Laura Snyder: The Philosophical Breakfast Club

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Maja Budišin Lukin Lektor: Mile Živković

I'd like you to come back with me for a moment

Želela bih da se na trenutak vratite sa mnom

to the 19th century,

u 19. vek,

specifically to June 24, 1833.

i to u 24. jun 1833.

The British Association for the Advancement of Science

Britansko udruženje za unapređenje nauke,

is holding its third meeting at the University of Cambridge.

održava svoj treći sastanak na Kembridž univerzitetu.

It's the first night of the meeting,

Prvo je veče sastanka, i uskoro će započeti rasprava

and a confrontation is about to take place

that will change science forever.

koja će zauvek promeniti svet nauke.

Stariji, sedi čovek ustaje.

An elderly, white-haired man stands up.

The members of the Association are shocked to realize

Članovi Udruženja su u šoku, jer su prepoznali

that it's the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge,

pesnika Samjuela Tejlora Kolridža,

who hadn't even left his house in years until that day.

koji godinama nije napuštao svoju kuću.

They're even more shocked by what he says.

Još više ih šokiraju njegove reči:

"You must stop calling yourselves natural philosophers."

"Morate prestati da se nazivate prirodnim filozofima."

Coleridge felt that true philosophers like himself

Kolridž je smatrao da pravi filozofi, kao on,

pondered the cosmos from their armchairs.

proučavaju svemir iz svojih fotelja.

They were not mucking around in the fossil pits

Oni ne gube vreme u fosilnim jamama

or conducting messy experiments with electrical piles

i ne izvode umazane eksperimente s elektrohemijskim baterijama

like the members of the British Association.

kao članovi Britanskog udruženja.

The crowd grew angry and began to complain loudly.

Publika je počela da se ljuti i da glasno negoduje.

A young Cambridge scholar named William Whewell stood up

Mladi student Kembridž univerziteta po imenu Vilijam Vivel je ustao

and quieted the audience.

i umirio publiku.

He politely agreed that an appropriate name

Učtivo se složio da ne postoji

for the members of the association did not exist.

prikladno ime za članove udruženja.

"If 'philosophers' is taken to be too wide and lofty a term,"

"Ako je 'filozof' preširok i preuzvišen termin" -

he said, "then, by analogy with 'artist,'

rekao je - "onda, po analogiji sa 'umetnikom,'

we may form 'scientist.'"

možemo skovati reč 'naučnik.'"

This was the first time the word scientist

Bilo je to prvi put da je reč naučnik

was uttered in public,

izgovorena u javnosti,

only 179 years ago.

pre samo 179 godina.

I first found out about this confrontation when I was in graduate school,

Prvi put sam otkrila ovu raspravu na postdiplomskim studijama

and it kind of blew me away.

i oborila me je s nogu.

I mean, how could the word scientist

Kako to da reč naučnik

not have existed until 1833?

nije uopšte postojala do 1833.?

What were scientists called before?

Kako su naučnike nazivali pre toga?

What had changed to make a new name necessary

Šta se to promenilo da je novo ime postalo nužno

precisely at that moment?

baš u tom trenutku?

Prior to this meeting, those who studied the natural world

Do toga susreta, prirodnjaci

were talented amateurs.

su bili talentovani amateri.

Think of the country clergyman or squire

Pomislite na seoskog sveštenika ili plemića

collecting his beetles or fossils,

kako skuplja svoje bube ili fosile,

like Charles Darwin, for example,

kao što je na primer Čarls Darvin,

or, the hired help of a nobleman, like Joseph Priestley,

ili na unajmljenog plemića pomoćnika, kao što je Džozef Pristli,

who was the literary companion

koji je bio književni pratilac

to the Marquis of Lansdowne

markizu od Lansdauna

when he discovered oxygen.

kada je otkrio kiseonik.

After this, they were scientists,

Posle sastanka su postali naučnici,

professionals with a particular scientific method,

profesionalci s određenom naučnom metodom,

goals, societies and funding.

ciljevima, društvima i finansiranjem.

