Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds

48,741 views ・ 2009-05-28

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Ivan Majstorovic Recezent: Nenad Maljković
00:12
All human life,
0
12160
2000
Sav ljudski život,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
1
14160
3000
sav život, ovisi o biljkama.
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
2
17160
4000
Dopustite mi da vas u nekoliko sekundi uvjerim u to.
00:21
Just think for a moment.
3
21160
2000
Samo razmislite na trenutak.
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
4
23160
3000
Svejedno je živite li u malom afričkom selu
00:26
or you live in a big city,
5
26160
2000
ili u velikom gradu,
00:28
everything comes back to plants in the end:
6
28160
2000
sve se na kraju vraća na biljke.
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
7
30160
2000
Svejedno je radi li se o hrani, lijekovima,
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
8
32160
3000
gorivu, gradnji, odjeći, svim tim očitim stvarima,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
9
35160
3000
ili se radi o duhovnim i rekreacijskim namjenama
00:38
that matter to us so much;
10
38160
2000
koje nam toliko znače,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
11
40160
2000
ili je to zbog formiranja tla,
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
12
42160
2000
ili učinaka na atmosferu,
00:44
or primary production.
13
44160
2000
ili primarne proizvodnje.
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
14
46160
3000
Dovraga, čak su i knjige ovdje napravljene od biljaka.
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
15
49160
3000
Sve su ove stvari, na kraju, od biljaka.
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
16
52160
3000
Bez njih mi ne bi bili ovdje.
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
17
55160
2000
Biljke su sada ugrožene.
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
18
57160
2000
Ugrožene su zbog klimatskih promjena.
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
19
59160
2000
Ugrožene su i zato što dijele planet
01:01
with people like us.
20
61160
2000
s ljudima poput nas.
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
21
63160
3000
A ljudi poput nas žele činiti stvari koje uništavaju biljke
01:06
and their habitats.
22
66160
2000
i njihova staništa.
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
23
68160
2000
Bilo to zbog proizvodnje hrane
01:10
or because of the introduction of alien plants
24
70160
3000
ili zbog uvođenja stranih biljnih vrsta
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
25
73160
3000
na mjesta gdje one ne bi trebale biti
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
26
76160
3000
ili zato što se staništa koriste za neke druge svrhe,
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
27
79160
4000
sve ovo znači da se biljke moraju prilagoditi
01:23
or die, or move.
28
83160
3000
ili umrijeti, ili se preseliti.
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
29
86160
2000
Biljkama je ponekad teško preseliti se
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
30
88160
3000
zbog toga što im u selidbi smetaju gradovi ili druge stvari.
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
31
91160
3000
Stoga, ako sav ljudski život ovisi o biljkama,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
32
94160
2000
zar nema smisla da ih možda pokušamo spasiti?
01:36
I think it does.
33
96160
2000
Osobno mislim da ima.
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
34
98160
3000
Želim vam predstaviti projekt za spašavanje biljaka.
01:41
And the way that you save plants
35
101160
2000
A način na koji spašavate biljke
01:43
is by storing seeds.
36
103160
2000
jest čuvanjem sjemenki.
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
37
105160
4000
Zato što su sjemenke, u svoj svojoj veličanstvenoj
01:49
are plants' futures.
38
109160
2000
raznolikosti - budućnost biljaka.
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
39
111160
3000
Sve genetske informacije za buduće naraštaje biljaka
01:54
are held in seeds.
40
114160
2000
sadržane su u sjemenkama.
01:56
So here is the building;
41
116160
2000
Stoga, evo zgrade.
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
42
118160
3000
Ne izgleda baš impozantno.
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
43
121160
2000
Ali zgrada ima mnogo katova i ispod zemlje.
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
44
123160
2000
I najveća je banka sjemenki na svijetu.
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
45
125160
3000
Postoji ne samo u južnoj Engleskoj,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
46
128160
3000
već je raspoređena svugdje po svijetu. Vratit ću se na to.
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
47
131160
2000
To je građevina otporna na nuklearne eksplozije.
