Laura Snyder: The Philosophical Breakfast Club

116,373 views ใƒป 2013-04-12

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hee Lim Han ๊ฒ€ํ† : Surie Lee
00:12
I'd like you to come back with me for a moment
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์ €์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ž ์‹œ 19์„ธ๊ธฐ๋กœ
00:15
to the 19th century,
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๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์‹ค๊นŒ์š”.
00:17
specifically to June 24, 1833.
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์ •ํ™•ํžˆ 1833๋…„ 6์›” 24์ผ๋กœ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
The British Association for the Advancement of Science
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์˜๊ตญ ๊ณผํ•™์ง„ํฅํ˜‘ํšŒ๋Š”
00:24
is holding its third meeting at the University of Cambridge.
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์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์„ธ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
It's the first night of the meeting,
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ํšŒ์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‚ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
and a confrontation is about to take place
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์„
00:33
that will change science forever.
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ํ•œ ์‚ฌํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง€๋ ค๋˜ ์ฐธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
00:37
An elderly, white-haired man stands up.
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๋ฐฑ๋ฐœ์˜ ํ•œ ๋…ธ์ธ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:40
The members of the Association are shocked to realize
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ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์ง‘ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ
00:43
that it's the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge,
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๋‚˜์˜จ ์ ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์‹œ์ธ ์ƒˆ๋ฎค์–ผ ํ…Œ์ผ๋Ÿฌ ์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
00:46
who hadn't even left his house in years until that day.
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์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
They're even more shocked by what he says.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์€ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์„ ๋”์šฑ ๋†€๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:54
"You must stop calling yourselves natural philosophers."
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"๋” ์ด์ƒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ž์—ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ง€ ๋งˆ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค."
01:00
Coleridge felt that true philosophers like himself
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์ฝœ๋ ˆ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•‰์•„ ๋ณธ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
01:03
pondered the cosmos from their armchairs.
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์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ˆ™๊ณ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:06
They were not mucking around in the fossil pits
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์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ง„ํฅํ˜‘ํšŒ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:08
or conducting messy experiments with electrical piles
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ํ™”์„ ๋”๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์ง€์ž‘๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ „๊ธฐ ์ „์ง€๋กœ ๋‚œ์žกํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜ ๋”ฐ์œ„๋Š”
01:12
like the members of the British Association.
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ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:15
The crowd grew angry and began to complain loudly.
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๊ตฐ์ค‘๋“ค์€ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ ํฐ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋น„๋‚œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:19
A young Cambridge scholar named William Whewell stood up
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์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์˜ ์ Š์€ ๊ต์ˆ˜ ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ํœด์–ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜
01:23
and quieted the audience.
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์ฒญ์ค‘๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ๋Š”
01:25
He politely agreed that an appropriate name
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์ •์ค‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด
01:28
for the members of the association did not exist.
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์—†์Œ์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:31
"If 'philosophers' is taken to be too wide and lofty a term,"
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๊ทธ๋Š” "'์ฒ ํ•™์ž'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:37
he said, "then, by analogy with 'artist,'
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๊ณ ๊ท€ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ผ๋ฉด '์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€'๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
01:42
we may form 'scientist.'"
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'๊ณผํ•™์ž'๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”." ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
This was the first time the word scientist
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์‹ ์„์ƒ์—์„œ
01:48
was uttered in public,
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์— ์˜ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:50
only 179 years ago.
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๊ณ ์ž‘ 179๋…„ ์ „์ด๋„ค์š”.
01:54
I first found out about this confrontation when I was in graduate school,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋…ผ์Ÿ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋Œ€ํ•™์›์ƒ์ผ ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
01:57
and it kind of blew me away.
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๊ฝค๋‚˜ ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
I mean, how could the word scientist
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ 1833๋…„ ์ด์ „์—” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๊ฐ€
02:01
not have existed until 1833?
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์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€?
02:05
What were scientists called before?
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๊ทธ ์ „์—” ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ €๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?
02:07
What had changed to make a new name necessary
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ช…์นญ์ด
02:10
precisely at that moment?
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ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง€?
02:13
Prior to this meeting, those who studied the natural world
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๊ทธ ์ด์ „์—๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
02:16
were talented amateurs.
