,
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lijevom kutu ekrana,
05:40
they are down to the last few remaining members.
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spale su na nekoliko jedinki.
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
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Ova s koje čovjek prikuplja sjemenke s vozila,
05:47
that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
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spala je na 30 stabala.
05:49
Fantastically useful plant,
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Fantastično korisna biljka,
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
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i kao protein, i kao lijek.
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
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Održavamo obuke u Kini, u SAD-u,
05:58
and many other countries.
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i mnogim drugim državama.
06:01
How much does it cost?
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Koliko to košta?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
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U prosjeku, 2,800 dolara po vrsti.
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
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Smatram da je to jeftino, po toj cijeni.
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
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Tako dobijamo i sve znanstvene informacije
06:11
that goes with it.
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koje idu uz njih.
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
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Buduće istraživanje jest "Kako možemo pronaći
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
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genetske i molekularne markere,
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
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za klijavost sjemenki,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
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a da ih ne moramo sijati svakih 10 godina?"
06:22
And we're almost there.
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I skoro smo tu.
06:24
Thank you very much.
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Hvala lijepo.
06:26
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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