Much of this revolution can be traced to four men

Veliki deo ove revolucije može se pripisati četvorici muškaraca

who met at Cambridge University in 1812:

koji su se srelii na Kembridžu 1812.:

Charles Babbage, John Herschel, Richard Jones and William Whewell.

Čarlsu Babidžu, Džonu Heršelu, Ričardu Džonsu i Vilijamu Vivelu.

These were brilliant, driven men

Bili su to sjajni, pasionirani ljudi

who accomplished amazing things.

koji su ostvarili neverovatne stvari.

Charles Babbage, I think known to most TEDsters,

Čarls Babidž, verovatno poznat većini TED-stera,

invented the first mechanical calculator

izumeo je prvi mehanički kalkulator

and the first prototype of a modern computer.

i prvi prototip modernog računara.

John Herschel mapped the stars of the southern hemisphere,

Džon Heršel je izradio mapu sazvežđa južne hemisfere,

and, in his spare time, co-invented photography.

a u slobodno vreme je učestvovao u pronalasku fotografije.

I'm sure we could all be that productive

Sigurna sam da bismo svi mogli biti tako produktivni

without Facebook or Twitter to take up our time.

da nam Fejsbuk ili Tviter ne uzimaju vreme.

Richard Jones became an important economist

Ričard Džons je postao ugledan ekonomista

who later influenced Karl Marx.

koji je kasnije uticao na Karla Marksa.

And Whewell not only coined the term scientist,

A Vivel ne samo da je skovao reč naučnik,

as well as the words anode, cathode and ion,

kao i reči anoda, katoda i jon,

but spearheaded international big science

već je i predvodio veliku međunarodnu nauku

with his global research on the tides.

svojim globalnim istraživanjem morskih mena.

In the Cambridge winter of 1812 and 1813,

U Kembridžu, zime 1812. i 1813.

the four met for what they called philosophical breakfasts.

ova četvorka se sretala na tako prozvanim filozofskim doručcima.

They talked about science

Razgovarali su o nauci

and the need for a new scientific revolution.

i o potrebi za novom naučnom revolucijom.

They felt science had stagnated

Smatrali su da je nauka stagnirala

since the days of the scientific revolution that had happened

od vremena naučne revolucije

in the 17th century.

iz 17. veka.

It was time for a new revolution,

Bilo je vreme za novu revoluciju

which they pledged to bring about,

za koju su se zakleli da će započeti,

and what's so amazing about these guys is,

a zadivljujuće je

not only did they have these

da ne samo da su imali ove

grandiose undergraduate dreams,

grandiozne studentske snove,

but they actually carried them out,

već su ih i ostvarili

even beyond their wildest dreams.

i to više nego što su mogli i zamisliti.

And I'm going to tell you today

Danas ću vam govoriti

about four major changes to science these men made.

o četiri glavne promene u nauci koje su ovi ljudi napravili.

About 200 years before,

Oko 200 godina ranije,

Francis Bacon and then, later, Isaac Newton,

Frensis Bekon i kasnije Isak Njutn,

had proposed an inductive scientific method.

predložili su induktivni naučni metod.

Now that's a method that starts from

To je metod koji počinje

observations and experiments

zapažanjem i eksperimentima,

and moves to generalizations about nature called natural laws,

a nastavlja se uopštavanjima o prirodi koja se nazivaju prirodnim zakonima,

which are always subject to revision or rejection

koji uvek mogu da budu revidirani ili odbačeni

should new evidence arise.

ukoliko se za to pojavi nov dokaz.

However, in 1809, David Ricardo muddied the waters

Međutim, 1809., David Rikardo je uneo zabunu

by arguing that the science of economics

argumentujući da bi ekonomska nauka

should use a different, deductive method.

trebalo da koristi drukčiji, deduktivni metod.

