Jonathan Drori: Why we're storing billions of seeds

48,741 views ・ 2009-05-28

TED


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譯者: Marie Wu 審譯者: Terry Lin
00:12
All human life,
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所有人類,
00:14
all life, depends on plants.
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所有生物,都倚賴植物過活。
00:17
Let me try to convince you of that in a few seconds.
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讓我簡短地說明一下,
00:21
Just think for a moment.
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試想一下,
00:23
It doesn't matter whether you live in a small African village,
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不管你是住在非洲的某個小村莊,
00:26
or you live in a big city,
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或是住在大城市,
00:28
everything comes back to plants in the end:
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最終都要依靠植物。
00:30
whether it's for the food, the medicine,
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不管是用來當作食物、藥物、
00:32
the fuel, the construction, the clothing, all the obvious things;
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燃料、建築、衣物等這些顯而易見的用途,
00:35
or whether it's for the spiritual and recreational things
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或是提供我們精神層面的補給
00:38
that matter to us so much;
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或是對我們很重要的娛樂,
00:40
or whether it's soil formation,
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或是幫助我們做好水土保持、
00:42
or the effect on the atmosphere,
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改善空氣品質
00:44
or primary production.
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及簡單的生產作業。
00:46
Damn it, even the books here are made out of plants.
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天啊,甚至連書本都是植物做成的。
00:49
All these things, they come back to plants.
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所有的事都與植物有關,
00:52
And without them we wouldn't be here.
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沒有植物,我們就不會存在。
00:55
Now plants are under threat.
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現在,植物的生存受到威脅。
00:57
They're under threat because of changing climate.
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氣候變遷對植物造成了威脅,
00:59
And they are also under threat because they are sharing a planet
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一同生存在地球上的人類
01:01
with people like us.
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也對植物產生了威脅。
01:03
And people like us want to do things that destroy plants,
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我們通常會做破壞植物生長的事,
01:06
and their habitats.
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同時破壞他們的棲息地,
01:08
And whether that's because of food production,
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不管是為了生產食物、
01:10
or because of the introduction of alien plants
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或是在不恰當的地點
01:13
into places that they really oughtn't be,
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引進新品種植物,
01:16
or because of habitats being used for other purposes --
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或是將植物的棲息地移做他用,
01:19
all these things are meaning that plants have to adapt,
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這些作為都表示植物必須去遷移、
01:23
or die, or move.
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適應環境、或死去。
01:26
And plants sometimes find it rather difficult to move
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要讓植物進行遷移也不是件容易的事,
01:28
because there might be cities and other things in the way.
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因為可能會有城市或其他建築擋在遷移的路上。
01:31
So if all human life depends on plants,
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如果人類那麼倚重植物,
01:34
doesn't it make sense that perhaps we should try to save them?
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我們是不是該嚐試拯救植物?
01:36
I think it does.
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我認為是的。
01:38
And I want to tell you about a project to save plants.
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我要告訴各位一項拯救植物的計畫,
01:41
And the way that you save plants
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利用保存種子
01:43
is by storing seeds.
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來拯救植物。
01:45
Because seeds, in all their diverse glory,
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因為種子,這些各式各樣的種子,
01:49
are plants' futures.
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是植物未來的希望。
01:51
All the genetic information for future generations of plants
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植物未來世代延續的祕密
01:54
are held in seeds.
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都隱藏在種子裡,
01:56
So here is the building;
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所以我們建造了這個地方,
01:58
it looks rather unassuming, really.
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看起來不像想像中的種子銀行,
02:01
But it goes down below ground many stories.
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但是它深入地下好幾層。
02:03
And it's the largest seed bank in the world.
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這是世界上最大的種子銀行,
02:05
It exists not only in southern England,
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我們不只在南英格蘭建立這樣的種子銀行,
02:08
but distributed around the world. I'll come to that.
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也在世界各地推行這個計畫,待會兒我會再詳細說明。
02:11
This is a nuclear-proof facility.
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這棟建築可以抵擋核爆,
02:13
God forbid that it should have to withstand that.
