Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds

48,857 views ใƒป 2009-05-28

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
All human life,
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
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ืžื™ื“ ืื ืกื” ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืืชื›ื ื‘ื›ืš.
00:21
Just think for a moment.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจื’ืข.
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืืชื ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ,
00:26
or you live in a big city,
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ืื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
00:28
everything comes back to plants in the end:
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ.
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
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ืื ื–ื” ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช,
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
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ื“ืœืง, ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”, ื‘ื™ื’ื•ื“, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื”ื ื™ื
00:38
that matter to us so much;
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ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
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ืื• ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืจืงืข,
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
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ืื• ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:44
or primary production.
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ืื• ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืืฉื•ื ื™.
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
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ืœืขื–ืื–ืœ, ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื.
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
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ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื.
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
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ื•ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ.
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื.
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
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ื”ื ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”.
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
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ื•ื”ื ืชื—ืช ืื™ื•ื ื’ื ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช
01:01
with people like us.
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ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
01:06
and their habitats.
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ื•ืืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
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ื•ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ
01:10
or because of the introduction of alien plants
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ืื• ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื’ื” ืฉืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื–ืจื™ื
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืœื ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช,
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
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ืื• ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ,
01:23
or die, or move.
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ืื• ืœืžื•ืช, ืื• ืœื–ื•ื–.
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
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ื•ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืชืงืฉื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืœื–ื•ื–
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื ืื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื,
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
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ืื– ืื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
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ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืœื›ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื ืกื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืื•ืชื?
01:36
I think it does.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืŸ.
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืœื”ืฆืœืช ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:41
And the way that you save plants
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืืชื ืžืฆื™ืœื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื
01:43
is by storing seeds.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื–ืจืขื™ื.
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
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ื›ื™ ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื ื”ื ืคืœื,
01:49
are plants' futures.
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ื”ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื™ื
01:54
are held in seeds.
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ืžื•ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื‘ื–ืจืขื™ื.
01:56
So here is the building;
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ.
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื“ื™ ืฆื ื•ืข.
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื”.
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื‘ื ืง ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื”,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
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ืืœื ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•. ืื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื–ื” ืื—"ื›.
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืชืงืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื ืฉืง ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™.
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœื›ืš.
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื ืง ื–ืจืขื™ื, ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
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ืžื” ืชืฉืžืจื• ื‘ืคื ื™ื. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ื‘ื•, ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ,
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
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ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
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ื•ืืœื” ื”ื ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืงืจืงืข ื™ื‘ืฉื”.
02:27
So first of all we did deals
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ืื– ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ ืขืจื›ื ื• ืขืกืงืื•ืช
02:30
with 50 different countries.
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ืขื 50 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื”ืœ ืžื•"ืž ืขื ืจืืฉื™ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
02:35
and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
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ื•ืฉืจื™ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ 50 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช
02:37
to sign treaties.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืชื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื›ืžื™ื.
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• 120 ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื›ืชื•ื.
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“.
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
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ื”ื ื™ืืกืคื• ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
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ื”ืžืกืžื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช.
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
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ื”ื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื. ื”ื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืคืจื™ื—ื”.
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื. ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
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ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื - ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื” ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื ื˜ื›ื ื™.
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
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ืžื›ื ื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืงื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื.
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
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ืžืชื™ื™ื’ื™ื ืื•ืชื. ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื™ื˜ืง ืคื” ื•ืฉื.
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
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ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ low-tech ืคื” ื•ืฉื.
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ื™ื‘ืฉ ืื•ืชื
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
03:23
And then you have to store them
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ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืืคืกืŸ ืื•ืชื
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
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ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืก 20 ืžืขืœื•ืช ืฆืœืกื™ื•ืก -
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
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ืžื™ื ื•ืก ืžืขืœื” ืื—ืช ืคืจื ื”ื™ื™ื˜, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ -
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
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ื•ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ - ืขื ืจืžืช ืœื—ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“.
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
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ื•ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜,
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
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ืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื™ื ื™ื,
03:39
in thousands of years,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื ืœืืคื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืื ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜.
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
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ืื– ื›ืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื ื™ ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื”
03:50
on every sample of seeds that we have.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื“ื’ื ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
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ื•ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจืฉืช ืžืกื•ืขืคืช,
03:55
So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
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ืื– ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื— ืคืจื•ื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ื˜ื”.
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
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ื•ืงื•ืจ ื•ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขืœื™ืš ืœื”ืฉื™ื’
04:06
to make the seed germinate.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ืจืข ืœื ื‘ื•ื˜.
04:09
And that is very useful information.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™.
04:11
And then we grow these things,
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ื•ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
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ื•ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
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"ืชืจืื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
04:19
to get the seeds later,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื–ืจืขื™ื ืื—"ื›,
04:21
but we can give you this information about
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ืืœื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื™ื“ืข
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ื ื‘ื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื”."
04:25
And that's already happening.
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืงื•ืจื”.
04:27
So where have we got to?
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ืื– ืœืืŸ ื”ื’ืขื ื•?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื–ืจืข ืžืกืคืจ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“,
04:32
that's three thousand millionth seed --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžืกืคืจ 3000 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
04:35
is now stored.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ืืฆืœื ื•.
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
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10% ืžืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
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24,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
04:43
30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
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30,000 ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื” ื”ื‘ืื”.
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
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25% ืžืฆืžื—ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ 2020.
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
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ืืœื” ืœื ืจืง ืฆืžื—ื™ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืจืื™ืชื ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืœื‘ืืจื“ ื ื•ืจื‘ื’ื™ื”.
04:55
fantastic work there.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืฉื.
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
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ื–ื” ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคื™ 100 ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:00
We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืœืคื™ ืื•ืกืคื™ื ืฉื ืฉืœื—ื•
05:03
all over the world:
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ืืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
05:05
drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
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ืžื™ื ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืคืงื™ืกื˜ืŸ ื•ืžืฆืจื™ื.
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื™ื–ื”
05:12
come here to the United States;
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ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื›ืืŸ ืœืืจื”"ื‘.
05:15
salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
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ืžื™ื ื™ ืžืจืขื” ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืžืœื™ื—ื•ืช ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื”.
05:18
the list goes on and on.
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ื•ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
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ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืฉืžืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื.
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
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ืื– ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื–ื•ืงื•,
05:25
like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
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ื›ืžื• ืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื‘ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
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ืื• ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžื›ืจื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
05:30
restoration is already happening because of these species --
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ืฉื™ืงื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•,
05:34
and because of this collection.
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ื•ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืกืฃ ื”ื–ื”.
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ืฉืœืžื˜ื”
05:38
to the left of your screen,
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
05:40
they are down to the last few remaining members.
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ื”ื ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
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ืื™ืคื” ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืกืฃ ื–ืจืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืื™ืช,
05:47
that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
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ืฉื ื ื•ืชืจื• 30 ืขืฆื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื.
05:49
Fantastically useful plant,
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ืฆืžื— ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื,
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
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ื’ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืœืจืคื•ืื”.
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื” ื’ื ื‘ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
05:58
and many other countries.
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ื•ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
06:01
How much does it cost?
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ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื”?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
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2,800 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข.
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืžื—ื™ืจ ื–ื•ืœ.
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœืš ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžื“ืขื™
06:11
that goes with it.
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ืฉื ืœื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืš.
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
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ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื "ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืืชืจ
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
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ืืช ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื,
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ืจืขื™ื,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
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ืžื‘ืœื™ ืฉื ื–ื“ืงืง ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ืื•ืชื ื›ืœ 10 ืฉื ื™ื?"
06:22
And we're almost there.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœืฉื.
06:24
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
06:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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