The problem was that an influential group at Oxford

Problem je bio u tvrdnji uticajne grupe na Oksfordu

began arguing that because it worked so well in economics,

da zbog dobrog funkcionisanja u ekonomiji,

this deductive method ought to be applied

ovaj deduktivni metod treba da bude primenjen

to the natural sciences too.

i na prirodne nauke.

The members of the philosophical breakfast club disagreed.

Članovi kluba filozofskog doručka se nisu s tim slagalii.

They wrote books and articles promoting inductive method

Pisali su knjige i članke promovišući induktivni metod

in all the sciences

u svim naukama,

that were widely read by natural philosophers,

što su najviše čitali filozofi prirodnjaci,

university students and members of the public.

studenti i predstavnici javnosti.

Reading one of Herschel's books

Za Čarlsa Darvina je bilo prelomno

was such a watershed moment for Charles Darwin

čitanje jedne od Heršelovih knjiga,

that he would later say, "Scarcely anything in my life

pa je kasnije rekao: "Retko da je išta u mom životu

made so deep an impression on me.

ostavilo toliko dubok utisak na mene.

It made me wish to add my might

Zaželeo sam da dodam svoju snagu

to the accumulated store of natural knowledge."

nagomilanom prirodnom znanju."

It also shaped Darwin's scientific method,

To je uobličilo Darvinov naučni metod,

as well as that used by his peers.

kao i metod njegovih kolega.

[Science for the public good]

[Nauka za opšte dobro]

Previously, it was believed that scientific knowledge

Pre toga se verovalo da bi naučna saznanja

ought to be used for the good of the king or queen,

trebalo koristiti za dobrobit kralja ili kraljice,

or for one's own personal gain.

ili za ličnu korist.

For example, ship captains needed to know

Na primer, brodski kapetani su morali da saznaju

information about the tides in order to safely dock at ports.

o stanju morskih mena radi bezbednog pristajanja u lukama.

Harbormasters would gather this knowledge

Lučki piloti bi prikupljali ta saznanja

and sell it to the ship captains.

i prodavali ih kapetanima.

The philosophical breakfast club changed that,

Klub filozofskog doručka je to promenio

working together.

zajedničkim snagama.

Whewell's worldwide study of the tides

Vivelova svetska studija o morskim menama

resulted in public tide tables and tidal maps

je dovela do javnih tabela i karti morskih mena

that freely provided the harbormasters' knowledge

koje su pružale besplatno znanje lučkih pilota

to all ship captains.

svim pomorskim kapetanima.

Herschel helped by making tidal observations

Heršel je doprineo opažanjem morskih mena

off the coast of South Africa,

s obale Južne Afrike

and, as he complained to Whewell,

i kako se požalio Vivelu o svojim teškoćama

he was knocked off the docks during a violent high tide for his trouble.

sa doka ga je zbacila silovita plima.

The four men really helped each other in every way.

Ova četvorka se zaista međusobno pomagala u svakom pogledu.

They also relentlessly lobbied the British government

Takođe su neumorno lobirali u britanskoj vladi

for the money to build Babbage's engines

radi novca kojim bi se izgradile Babidževe mašine

because they believed these engines

verujući da će one

would have a huge practical impact on society.

imati veliki praktičan uticaj na društvo.

In the days before pocket calculators,

U doba pre džepnih kalkulatora,

the numbers that most professionals needed --

brojevi potrebni većini stručnjaka -

bankers, insurance agents, ship captains, engineers —

bankarima, agentima osiguranja, brodskim kapetanima, inženjerima -

were to be found in lookup books like this,

mogli su se naći u preglednim knjigama kao što je ova,

filled with tables of figures.

ispunjenim tabelama sa brojevima.

These tables were calculated

Ove tabele su računali,

using a fixed procedure over and over

po utvrđenom postupku svaki put ponovo,

by part-time workers known as -- and this is amazing -- computers,

honorarni radnici poznati pod zanimljivim imenom - računari,

but these calculations were really difficult.

ali ti proračuni su bili zaista teški.