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希望核爆不會發生,但這棟建築擋得住這種爆炸。
02:16
So if you're going to build a seed bank, you have to decide
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如果要建立一座種子銀行,
02:18
what you're going to store in it. Right?
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你就得思考要放什麼在裡頭,對不對?
02:20
And we decided that what we want to store first of all,
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所以我們決定,首要必須儲藏的是
02:22
are the species that are most under threat.
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即將絕種的物種。
02:25
And those are the dry land species.
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也就是面臨乾旱的物種。
02:27
So first of all we did deals
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所以我們一開始
02:30
with 50 different countries.
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就和50個不同的國家達成協議,
02:32
It means negotiating with heads of state,
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也就是和來自
02:35
and with secretaries of state in 50 countries
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50個不同國家的領袖
02:37
to sign treaties.
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簽署協議。
02:39
We have 120 partner institutions all over the world,
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我們和世界上其他120個類似的組織組成聯盟,
02:41
in all those countries colored orange.
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他們散布在我標示為橘色的國家裡。
02:44
People come from all over the world to learn,
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世界各地的人都來我們這裡學習,
02:46
and then they go away and plan exactly how
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然後他們回去詳細地計畫
02:48
they're going to collect these seeds.
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該如何蒐集種子。
02:51
They have thousands of people all over the world
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世界各地還有數千人
02:53
tagging places where those plants are said to exist.
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為這些種子可能存在的地域畫上標記,
02:56
They search for them. They find them in flower.
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然後開始尋找,如果只找到這種植物的花,
02:58
And they go back when their seeds have arrived.
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就等他們的種子成熟後再回去蒐集,
03:02
And they collect the seeds. All over the world.
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他們在全世界各地蒐集這些種子。
03:05
The seeds -- some of if is very untechnical.
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蒐集種子的過程,有些用不到什麼技術。
03:09
You kind of shovel them all in to bags and dry them off.
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你可能就只是把種子鏟進袋子裡,將之乾燥,
03:12
You label them. You do some high-tech things here and there,
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然後貼上標籤。有時做一些高科技的事,
03:15
some low-tech things here and there.
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有時也會做一些低科技的事。
03:18
And the main thing is that you have to dry them
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最重要的是乾燥的過程,
03:20
very carefully, at low temperature.
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你必須非常小心地用低溫來乾燥種子。
03:23
And then you have to store them
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然後把種子儲存於
03:25
at about minus 20 degrees C --
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攝氏零下20度,
03:27
that's about minus four Fahrenheit, I think --
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大概是華氏負四度吧...
03:29
with a very critically low moisture content.
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然後要嚴格控制溼度。
03:33
And these seeds will be able to germinate,
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我們相信,有一天這些種子
03:36
we believe, with many of the species,
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會再度萌芽,許多植物會再生,
03:39
in thousands of years,
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也許在數千年,
03:41
and certainly in hundreds of years.
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或是數百年之後。
03:44
It's no good storing the seeds if you don't know they're still viable.
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如果種子不具備發芽的能力,那麼儲存種子就變得沒有意義。
03:47
So every 10 years we do germination tests
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所以每十年,我們會針對我們所儲存的每一種種子
03:50
on every sample of seeds that we have.
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進行發芽測試,
03:53
And this is a distributed network.
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和我們的聯盟組織同步測試,
03:55
So all around the world people are doing the same thing.
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所以全世界這類型組織的人都在做同樣一件事,
03:58
And that enables us to develop germination protocols.
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這樣我們就能瞭解種子發芽的條件。
04:01
That means that we know the right combination of heat
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也就是我們會知道
04:04
and cold and the cycles that you have to get
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種子發芽所需的溫度
04:06
to make the seed germinate.
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及發芽所需的期間,
04:09
And that is very useful information.
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這些是很重要的資訊。
04:11
And then we grow these things,
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然後我們把發芽的種子種進土裡,
04:13
and we tell people, back in the countries where these seeds have come from,
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並告訴種子來源地的人民,
04:17
"Look, actually we're not just storing this
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"看,我們不只是為未來
04:19
to get the seeds later,
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儲存種子而已,
04:21
but we can give you this information about
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我們還能告訴你們
04:23
how to germinate these difficult plants."
