Helping others makes us happier -- but it matters how we do it | Elizabeth Dunn

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

So, I have a pretty fun job,

Imam prilično zabavan posao,

which is to figure out what makes people happy.

a to je da otkrijem šta ljude čini srećnim.

It's so fun, it might almost seen a little frivolous,

Toliko je zabavan da bi se mogao gotovo smatrati pomalo neozbiljnim,

especially at a time where we're being confronted

naročito u vreme kada smo suočeni

with some pretty depressing headlines.

sa prilično depresivnim naslovima u novinama.

But it turns out that studying happiness might provide a key

Ali, ispada da proučavanje sreće može pružiti ključne odgovore

to solving some of the toughest problems we're facing.

pri rešavanju nekih od najtežih problema sa kojima se suočavamo.

It's taken me almost a decade to figure this out.

Trebala mi je skoro decenija da to shvatim.

Pretty early on in my career,

Prilično rano u karijeri,

I published a paper in "Science" with my collaborators,

objavila sam rad u „Nauci“ sa svojim saradnicima

entitled, "Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness."

pod naslovom „Trošenje novca na druge podstiče sreću“.

I was very confident in this conclusion,

Bila sam veoma sigurna u ovaj zaključak,

except for one thing:

osim jedne stvari -

it didn't seem to apply to me.

nije se činilo da ovo važi za mene.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I hardly ever gave money to charity,

Jedva da ikad dajem novac u dobrotvorne svrhe,

and when I did,

a i kada jesam,

I didn't feel that warm glow I was expecting.

nisam osetila taj topli sjaj koji sam očekivala.

So I started to wonder if maybe there was something wrong with my research

Počela sam da se pitam da li možda nešto nije u redu sa mojim istraživanjem

or something wrong with me.

ili nešto nije u redu sa mnom.

My own lackluster emotional response to giving was especially puzzling

Moje odsustvo emotivne reakcije na davanje bilo je naročito zbunjujuće

because my follow-up studies revealed that even toddlers exhibited joy

jer su moje naknadne studije otkrile

da čak i deca ispod dve godine pokazuju radost kada daju drugima.

from giving to others.

In one experiment, my colleagues Kiley Hamlin, Lara Aknin and I

U jednom eksperimentu smo moje koleginice Kajli Hamlin, Lara Aknin i ja

brought kids just under the age of two into the lab.

dovele u laboratoriju decu koja su bila malo mlađa od dve godine.

Now, as you might imagine,

Kao što možete pretpostaviti,

we had to work with a resource that toddlers really care about,

morali smo da radimo sa sredstvima do kojih je deci zaista bilo stalo,

so we used the toddler equivalent of gold,

pa smo koristili dečji ekvivalent zlata,

namely, Goldfish crackers.

naime, krekere u obliku zlatnih ribica.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We gave kids this windfall of Goldfish for themselves

Dali smo deci neočekivano blago zlatnih ribica da uzmu za sebe

and a chance to give some of their Goldfish away

i priliku da daju deo zlatnih ribica

to a puppet named Monkey.

lutku po imenu Majmun.

(Video) Researcher: I found even more treats,

(Video) Istraživač: Našla sam još slatkiša

and I'm going to give them all to you.

i sve ću ih dati tebi.

Toddler: Ooh. Thank you.

Dete: Uuu. Hvala.

Researcher: But, you know, I don't see any more treats.

Istraživač: Ali, znaš, ne vidim više slatkiša.

Will you give one to Monkey?

Hoćeš li dati jedan Majmunu?

Toddler: Yeah. Researcher: Yeah?

Dete: Da. Istraživač: Da?

Toddler: Yeah.

Dete: Da.

Here.

Izvoli.

Researcher: Ooh, yummy. Mmmm.

Istraživač: Uuu, ukusno. Mmmm.

Toddler: All gone, he ate it.

Dete: Nema više, sve je pojeo.

Elizabeth Dunn: Now, we trained research assistants to watch these videos

Elizabet Dan: Obučile smo istraživačke asistente da gledaju ove video-snimke

and code toddlers' emotional reactions.

i kodiraju emocionalne reakcije dece.

Of course, we didn't tell them our hypotheses.

Naravno, nismo im rekle koja je naša hipoteza.

The data revealed that toddlers were pretty happy

Podaci su pokazali da su mališani bili prilično srećni

when they got this pile of Goldfish for themselves,

kada su dobili gomilu ribica,

but they were actually even happier

ali su zapravo bili srećniji

when they got to give some of their Goldfish away.

kada su mogli da poklone deo svojih ribica.

And this warm glow of giving persists into adulthood.