I mean, this nautical almanac

Ovaj nautički kalendar

published the lunar differences for every month of the year.

je objavljivao lunarne razlike za svaki mesec u godini.

Each month required 1,365 calculations,

Za svaki mesec je trebalo 1365 proračuna,

so these tables were filled with mistakes.

pa su te tabele bile pune grešaka.

Babbage's difference engine was the first mechanical calculator

Babidževa diferencijalna mašina predstavljala je prvi mehanički kalkulator

devised to accurately compute any of these tables.

osmišljen za tačno izračunavanje bilo koje od tih tabela.

Two models of his engine were built in the last 20 years

U poslednjih 20 godina dva modela ove mašine napravio je

by a team from the Science Museum of London

tim iz Muzeja nauke u Londonu

using his own plans.

koristeći njegove nacrte.

This is the one now at the Computer History Museum in California,

Ovaj je danas u Muzeju istorije računara u Kaliforniji,

and it calculates accurately. It actually works.

i tačno računa. Stvarno radi.

Later, Babbage's analytical engine

Kasnije je Babidževa analitička mašina

was the first mechanical computer in the modern sense.

postala prvi mehanički računar u modernom smislu.

It had a separate memory and central processor.

Imao je odvojenu memoriju i centralni procesor.

It was capable of iteration, conditional branching

Imao je mogućnost iteracije, uslovnog grananja

and parallel processing,

i istovremene obrade,

and it was programmable using punched cards,

a mogao se programirati pomoću bušenih kartica,

an idea Babbage took from Jacquard's loom.

ideje koju je Babidž preuzeo od Žakardovog razboja.

Tragically, Babbage's engines never were built in his day

Nažalost, Babidževe mašine nisu izgrađene u njegovo vreme

because most people thought that

jer je većina ljudi mislila da

non-human computers would have no usefulness

ne-ljudski računari neće biti od koristi

for the public.

za javnost.

[New scientific institutions]

[Nove naučne institucije]

Founded in Bacon's time, the Royal Society of London

U Bejkonovo vreme osnovano je Kraljevsko društvo Londona

was the foremost scientific society in England

koje je bilo najistaknutije naučno društvo u Engleskoj

and even in the rest of the world.

pa čak i u svetu.

By the 19th century, it had become

U 19. veku, preraslo je

a kind of gentleman's club

u svojevrsni džentlmenski klub

populated mainly by antiquarians, literary men and the nobility.

u kojem su uglavnom boravili antikvari, književnici i plemstvo.

The members of the philosophical breakfast club

Članovi kluba filozofskog doručka

helped form a number of new scientific societies,

doprineli su formiranju brojnih novih naučnih društava,

including the British Association.

uključujući Britansko udruženje.

These new societies required

Ova nova društva su od članova zahtevala

that members be active researchers publishing their results.

da budu aktivni istraživači koji objavljuju svoja dostignuća.

They reinstated the tradition of the Q&A

Ponovo su uveli tradiciju diskusije

after scientific papers were read,

posle pročitanih naučnih radova,

which had been discontinued by the Royal Society

koja je bila ukinuta od strane Kraljevskog društva

as being ungentlemanly.

kao nedžentlmenska.

And for the first time, they gave women a foot in the door of science.

Po prvi put su otvorili ženama vrata nauke.

Members were encouraged to bring their wives,

Članove su podsticali da dovode svoje žene,

daughters and sisters to the meetings of the British Association,

kćeri i sestre na sastanke Britanskog udruženja

and while the women were expected to attend

i dok se od žena očekivalo da prisustvuju

only the public lectures and the social events like this one,

samo javnim predavanjima i društvenim priredbama nalik ovoj,

they began to infiltrate the scientific sessions as well.

one su postupno počele da se uključuju i u naučne sednice.

The British Association would later be the first

Britansko udruženje će kasnije biti prvo

of the major national science organizations in the world

od svih glavnih nacionalnih naučnih organizacija u svetu,

to admit women as full members.

koje će priznati žene kao punopravne članice.