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該怎麼種植這些難以存活的植物。"
04:25
And that's already happening.
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這是目前正在發生的事。
04:27
So where have we got to?
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那麼我們現在的進度到哪裡了?
04:29
I am pleased to unveil that our three billionth seed --
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我很高興能告訴各位,
04:32
that's three thousand millionth seed --
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我們目前已經儲存了
04:35
is now stored.
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30億顆種子,
04:37
Ten percent of all plant species on the planet,
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也就是目前世界上所有植物種類的百分之十,
04:40
24,000 species are safe;
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二萬四千種植物受到安全保障,
04:43
30,000 species, if we get the funding, by next year.
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若我們明年能籌到資金,我們就能成功保存三萬種植物種子。
04:46
Twenty-five percent of all the world's plants, by 2020.
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在2020年之前,我們計畫儲存所有植物種類的百分之二十五。
04:50
These are not just crop plants,
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這並不只限於農業種子,
04:52
as you might have seen stored in Svalbard in Norway --
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我們並不像挪威斯瓦巴種子銀行,
04:55
fantastic work there.
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他們做得很成功,
04:57
This is at least 100 times bigger.
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但我們的規模至少是他們的100倍以上,
05:00
We have thousands of collections that have been sent out
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我們所蒐集的種子將被送往
05:03
all over the world:
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世界各地,
05:05
drought-tolerant forest species sent to Pakistan and Egypt;
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耐旱的森林植物會被送到巴基斯坦和埃及,
05:08
especially photosynthetic-efficient plants
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能有效進行光合作用的植物
05:12
come here to the United States;
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則被送往美國,
05:15
salt-tolerant pasture species sent to Australia;
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耐鹽的牧草則送往澳洲,
05:18
the list goes on and on.
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不同植物將被送往不同地點。
05:20
These seeds are used for restoration.
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這些種子是用來恢復植被的,
05:22
So in habitats that have already been damaged,
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如果某塊土地已經被破壞了,
05:25
like the tall grass prairie here in the USA,
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像是美國的大草原牧場
05:28
or in mined land in various countries,
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或是其他國家的廢棄礦坑,
05:30
restoration is already happening because of these species --
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我們利用這些種子成功地復育了這些土地。
05:34
and because of this collection.
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這要歸功於我們的蒐集行動。
05:36
Some of these plants, like the ones on the bottom
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有些植物,像是螢幕左下角的
05:38
to the left of your screen,
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這種植物,
05:40
they are down to the last few remaining members.
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目前只剩下幾棵殘存的植株。
05:43
The one where the guy is collecting seeds there on the truck,
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有個人站在卡車上蒐集種子的植物,
05:47
that is down to about 30 last remaining trees.
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目前只剩下大約30棵,
05:49
Fantastically useful plant,
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那是很有用的植物,
05:51
both for protein and for medicine.
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可以提供豐富的蛋白質,也可以提煉成藥材。
05:54
We have training going on in China, in the USA,
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我們在中國、美國和世界上其他國家
05:58
and many other countries.
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提供訓練,
06:01
How much does it cost?
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花費是多少呢?
06:03
2,800 dollars per species is the average.
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平均每一種植物要花費2千8百美元,
06:07
I think that's cheap, at the price.
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我覺得以金額來計算的話,那很便宜。
06:09
And that gets you all the scientific data
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這個計畫讓我們取得了
06:11
that goes with it.
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許多科學數據,
06:13
The future research is "How can we find
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未來的研究重點在於,如何從種子本身
06:16
the genetic and molecular markers
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來發掘出生長標記,
06:18
for the viability of seeds,
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讓我們知道種子可以發芽,
06:20
without having to plant them every 10 years?"
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而不用每十年進行一次測試?
06:22
And we're almost there.
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我們就快做到了,
06:24
Thank you very much.
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謝謝各位。
06:26
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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