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์žฌ๋Šฅ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„๋งˆ์ถ”์–ด๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:19
Think of the country clergyman or squire
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
02:21
collecting his beetles or fossils,
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๋”ฑ์ •๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋‚˜ ํ™”์„์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š”
02:23
like Charles Darwin, for example,
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์‹œ๊ณจ์˜ ์„ฑ์ง์ž๋“ค์ด๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์ง€์ฃผ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:26
or, the hired help of a nobleman, like Joseph Priestley,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๋‹น์‹œ ๋žœ์Šค๋˜ ํ›„์ž‘์˜
02:30
who was the literary companion
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์ถœํŒ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์ธ์ด์—ˆ๋˜
02:32
to the Marquis of Lansdowne
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์กฐ์…‰ ํ”„๋ฆฌ์ฆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ™์€
02:34
when he discovered oxygen.
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๊ท€์กฑ์˜ ์ผ๊พผ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
02:37
After this, they were scientists,
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๊ทธ ์ดํ›„๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ ,
02:40
professionals with a particular scientific method,
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์ด๋“ค์€ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ, ์†Œ์† ํ•™ํšŒ์™€ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„
02:44
goals, societies and funding.
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๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:48
Much of this revolution can be traced to four men
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ์‹œ์ดˆ๋Š” 1812๋…„ ์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ
02:51
who met at Cambridge University in 1812:
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๋„ค ๋‚จ์ž๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
02:54
Charles Babbage, John Herschel, Richard Jones and William Whewell.
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฐฐ๋น„์ง€, ์กด ํ—ˆ์…œ, ๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์กด์Šค, ์œŒ๋ฆฌ์—„ ํœด์–ผ์ด์ฃ .
02:59
These were brilliant, driven men
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์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ˆˆ๋ถ€์‹  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋‘”
03:01
who accomplished amazing things.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
Charles Babbage, I think known to most TEDsters,
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TED ํŒฌ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ค ์ฐฐ์Šค ๋ฐฐ๋น„์ง€๋Š”
03:07
invented the first mechanical calculator
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๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
03:10
and the first prototype of a modern computer.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ์›ํ˜•์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:14
John Herschel mapped the stars of the southern hemisphere,
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์กด ํ—ˆ์…œ์€ ๋‚จ๋ฐ˜๊ตฌ ์ฒœ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ธกํ–ˆ๊ณ 
03:18
and, in his spare time, co-invented photography.
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ํ‹ˆํ‹ˆ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋™ ๋ฐœ๋ช… ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:23
I'm sure we could all be that productive
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ด๋‚˜ ํŠธ์œ„ํ„ฐ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋บ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ผ์ด
03:25
without Facebook or Twitter to take up our time.
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์—†์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
03:28
Richard Jones became an important economist
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๋ฆฌ์ฒ˜๋“œ ์กด์Šค๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์นผ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€
03:31
who later influenced Karl Marx.
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž์˜€๊ณ 
03:33
And Whewell not only coined the term scientist,
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ํœด์–ผ์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ก 
03:37
as well as the words anode, cathode and ion,
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์–‘๊ทน, ์Œ๊ทน, ์ด์˜จ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค๋„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
03:41
but spearheaded international big science
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์„ ๊ตฌ์ ์ด๊ณ  ๊ตญ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™ ์›๋ฆฌ์ธ
03:44
with his global research on the tides.
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์กฐ์ˆ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—๋„ ์•ž์žฅ์„ฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:47
In the Cambridge winter of 1812 and 1813,
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1812๊ณผ 1813๋…„ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ๊ฒจ์šธ, ์ผ€์ž„๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ์ง€์—์„œ
03:51
the four met for what they called philosophical breakfasts.
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๊ทธ ๋„ค ๋ช…์€ ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ์ฒ ํ•™ ์กฐ์ฐฌ ๋ชจ์ž„์— ๋ชจ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:55
They talked about science
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ
03:56
and the need for a new scientific revolution.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผํ•™ ํ˜๋ช…์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:59
They felt science had stagnated
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 17์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
04:01
since the days of the scientific revolution that had happened
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๊ณผํ•™ ํ˜๋ช… ์ดํ›„๋กœ ๊ณผํ•™์€ ์ œ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฑท๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
04:05
in the 17th century.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:07
It was time for a new revolution,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ
04:09
which they pledged to bring about,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜๋ช…์ด ์š”๊ตฌ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:11
and what's so amazing about these guys is,
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์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ ์€
04:14
not only did they have these
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๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ•œ ๊ณ„ํš์„
04:16
grandiose undergraduate dreams,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ํ’ˆ๊ณ ๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:18
but they actually carried them out,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์–ด
04:20
even beyond their wildest dreams.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ค„๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:23
And I'm going to tell you today
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ด๋“ค์ด
04:24
about four major changes to science these men made.