Ova toplina zadovoljstva zbog davanja i dalje postoji u odraslom dobu.

When we analyzed surveys from more than 200,000 adults

Kada smo analizirali upitnike više od 200 000 odraslih

across the globe,

širom planete,

we saw that nearly a third of the world's population

videli smo da skoro trećina svetskog stanovništva

reported giving at least some money to charity in the past month.

izveštava da je dala bar malo novca u dobrotvorne svrhe tokom prošlog meseca.

Remarkably, in every major region of the world,

Neverovatno je da su u svim većim regionima sveta

people who gave money to charity were happier than those who did not,

ljudi koji su davali novac u dobrotvorne svrhe

bili su srećniji od onih koji nisu,

even after taking into account their own personal financial situation.

čak i nakon što uzmemo u obzir njihovu ličnu finansijsku situaciju.

And this correlation wasn't trivial.

A ova korelacija nije bila trivijalna.

It looked like giving to charity

Delovalo je da je davanje u dobrotvorne svrhe

made about the same difference for happiness

imalo otprilike isti uticaj na sreću

as having twice as much income.

kao da imaju duplo više prihoda.

Now, as a researcher,

Kao istraživač,

if you're lucky enough to stumble on an effect

ako imate dovoljno sreće da naletite na efekat

that replicates around the world in children and adults alike,

koji se ponavlja širom sveta kod dece i kod odraslih,

you start to wonder:

počinjete da se pitate

Could this be part of human nature?

da li bi to mogao biti deo ljudske prirode.

We know that pleasure reinforces adaptive behaviors

Znamo da zadovoljstvo učvršćuje adaptivno ponašanje

like eating and sex

kao što su obedovanje i seks,

that help perpetuate our species,

koji pomažu očuvanju naše vrste,

and it looked to me like giving might be one of those behaviors.

i izgledalo mi je da bi davanje moglo biti jedno od takvih ponašanja.

I was really excited about these ideas,

Bila sam baš uzbuđena zbog tih ideja

and I wrote about them in the "New York Times."

i pisala sam o njima u „Njujork tajmsu.“

One of the people who read this article

Među ljudima koji su čitali ovaj članak

was my accountant.

bio je moj računovođa.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Yeah.

Da.

At tax time, I found myself seated across from him,

U vreme za obračun poreza, našla bih se naspram njega

watching as he slowly tapped his pen

i posmatrala ga kako polako lupka olovkom

on the charitable giving line of my tax return

na liniji za davanja u dobrotvorne svrhe na mom obrascu za povraćaj poreza

with this look of, like,

uz pogled loše skrivenog negodovanja.

poorly concealed disapproval.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Despite building my career by showing how great giving can feel,

Uprkos tome što sam izgradila karijeru pokazujući koliko je dobar osećaj davati,

I actually wasn't doing very much of it.

zapravo to baš i nisam mnogo radila.

So I resolved to give more.

Zato sam rešila da dajem više.

Around that time,

U to vreme,

devastating stories about the Syrian refugee crisis

poražavajuće priče o sirijskoj izbegličkoj krizi

were everywhere.

bile su svuda.

I really wanted to help,

Zaista sam želela da pomognem,

so I pulled out my credit card.

pa sam izvadila svoju kreditnu karticu.

I knew my donations would probably make a difference for someone somewhere,

Znala sam da će moje donacije verovatno za nekoga negde imati značaj,

but going to the website of an effective charity

ali kada sam otišla na veb-sajt uspešne dobrotvorne organizacije

and entering my Visa number

i unela broj svoje kartice,

still just didn't feel like enough.

to se još uvek nije činilo kao dovoljno.

That's when I learned about the Group of Five.

Tako sam saznala za Grupu od petoro.

The Canadian government allows any five Canadians

Kanadska vlada dozvoljava da bilo kojih petoro Kanađana

to privately sponsor a family of refugees.

privatno sponzoriše porodicu izbeglica.

You have to raise enough money to support the family

Morate prikupiti dovoljno novca da izdržavate porodicu

for their first year in Canada,

tokom njene prve godine u Kanadi,

and then they literally get on a plane to your city.

i onda se oni bukvalno ukrcaju na avion do vašeg grada.

One of the things that I think is so cool about this program

Jedna od stvari za koju mislim da je super u vezi sa ovim programom

is that no one is allowed to do it alone.

je da niko ne može to da uradi sam.

And instead of a Group of Five,

I umesto Grupe od petoro,

we ended up partnering with a community organization

na kraju smo se udružili sa mesnom organizacijom

and forming a group of 25.

i formirali grupu od 25.