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
48
133160
3000
Bože sačuvaj da to mora izdržati.
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
49
136160
2000
Dakle, ako želite izgraditi banku sjemenki, morate odlučiti
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
50
138160
2000
što ćete u njemu skladištiti, zar ne?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
51
140160
2000
Mi smo odlučili da ćemo ponajprije skladištiti
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
52
142160
3000
sve one vrste koje su najviše ugrožene.
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
53
145160
2000
A to su vrste iz sušnih područja.
02:27
So first of all we did deals
54
147160
3000
Najprije smo postigli dogovore
02:30
with 50 different countries.
55
150160
2000
sa 50 različitih zemalja.
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
56
152160
3000
To znači pregovarati za državnim poglavarima
02:35
and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
57
155160
2000
i ministrima vanjskih poslova u 50 zemalja
02:37
to sign treaties.
58
157160
2000
kako bi potpisali sporazume.
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
59
159160
2000
Imamo 120 partnerskih ustanova svugdje po svijetu,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
60
161160
3000
u svim ovim zemljama označenim narančastom bojom.
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
61
164160
2000
Ljudi dolaze iz svih krajeva svijeta kako bi učili.
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
62
166160
2000
Tada odlaze i planiraju na koji će točno
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
63
168160
3000
način prikupiti te sjemenke.
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
64
171160
2000
Imaju tisuće ljudi svugdje po svijetu
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
65
173160
3000
koji označavaju mjesta na kojima se smatra da postoje te biljke.
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
66
176160
2000
Traže ih. Pronalaze ih u vrijeme cvatnje.
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
67
178160
4000
Tada se vraćaju kad su sjemenke formirane.
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
68
182160
3000
Prikupljaju sjemenje. Svugdje po svijetu.
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
69
185160
4000
Sjemenke -- nešto od toga posla jako je jednostavno.
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
70
189160
3000
Istresete ih u vrećice i onda ih sušite.
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
71
192160
3000
Označavate ih. Tu i tamo napravite nešto visoko-tehnološko.
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
72
195160
3000
Zatim tu i tamo napravite nešto nisko-tehnološko.
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
73
198160
2000
A najvažnije je da ih morate osušiti
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
74
200160
3000
vrlo pažljivo, na niskoj temperaturi.
03:23
And then you have to store them
75
203160
2000
Zatim ih morate uskladištiti
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
76
205160
2000
na otprilike minus 20 stupnjeva C --
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
77
207160
2000
to je, mislim, oko minus 4 stupnjeva Fahrenheita --
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
78
209160
4000
sa kritično malim udjelom vlage.
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
79
213160
3000
I ove sjemenke će moći proklijati,
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
80
216160
3000
vjerujemo, s mnogim drugim vrstama,
03:39
in thousands of years,
81
219160
2000
i nakon nekoliko tisuća godina,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
82
221160
3000
a sigurno nakon nekoliko stotina godina.
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
83
224160
3000
Nema smisla skladištiti sjemenke koje ne mogu klijati.
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
84
227160
3000
Stoga, svakih 10 godina radimo testove klijavosti
03:50
on every sample of seeds that we have.
85
230160
3000
na svakom uzorku sjemenja koje imamo.
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
86
233160
2000
I to je distribuirana mreža.
03:55
So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
87
235160
3000
Znači da svugdje po svijetu ljudi rade istu stvar.
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
88
238160
3000
Što nam omogućuje da razvijemo protokole za klijanje.
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
89
241160
3000
To znači da znamo pravu kombinaciju topline
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
90
244160
2000
i hladnoće i cikluse koje morate ostvariti
04:06
to make the seed germinate.
91
246160
3000
kako sjemenka proklijala.
04:09
And that is very useful information.
92
249160
2000
A to su vrlo korisne informacije.
04:11
And then we grow these things,
93
251160
2000
I tada uzgajamo te biljke
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
94
253160
4000
i govorimo ljudima, u zemljama iz kojih te sjemenke potiču,
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
95
257160
2000
"Gledajte, zapravo ne skladištimo ove biljke
04:19
to get the seeds later,
96
259160
2000
da bi koristili sjemenke kasnije,
04:21
but we can give you this information about
97
261160
2000
već vam odmah možemo dati informacije
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
98
263160
2000
o klijanju ovih zahtjevnih biljaka."