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๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์— ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๋„ค๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
About 200 years before,
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[๊ท€๋‚ฉ๋ฒ•, ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•] ์•ฝ 200๋…„ ์ „,
04:32
Francis Bacon and then, later, Isaac Newton,
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ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๋’ค ์•„์ด์ž‘ ๋‰ดํŠผ์ด
04:35
had proposed an inductive scientific method.
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๊ท€๋‚ฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:38
Now that's a method that starts from
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๊ท€๋‚ฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๊ณผ
04:41
observations and experiments
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์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
04:43
and moves to generalizations about nature called natural laws,
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์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ฒ•์น™์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์— ๋‹ค๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
04:47
which are always subject to revision or rejection
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์–ธ์ œ๋ผ๋„ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋ฉด
04:49
should new evidence arise.
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์ˆ˜์ •๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:52
However, in 1809, David Ricardo muddied the waters
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ 1809๋…„, ๋ฐ์ด๋น„๋“œ ๋ฆฌ์นด๋ฅด๋„๋Š”
04:57
by arguing that the science of economics
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ท€๋‚ฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ,
05:00
should use a different, deductive method.
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์—ฐ์—ญ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์šฉ๋Œ์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:03
The problem was that an influential group at Oxford
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์Šคํฌ๋“œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ฒด๋“ค์ด
05:07
began arguing that because it worked so well in economics,
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์—ฐ์—ญ๋ฒ•์ด ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์—์„œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ
05:11
this deductive method ought to be applied
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์ž์—ฐ ๊ณผํ•™์„ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์—ฐ์—ญ๋ฒ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
05:14
to the natural sciences too.
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์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
The members of the philosophical breakfast club disagreed.
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์ฒ ํ•™ ์กฐ์ฐฌ ๋ชจ์ž„์˜ 4๋ช…์€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:20
They wrote books and articles promoting inductive method
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ„์•ผ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ท€๋‚ฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„
05:23
in all the sciences
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๊ณ ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
05:25
that were widely read by natural philosophers,
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์ž์—ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค, ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค,
05:28
university students and members of the public.
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๋Œ€์ค‘๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ฝํ˜”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:31
Reading one of Herschel's books
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ—ˆ์…œ์˜ ์ €์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
05:33
was such a watershed moment for Charles Darwin
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์ค‘๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „ํ™˜์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด
05:36
that he would later say, "Scarcely anything in my life
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ํ›„์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์ผ์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ
05:40
made so deep an impression on me.
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๊ทธ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ธ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
05:42
It made me wish to add my might
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‚˜๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜์˜ ํž˜์„
05:45
to the accumulated store of natural knowledge."
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๊ฐ€๋“ ์Œ“์ธ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ง€์‹ ๋”๋ฏธ์— ์Ÿ์•„ ๋ถ“๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค."
05:48
It also shaped Darwin's scientific method,
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๋˜ํ•œ ํ—ˆ์…œ์˜ ์ €์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์œˆ์˜ ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œ์ผฐ๊ณ 
05:51
as well as that used by his peers.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:55
[Science for the public good]
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[๊ณต์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณผํ•™]
05:57
Previously, it was believed that scientific knowledge
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์ด์ „์—๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์€
06:00
ought to be used for the good of the king or queen,
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์™•, ์—ฌ์™•์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
06:02
or for one's own personal gain.
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์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:05
For example, ship captains needed to know
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด, ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์„ ์žฅ์€ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์— ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
06:08
information about the tides in order to safely dock at ports.
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์ •๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ง€์‹์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์—
06:12
Harbormasters would gather this knowledge
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ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ
06:14
and sell it to the ship captains.
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์„ ์žฅ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํŒ”๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:17
The philosophical breakfast club changed that,
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์ฒ ํ•™ ์กฐ์ฐฌ ๋ชจ์ž„์€ ํž˜์„ ๋ชจ์•„
06:20
working together.