After almost two years of paperwork and waiting,

Nakon skoro dve godine papirologije i čekanja,

we learned that our family would be arriving in Vancouver

saznali smo da će naša porodica stići u Vankuver

in less than six weeks.

za manje od šest nedelja.

They had four sons and a daughter,

Imali su četiri sina i ćerku,

so we raced to find them a place to live.

pa smo pojurili da im nađemo mesto za život.

We were very lucky to find them a house,

Imali smo sreće da im nađemo kuću,

but it needed quite a bit of work.

ali trebalo joj je mnogo doterivanja.

So my friends came out on evenings and weekends

Zato su moji prijatelji dolazili uveče i vikendom

and painted and cleaned and assembled furniture.

da kreče, čiste i sklapaju nameštaj.

When the big day came,

Kada je došao veliki dan,

we filled their fridge with milk and fresh fruit

napunili smo im frižider mlekom i svežim voćem

and headed to the airport to meet our family.

i krenuli na aerodrom da se nađemo sa porodicom.

It was a little overwhelming for everyone,

Bilo je malo emotivno za sve,

especially the four-year-old.

pogotovo za mališana od četiri godine.

His mother was reunited with her sister

Njegova majka se ponovo sastala sa svojom sestrom

who had come to Canada earlier through the same program.

koja je ranije došla u Kanadu preko istog programa.

They hadn't seen each other in 15 years.

Nisu se videle 15 godina.

When you hear that more than 5.6 million refugees have fled Syria,

Kada čujete da je više od 5,6 miliona izbeglica pobeglo iz Sirije,

you're faced with this tragedy

suočeni ste sa tragedijom

that the human brain hasn't really evolved to comprehend.

za čije razumevanje ljudski mozak nije dovoljno razvijen.

It's so abstract.

Toliko je apstraktna.

Before, if any of us had been asked to donate 15 hours a month

Da nam je pre neko tražio da volontiramo 15 sati mesečno

to help out with the refugee crisis,

da bismo pomogli u izbegličkoj krizi,

we probably would have said no.

verovatno bismo odbili.

But as soon as we took our family to their new home in Vancouver,

Ali čim smo odveli našu porodicu u novi dom u Vankuveru,

we all had the same realization:

svi smo shvatili isto -

we were just going to do whatever it took to help them be happy.

uradićemo šta god da je potrebno da bismo im pomogli da budu srećni.

This experience made me think a little more deeply about my research.

Ovo iskustvo me je nateralo da razmislim malo dublje o svom istraživanju.

Back in my lab,

U mojoj laboratoriji

we'd seen the benefits of giving spike

bismo videli kako se povećavaju dobrobiti darivanja

when people felt a real sense of connection with those they were helping

kada su ljudi imali pravi osećaj povezanosti sa onima kojima su pomagali

and could easily envision the difference they were making

i kada su mogli da lako zamisle uticaj koji ostvaruju

in those individuals' lives.

u životima tih pojedinaca.

For example, in one experiment,

Na primer, u jednom eksperimentu,

we gave participants an opportunity to donate a bit of money

dali smo učesnicima priliku da doniraju nešto novca

to either UNICEF or Spread the Net.

UNICEF-u ili organizaciji „Raširi mrežu“.

We chose these charities intentionally,

Namerno smo odabrali ove dobrotvorne organizacije

because they were partners and shared the same critically important goal

jer su partneri i zajednički im je isti ključan cilj

of promoting children's health.

unapređenja zdravlja dece.

But I think UNICEF is just such a big, broad charity

Ali mislim da je UNICEF toliko velika, široka dobrotvorna organizacija

that it can be a little hard to envision

da može biti malo teže zamisliti

how your own small donation will make a difference.

kako će vaša mala donacija biti od nekog značaja.

In contrast, Spread the Net offers donors a concrete promise:

Nasuprot tome, „Raširi mrežu“ nudi donatorima konkretno obećanje:

for every 10 dollars donated,

na svakih doniranih 10 dolara,

they provide one bed net to protect a child from malaria.

obezbeđuju jednu mrežu za krevet da bi zaštitili jedno dete od malarije.

We saw that the more money people gave to Spread the Net,

Videli smo da, što su ljudi davali više novca za „Raširi mrežu“,

the happier they reported feeling afterward.

utoliko su nakon toga navodili da se osećaju srećnije.

In contrast, this emotional return on investment

Nasuprot tome, ovaj emocionalni povraćaj ulaganja

was completely eliminated when people gave money to UNICEF.

bio je potpuno eliminisan kada su ljudi davali novac UNICEF-u.

So this suggests that just giving money to a worthwhile charity

Ovo ukazuje da samo davanje novca valjanoj dobrotvornoj organizaciji

isn't always enough.

nije uvek dovoljno.