04:25
And that's already happening.
99
265160
2000
I to se već događa.
04:27
So where have we got to?
100
267160
2000
Dakle, dokle smo stigli?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
101
269160
3000
Drago mi je da mogu otkriti da je naša tri milijardita sjemenka,
04:32
that's three thousand millionth seed --
102
272160
3000
znači tri tisuće milijunta sjemenka.
04:35
is now stored.
103
275160
2000
sada u spremištu.
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
104
277160
3000
10 posto svih biljnih vrsta na planetu.
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
105
280160
3000
24 tisuće vrsta su sada na sigurnom.
04:43
30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
106
283160
3000
30 tisuća vrsta, ako dobijemo sredstva, do iduće godine.
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
107
286160
4000
25 posto svih svjetskih vrsta, do 2020.
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
108
290160
2000
To nisu samo poljoprivredne kulture,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
109
292160
3000
koje ste možda vidjeli pohranjene u Svalbardu u Norveškoj.
04:55
fantastic work there.
110
295160
2000
Fantastične stvari tamo rade.
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
111
297160
3000
Ovo je barem stotinu puta veće.
05:00
We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
112
300160
3000
Imamo na tisuće zbirki koje su poslane
05:03
all over the world:
113
303160
2000
po cijelom svijetu.
05:05
drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
114
305160
3000
Šumske vrste otporne na sušu poslane u Pakistan i Egipat.
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
115
308160
4000
Biljke iznimno učinkovite fotosinteze
05:12
come here to the United States;
116
312160
3000
dolaze ovdje u SAD.
05:15
salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
117
315160
3000
Vrste otporne na sol poslane u Australiju.
05:18
the list goes on and on.
118
318160
2000
Popis se nastavlja.
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
119
320160
2000
Ove sjemenke se koriste za obnavljanje.
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
120
322160
3000
Tako da u staništima koja su već bila oštećena,
05:25
like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
121
325160
3000
poput prerije visoke trave, ovdje u SAD-u,
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
122
328160
2000
ili u rudarenoj zemlji u raznim državama,
05:30
restoration is already happening because of these species --
123
330160
4000
obnova se već događa zbog ovih vrsta.
05:34
and because of this collection.
124
334160
2000
I zbog ove zbirke.
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
125
336160
2000
Neke od ovih biljaka, poput ovih u donjem
05:38
to the left of your screen,
126
338160
2000
lijevom kutu ekrana,
05:40
they are down to the last few remaining members.
127
340160
3000
spale su na nekoliko jedinki.
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
128
343160
4000
Ova s koje čovjek prikuplja sjemenke s vozila,
05:47
that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
129
347160
2000
spala je na 30 stabala.
05:49
Fantastically useful plant,
130
349160
2000
Fantastično korisna biljka,
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
131
351160
3000
i kao protein, i kao lijek.
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
132
354160
4000
Održavamo obuke u Kini, u SAD-u,
05:58
and many other countries.
133
358160
3000
i mnogim drugim državama.
06:01
How much does it cost?
134
361160
2000
Koliko to košta?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
135
363160
4000
U prosjeku, 2,800 dolara po vrsti.
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
136
367160
2000
Smatram da je to jeftino, po toj cijeni.
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
137
369160
2000
Tako dobijamo i sve znanstvene informacije
06:11
that goes with it.
138
371160
2000
koje idu uz njih.
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
139
373160
3000
Buduće istraživanje jest "Kako možemo pronaći
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
140
376160
2000
genetske i molekularne markere,
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
141
378160
2000
za klijavost sjemenki,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
142
380160
2000
a da ih ne moramo sijati svakih 10 godina?"
06:22
And we're almost there.
143
382160
2000
I skoro smo tu.
06:24
Thank you very much.
144
384160
2000
Hvala lijepo.
06:26
(Applause)
145
386160
3000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7