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์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:21
Whewell's worldwide study of the tides
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ „์—ญ์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ํœด์–ผ์˜ ์กฐ์ˆ˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š”
06:23
resulted in public tide tables and tidal maps
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ํ•ญ๊ตฌ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜€๋˜
06:26
that freely provided the harbormasters' knowledge
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์กฐ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๊ธฐํ•œ ๋„ํ‘œ์™€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ ์žฅ๋“ค ๋˜ํ•œ
06:29
to all ship captains.
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์ž์œ ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:32
Herschel helped by making tidal observations
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ํ—ˆ์…œ์€ ๋‚จ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ํ•ด์•ˆ์˜
06:34
off the coast of South Africa,
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์กฐ์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
06:36
and, as he complained to Whewell,
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ํœด์–ผ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆํ‰ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด
06:39
he was knocked off the docks during a violent high tide for his trouble.
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๋†’์€ ํŒŒ๋„์— ํœฉ์“ธ๋ ค ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์— ๋‚ด๋™๋Œ•์ด ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์„ ๊ฒช๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:44
The four men really helped each other in every way.
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์ด ๋„ท์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฉด์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:47
They also relentlessly lobbied the British government
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์งˆ๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋น„์ง€์˜ ์—”์ง„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์„
06:50
for the money to build Babbage's engines
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์˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€์— ๋กœ๋น„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:52
because they believed these engines
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์—”์ง„์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์—
06:54
would have a huge practical impact on society.
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์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:58
In the days before pocket calculators,
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ํœด๋Œ€์šฉ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€ ์ด์ „์—๋Š”
07:01
the numbers that most professionals needed --
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์€ํ–‰์›, ๋ณดํ—˜ ์„ค๊ณ„์‚ฌ, ์„ ๋ฐ•์˜ ์„ ์žฅ, ์—”์ง€๋‹ˆ์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
07:04
bankers, insurance agents, ship captains, engineers โ€”
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋“ค์€
07:08
were to be found in lookup books like this,
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ํ™”๋ฉด์— ๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ
07:11
filled with tables of figures.
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์ˆ˜ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:13
These tables were calculated
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ‘œ๋“ค์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ œ ๊ทผ๋ฌด์ž๋“ค์˜
07:16
using a fixed procedure over and over
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๋Š์ž„์—†๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ธ๋ฐ
07:19
by part-time workers known as -- and this is amazing -- computers,
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:23
but these calculations were really difficult.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ ์ž‘์—…์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
07:26
I mean, this nautical almanac
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๋ณด๊ณ ๊ณ„์‹  ํ•ญํ•ด๋ ฅ์€
07:28
published the lunar differences for every month of the year.
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๋งค๋‹ฌ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์˜ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
07:32
Each month required 1,365 calculations,
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ํ•œ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ๊ฐ 1,365๋ฒˆ์˜ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:37
so these tables were filled with mistakes.
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๊ทธ์ค‘์—” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
07:40
Babbage's difference engine was the first mechanical calculator
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๋ฐฐ๋น„์ง€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ถ„๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋„ํ‘œ์˜ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
07:44
devised to accurately compute any of these tables.
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์ตœ์ดˆ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๊ธฐ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:48
Two models of his engine were built in the last 20 years
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„
07:52
by a team from the Science Museum of London
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๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•์ธ๋ฐ ์ง€๋‚œ 20๋…„ ๊ฐ„
07:54
using his own plans.
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ๊ณผํ•™๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์˜ ํ•œ ํŒ€์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:56
This is the one now at the Computer History Museum in California,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋„ ํ˜„์žฌ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ ๋ฐ•๋ฌผ๊ด€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจํ˜•์ธ๋ฐ
08:00
and it calculates accurately. It actually works.
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์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘๋™๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
08:04
Later, Babbage's analytical engine
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๊ทธ ํ›„์—, ๋ฐฐ๋น„์ง€๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜
08:07
was the first mechanical computer in the modern sense.
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์ฒซ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์‹ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์ธ ๋ถ„์„ ์—”์ง„์„ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ
08:11
It had a separate memory and central processor.
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๋…๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘์•™์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:14
It was capable of iteration, conditional branching
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๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต ์ž‘์—…์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ ,
08:17
and parallel processing,
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์กฐ๊ฑด ๋ถ„๊ธฐ์™€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:19
and it was programmable using punched cards,
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๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ์ž์นด๋“œ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ง๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ฐจ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ
08:22
an idea Babbage took from Jacquard's loom.