[External funding for science]

[Finansiranje nauke]

Up to the 19th century,

Do 19. veka,

natural philosophers were expected to pay

od prirodnih filozofa se očekivalo ​​da sami plaćaju

for their own equipment and supplies.

svoju opremu i materijal.

Occasionally, there were prizes,

Povremeno su se dodeljivale nagrade,

such as that given to John Harrison in the 18th century,

kao što je nagrada Džonu Harisonu u 18. veku,

for solving the so-called longitude problem,

za rešavanje takozvanog problema longitude,

but prizes were only given after the fact,

ali nagrade su dodeljivane samo posle pronalazaka

when they were given at all.

kad su uopšte dodeljivane.

On the advice of the philosophical breakfast club,

Po savetu kluba filozofskog doručka

the British Association began to use the extra money

Britansko udruženje je počelo da koristi dodatne prihode,

generated by its meetings to give grants

ostvarene svojim sastancima, za stipendiranje

for research in astronomy, the tides, fossil fish,

istraživanja u astronomiji, morskih mena, ribljih fosila,

shipbuilding, and many other areas.

brodogradnje i u mnogim drugim područjima.

These grants not only allowed

Ove donacije ne samo da su dopuštale

less wealthy men to conduct research,

siromašnijim ljudima da istražuju,

but they also encouraged thinking outside the box,

već su takođe podsticale razmišljanja izvan ustaljenih okvira,

rather than just trying to solve one pre-set question.

za razliku od rešavanja samo nekog unapred određenog pitanja.

Eventually, the Royal Society

I na kraju, Kraljevsko društvo

and the scientific societies of other countries followed suit,

i naučna društva iz drugih zemalja su sledila taj primer,

and this has become -- fortunately it's become --

i to je na sreću postalo

a major part of the scientific landscape today.

glavni deo današnje naučne scene.

So the philosophical breakfast club

Tako je klub filozofskog doručka

helped invent the modern scientist.

pomogao u stvaranju modernog naučnika.

That's the heroic part of their story.

To je herojski deo njihove priče.

There's a flip side as well.

Postoji takođe i naličje.

They did not foresee at least one consequence

Nisu predvideli bar jednu posledicu

of their revolution.

svoje revolucije.

They would have been deeply dismayed

Duboko bi ih zaprepastila

by today's disjunction between science and the rest of culture.

današnja razdvojenost nauke i ostatka kulture.

It's shocking to realize

Šokantno je saznanje

that only 28 percent of American adults

da je samo 28 posto odraslih u Americi

have even a very basic level of science literacy,

na elementarnom nivou naučne pismenosti,

and this was tested by asking simple questions like,

što je testirano jednostavnim pitanjima, kao što je:

"Did humans and dinosaurs inhabit the Earth at the same time?"

"Da li su ljudi i dinosaurusi istovremeno nastanjivali Zemlju?"

and "What proportion of the Earth is covered in water?"

i "Koliki je deo Zemlje prekriven vodom?"

Once scientists became members of a professional group,

Jednom kada su naučnici postali članovi profesionalne grupe,

they were slowly walled off from the rest of us.

polako su se ogradili od nas ostalih.

This is the unintended consequence of the revolution

Ovo je nenamerna posledica revolucije

that started with our four friends.

koja je započela sa naša četiri prijatelja.

Charles Darwin said,

Čarls Darvin je rekao:

"I sometimes think that general and popular treatises

"Ponekad pomislim da su opšte i javne rasprave

are almost as important for the progress of science

skoro jednako važne za unapređenje nauke

as original work."

kao i originalno delo."

In fact, "Origin of Species" was written

U stvari knjiga "O poreklu vrsta" je napisana

for a general and popular audience,

za širok krug ljudi,

and was widely read when it first appeared.

i bila je najčitanija kad se pojavila.

Darwin knew what we seem to have forgotten,

Darvin je znao to što smo mi izgleda zaboravili,

that science is not only for scientists.

da nauka nije samo za naučnike.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)