You need to be able to envision

Morate biti u stanju da zamislite

how, exactly, your dollars are going to make a difference.

kako će tačno vaš novac biti od koristi.

Of course, the Group of Five program takes this idea to a whole new level.

Naravno, program Grupe od petoro prenosi tu ideju na potpuno novi nivo.

When we first took on this project,

Kada smo započeli ovaj projekat,

we would talk about when the refugees would arrive.

razgovarali bismo o tome kada će izbeglice stići.

Now, we just refer to them as our family.

Sada samo govorimo o njima kao o našoj porodici.

Recently, we took the kids ice skating,

Nedavno smo vodili decu na klizanje,

and later that day, my six-year-old, Oliver, asked me,

a kasnije tog dana me je moj sin Oliver od šest godina pitao:

"Mommy, who is the oldest kid in our family?"

„Mama, ko je najstarije dete u porodici?“

I assumed he was talking about his plethora of cousins,

Pretpostavila sam da je govorio o mnoštvu svojih rođaka,

and he was talking about them,

a i jeste mislio na njih,

but also about our Syrian family.

ali i na našu sirijsku porodicu.

Since our family arrived,

Otkad je naša porodica stigla,

so many people and organizations have offered to help,

toliko ljudi i organizacija je nudilo pomoć,

providing everything from free dental fillings

obezbedivši im sve od besplatnih zubnih plombi

to summer camps.

do letnjih kampova.

It's made me see the goodness that exists in our community.

Time sam uvidela da postoji dobrota u našoj zajednici.

Thanks to one donation,

Zahvaljujući jednoj donaciji,

the kids got to go to bike camp,

deca su mogla da odu u biciklistički kamp

and every day of the week,

i svakoga dana u nedelji

some member of our group tried to be there to cheer for them.

pojedini članovi naše grupe su nastojali da budu tamo i navijaju za njih.

I happened to be there

Zatekla sam se tamo

the day the training wheels were supposed to come off,

dana kada je trebalo da skinu pomoćne točkove,

and let me tell you, the four-year-old did not think this was a good idea.

i mogu vam reći da dečak od četiri godine nije mislio da je to dobra ideja.

So I went over and talked to him

Prišla sam i razgovarala sa njim

about the long-term benefits of riding without training wheels.

o dugoročnim prednostima vožnje bez pomoćih točkova.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Then I remembered that he was four and barely spoke English.

Onda sam se setila da je imao četiri godine i da je jedva znao engleski.

So I reverted to two words he definitely knew:

Zato sam se vratila na reč koju je definitivno znao:

ice cream.

sladoled.

You try without training wheels, I'll buy you ice cream.

Ako pokušaš bez pomoćnih točkova, kupiću ti sladoled.

Here's what happened next.

Evo šta se zatim dogodilo.

(Video) ED: Yes. Yeah!

(Video) ED: To. To!

Kid: I'm gonna try.

Dete: Probaću.

ED: Oh my God! Look at you go!

ED: O, Bože! Vidi kako voziš!

(Squealing) Look at you go! You're doing it all by yourself!

(Ciči) Vidi kako voziš! Voziš skroz sam!

(Audience) (Laughter)

(Publika) (Smeh)

(Video) ED: Good job!

(Video) ED: Odlično!

(Audience) (Laughter)

(Publika) (Smeh)

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

ED: So this is the kind of helping that human beings evolved to enjoy,

ED: Dakle, u ovakvoj pomoći su ljudska bića evoluirala da uživaju,

but for 40 years,

ali je tokom 40 godina

Canada was the only country in the world

Kanada bila jedina zemlja u svetu

that allowed private citizens to sponsor refugees.

koja je omogućavala građanima da budu sponzori izbeglicama.

Now -- Canada!

Sada - Kanada!

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

It's pretty great.

To je baš super.

Now Australia and the UK are starting up similar programs.

Sada Australija i Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo pokreću slične programe.

Just imagine how different the refugee crisis could look

Zamislite samo kako bi drugačije izgledala izbeglička kriza

if more countries made this possible.

kada bi više zemalja ovo omogućilo.

Creating these kinds of meaningful connections between individuals

Stvaranje ovakvih značajnih veza između pojedinaca

provides an opportunity to deal with challenges

pruža priliku za bavljenje problemima

that feel overwhelming.

koji deluju ogromno.

One of those challenges lies just blocks from where I'm standing right now,

Jedan od tih problema se nalazi

samo nekoliko blokova od mesta na kome stojim,

in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver.

u centru istočnog Vankuvera.

By some measures, it's the poorest urban postal code in Canada.