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์ฒœ๊ณต ์นด๋“œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:25
Tragically, Babbage's engines never were built in his day
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•ˆํƒ€๊น๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋ฐฐ๋น„์ง€์˜ ์—”์ง„์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ์• ์—๋Š” ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ,
08:29
because most people thought that
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€
08:32
non-human computers would have no usefulness
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๊ณต์ต์— ์ „ํ˜€ ์“ธ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๊ธฐ
08:35
for the public.
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
[New scientific institutions]
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[์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ]
08:38
Founded in Bacon's time, the Royal Society of London
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ํ”„๋žœ์‹œ์Šค ๋ฒ ์ด์ปจ ์‹œ๋Œ€์— ์„ค๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋Ÿฐ๋˜ ์™•๋ฆฝ ํ•™ํšŒ๋Š”
08:42
was the foremost scientific society in England
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์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ
08:45
and even in the rest of the world.
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์œผ๋œธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™ ํ•™ํšŒ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:47
By the 19th century, it had become
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19์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ฆˆ์Œ์—๋Š”,
08:49
a kind of gentleman's club
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์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ณจ๋™ํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€, ๋ฌธ์ธ,
08:51
populated mainly by antiquarians, literary men and the nobility.
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๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์‚ฌ๊ต ๋ชจ์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:56
The members of the philosophical breakfast club
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์ฒ ํ•™ ์กฐ์ฐฌ ๋ชจ์ž„์˜ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์€
08:58
helped form a number of new scientific societies,
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์˜๊ตญ ํ•™์ˆ  ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ
09:01
including the British Association.
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์ถœ๋ฒ”ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:04
These new societies required
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•™ํšŒ๋“ค์€
09:06
that members be active researchers publishing their results.
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์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ™œ๋™์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›๋“ค์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:10
They reinstated the tradition of the Q&A
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๊ณผํ•™ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋œ ์ดํ›„ ๊ด€๋ก€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜
09:12
after scientific papers were read,
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์งˆ์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์€ ์‹ ์‚ฌ๋‹ต์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ
09:15
which had been discontinued by the Royal Society
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์™•๋ฆฝ ํ•™ํšŒ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์ค‘๋‹จ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•™ํšŒ๋“ค์ด
09:17
as being ungentlemanly.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด์–ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:20
And for the first time, they gave women a foot in the door of science.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋“ค์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:25
Members were encouraged to bring their wives,
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์˜๊ตญ ํ•™์ˆ  ํ˜‘ํšŒ์˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์—๋Š” ํšŒ์›๋“ค ๊ฐ์ž์˜
09:27
daughters and sisters to the meetings of the British Association,
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๋ถ€์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ๋”ธ, ์—ฌ์ž ํ˜•์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ ค์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ
09:31
and while the women were expected to attend
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐœ ๊ฐ•์˜๋‚˜ ์‚ฌ๊ต ํ–‰์‚ฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ณณ์—๋งŒ
09:34
only the public lectures and the social events like this one,
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์ฐธ์„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์„ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š”
09:38
they began to infiltrate the scientific sessions as well.
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๋ชจ์ž„์—๋„ ์ฐธ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:42
The British Association would later be the first
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ํ›„์— ์˜๊ตญ ํ•™์ˆ  ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ฃผ์š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ค‘
09:45
of the major national science organizations in the world
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์ •ํšŒ์›์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”
09:49
to admit women as full members.
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
[External funding for science]
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[๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€ ํ›„์›]
09:53
Up to the 19th century,
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19์„ธ๊ธฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
09:54
natural philosophers were expected to pay
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์ž์—ฐ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์žฅ๋น„์™€ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ์„
09:57
for their own equipment and supplies.
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๊ทธ๋“ค ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ž…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:59
Occasionally, there were prizes,
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๊ฐ€๋” 18์„ธ๊ธฐ ์†Œ์œ„ ๊ฒฝ๋„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
10:01
such as that given to John Harrison in the 18th century,
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๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€์–ด๋‚ธ ์กด ํ•ด๋ฆฌ์Šจ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒ
10:05
for solving the so-called longitude problem,
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์ƒ์ด ์ˆ˜์—ฌ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
10:08
but prizes were only given after the fact,
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์–ด์จŒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ดํ›„์—
10:11
when they were given at all.