Prema nekim merilima,

to je najsiromašnija urbana oblast u Kanadi.

We actually debated whether to bring over a family of refugees,

Zapravo smo raspravljali da li da dovedemo porodicu izbeglica,

because there are so many people right here already struggling.

jer ovde već ima mnogo ljudi koji se muče.

My friend Evan told me that when he was a kid

Moj drug Evan mi je rekao da, kad je bio dete

i kada bi njegovi roditelji prolazili kolima kroz to naselje,

and his parents drove through this neighborhood,

he would duck down in the back seat.

on bi se sagnuo na zadnjem sedištu.

But Evan's parents never would have guessed

Ali Evanovi roditelji nikad ne bi pretpostavili

that when he grew up,

da će on u odraslom dobu

he would open up the doors of a local restaurant

otvoriti vrata lokalnog restorana

and invite this community inside to enjoy three-course dinners.

i pozvati ovu zajednicu da uživaju u bogatoj večeri.

The program that Evan helped build is called "Plenty of Plates,"

Program u čijoj je izgradnji Evan pomogao zove se „Gomila tanjira“,

and the goal is not just to provide free meals

a cilj je ne samo obezbediti besplatne obroke,

but to create moments of connection

već i stvoriti trenutke povezivanja

between people who otherwise might never make eye contact.

između ljudi koji inače nikada ne bi ostvarili kontakt očima.

Each night, a local business sponsors the dinner

Svake noći lokalna firma finansira večeru

and sends a team of volunteers

i pošalje tim volontera

who help make and serve the meal.

koji pomažu u spremanju i posluživanju jela.

Afterward, the leftovers get distributed to people who are out on the street,

Nakon toga se ostaci raspodele ljudima na ulici

and importantly, there's enough money left

i, što je važno, ostane dovoljno novca

to provide a thousand free lunches for this community

da bi se ovoj zajednici obezbedile hiljade besplatnih ručkova

in the days that follow.

u narednim danima.

But the benefits of this program extend beyond food.

Ali, koristi ovog programa prevazilaze hranu.

For the volunteers, it provides an opportunity to engage with people,

On za volontere pruža priliku da komuniciraju sa ljudima,

to sit down and hear their stories.

da sednu i saslušaju njihove priče.

After this experience, one volunteer changed his commute

Nakon ovog iskustva, jedan volonter je promenio svoju putanju do posla

so that instead of avoiding this neighborhood,

tako da, umesto da izbegava ovo naselje,

he walks through it,

prođe kroz njega,

smiling or making eye contact as he passes familiar faces.

nasmejan ili gledajući u oči ljude dok nailazi na poznata lica.

All of us are capable of finding joy in giving.

Svi mi smo u stanju da nađemo radost u davanju.

But we shouldn't expect this to happen automatically.

Ali ne treba očekivati da se to desi automatski.

Spending money helping others doesn't necessarily promote happiness.

Trošenje novca na pružanje pomoći drugima ne mora nužno podstaći sreću.

Instead, it matters how we do it.

Umesto toga, važno je kako to radimo.

And if we want people to give more,

A ako želimo da ljudi daju više,

we need to subvert the way we think about charitable giving.

moramo preokrenuti način razmišljanja o davanju u dobrotvorne svrhe.

We need to create opportunities to give

Moramo stvoriti prilike za davanje

that enable us to appreciate our shared humanity.

koje nam omogućavaju da cenimo našu zajedničku ljudskost.

If any of you work for a charity,

Ako neko od vas radi za dobrotvornu organizaciju,

don't reward your donors with pens or calendars.

ne nagrađujte svoje donatore olovkama ili kalendarima.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Reward them with the opportunity

Nagradite ih prilikom

to see the specific impact that their generosity is having

da vide konkretan uticaj svoje darežljivosti

and to connect with the individuals and communities they're helping.

i da se povežu sa pojedincima i zajednicama kojima pomažu.

We're used to thinking about giving as something we should do.

Navikli smo da razmišljamo o davanju kao o nečemu što treba da radimo.

And it is.

I jeste tako.

But in thinking about it this way,

Ali kada razmišljamo o tome na ovaj način,

we're missing out on one of the best parts of being human:

propuštamo jedan od najboljih delova postojanja kao ljudskog bića,

that we have evolved to find joy in helping others.

da smo evoluirali da se radujemo u pomaganju drugima.

Let's stop thinking about giving as just this moral obligation

Prestanimo da razmišljamo o davanju kao o moralnoj obavezi

and start thinking of it as a source of pleasure.

i počnimo da razmišljamo o tome kao o izvoru zadovoljstva.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)