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์ง€๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:12
On the advice of the philosophical breakfast club,
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์ฒ ํ•™ ์กฐ์ฐฌ ๋ชจ์ž„์˜ ์กฐ์–ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ
10:15
the British Association began to use the extra money
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์˜๊ตญ ํ•™์ˆ  ํ˜‘ํšŒ๋Š” ๋ชจ์ž„์—์„œ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
10:19
generated by its meetings to give grants
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์—ฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž๊ธˆ์„ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™, ์กฐ์ˆ˜, ํ™”์„ ์–ด๋ฅ˜,
10:21
for research in astronomy, the tides, fossil fish,
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์กฐ์„  ๋“ฑ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—
10:24
shipbuilding, and many other areas.
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๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:27
These grants not only allowed
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์ด ๋ณด์กฐ๊ธˆ์€ ๋ถ€์œ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„
10:29
less wealthy men to conduct research,
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
10:31
but they also encouraged thinking outside the box,
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๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋‹ต์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹Œ
10:34
rather than just trying to solve one pre-set question.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:38
Eventually, the Royal Society
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๊ฒฐ๊ตญ, ์™•๋ฆฝ ํ•™ํšŒ์™€
10:41
and the scientific societies of other countries followed suit,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ํ•™ํšŒ๋Š” ์ด ์„ ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:44
and this has become -- fortunately it's become --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹คํ–‰์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™๊ณ„์˜
10:47
a major part of the scientific landscape today.
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ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€ํ•˜์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
So the philosophical breakfast club
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฒ ํ•™ ์กฐ์ฐฌ๋ชจ์ž„์€
10:55
helped invent the modern scientist.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์„ ํƒ„์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:58
That's the heroic part of their story.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ์ค‘ ์˜์›…์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
There's a flip side as well.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ด๋ฉด๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:04
They did not foresee at least one consequence
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜
11:07
of their revolution.
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:10
They would have been deeply dismayed
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ๊ณผํ•™๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์™€์˜
11:12
by today's disjunction between science and the rest of culture.
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๊ดด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๋ฉด ์•„์ฃผ ์‹ค๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
It's shocking to realize
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ค‘
11:19
that only 28 percent of American adults
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์˜ค์ง 28%๋งŒ์ด ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ
11:23
have even a very basic level of science literacy,
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์ง€์‹์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ๋†€๋ผ์›€์„ ๊ฐ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:26
and this was tested by asking simple questions like,
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๋”์šฑ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ "์ธ๋ฅ˜์™€ ๊ณต๋ฃก์ด ๊ณต์กดํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?"
11:29
"Did humans and dinosaurs inhabit the Earth at the same time?"
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๋ผ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ๊ณผ, "์ง€๊ตฌํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ๋ฌผ์€ ๋ช‡ ํผ์„ผํŠธ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?"์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
11:33
and "What proportion of the Earth is covered in water?"
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๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:38
Once scientists became members of a professional group,
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๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋œ ํ›„
11:42
they were slowly walled off from the rest of us.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ ์  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋ฉ€์–ด์ ธ ๊ฐ”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
This is the unintended consequence of the revolution
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์ด๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋„ค ๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด ์ „ํ˜€ ์˜๋„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜
11:49
that started with our four friends.
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๋ณ€ํ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:52
Charles Darwin said,
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์ฐฐ์Šค ๋‹ค์œˆ์€,
11:54
"I sometimes think that general and popular treatises
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"๋‚œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์„œ์ ๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ ์›์ž‘๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜
11:58
are almost as important for the progress of science
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๊ณผํ•™ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค."
12:01
as original work."
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๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:02
In fact, "Origin of Species" was written
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, "์ข…์˜ ๊ธฐ์›"์€
12:05
for a general and popular audience,
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์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์”Œ์—ฌ์กŒ์œผ๋ฉฐ
12:07
and was widely read when it first appeared.
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์ฒซ ์ถœํŒ ๋‹น์‹œ ๋งŽ์€ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์ฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
Darwin knew what we seem to have forgotten,
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๋‹ค์œˆ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žŠ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:15
that science is not only for scientists.
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๊ณผํ•™์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค๋งŒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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