Enrique Peñalosa: Why buses represent democracy in action

Prevodilac: Aniko Kovac Lektor: Mile Živković

Mobility in developing world cities

Mobilnost u gradovima sveta u razvoju

is a very peculiar challenge,

je veoma specifičan izazov,

because different from health

zato što nasuprot zdravstvu,

or education or housing,

obrazovanju ili stambenim pitanjima,

it tends to get worse as societies become richer.

ona postaje gora što su društva bogatija.

Clearly, a unsustainable model.

Očigledno neodrživi model.

Mobility, as most other developing country problems,

Mobilnost, kao većina drugih problema u državama u razvoju,

more than a matter of money or technology,

više nego pitanje novca i tehnologije,

is a matter of equality, equity.

pitanje je jednakosti, pravičnosti.

The great inequality in developing countries

Velika nejednakost u zemljama u razvoju

makes it difficult to see, for example,

čini teškim da se uvidi, na primer,

that in terms of transport,

da po pitanju prevoza

an advanced city is not one

napredan grad nije onaj

where even the poor use cars,

gde čak i siromašni voze kola,

but rather one where even the rich

nego onaj gde čak i bogati

use public transport.

koriste javni prevoz.

Or bicycles: For example, in Amsterdam,

Ili bicikle. Na primer, u Amsterdamu

more than 30 percent of the population

više od 30 procenata stanovništva

uses bicycles,

koristi bicikl

despite the fact that the Netherlands has

uprkos činjenici da Holandija ima

a higher income per capita than the United States.

veći prihod po glavi stanovnika od SAD.

There is a conflict in developing world cities

Postoji sukob u zemljama u razvoju

for money, for government investment.

zbog novca, zbog državnih ulaganja.

If more money is invested in highways,

Ako se više novca ulaže u puteve,

of course there is less money for housing,

naravno, ostaje manje novca za stambena pitanja,

for schools, for hospitals,

za škole, bolnice,

and also there is a conflict for space.

a postoji i sukob za prostor.

There is a conflict for space between

Postoji sukob oko mesta

those with cars and those without them.

između onih sa automobilima i onih bez njih.

Most of us accept today

Većina nas danas prihvata

that private property and a market economy

da su privatno vlasništvo i tržišna ekonomija

is the best way to manage most of society's resources.

najbolji način upravljanja većinom društvenih resursa.

However, there is a problem with that,

Ali postoji problem u tome,

that market economy needs

a to je da je tržišnoj ekonomiji potrebna

inequality of income in order to work.

nejednakost prihoda kako bi funkcionisala.

Some people must make more money,

Neki moraju da zarađuju više novca,

some others less.

drugi manje.

Some companies succeed. Others fail.

Neke kompanije uspevaju. Druge ne.

Then what kind of equality

Kakvoj se jednakosti onda

can we hope for today

možemo nadati danas

with a market economy?

sa tržišnom ekonomijom?

I would propose two kinds

Predložio bih dva načina,

which both have much to do with cities.

oba vezana za gradove.

The first one is equality of quality of life,

Prvi je jednakost u kvalitetu života,

especially for children,

posebno dece.

that all children should have,

Sva deca bi trebala da imaju,

beyond the obvious health and education,

osim očiglednog zdravlja i obrazovanja,

access to green spaces, to sports facilities,

pristup zelenim prostorima, sportskim ustanovama,

to swimming pools, to music lessons.

bazenima, časovima muzičkog.

And the second kind of equality

Drugu vrstu jednakosti

is one which we could call "democratic equality."

bismo mogli nazvati "demokratskom jednakošću".

The first article in every constitution states

Prvi član svakog ustava kaže

that all citizens are equal before the law.

da su svi građani jednaki pred zakonom.

That is not just poetry.

To nije samo poezija.

It's a very powerful principle.

To je veoma snažan princip.

For example, if that is true,

Na primer, ako je to tačno,

a bus with 80 passengers

autobus sa 80-oro putnika

has a right to 80 times more road space

ima pravo na 80 puta više prostora na putu

than a car with one.

nego automobil sa jednim putnikom.

We have been so used to inequality, sometimes,

Toliko smo naviknuti na nejednakost,

that it's before our noses and we do not see it.

da je ponekad ona pred našim nosem i mi je ne vidimo.

Less than 100 years ago,

Pre manje od 100 godina

women could not vote,

žene nisu mogle da glasaju

and it seemed normal,

i to je delovalo normalno,

in the same way that it seems normal today

na isti način kako danas deluje normalno

to see a bus in traffic.

videti autobus u saobraćaju.

In fact, when I became mayor,

U stvari, kada sam postao gradonačelnik,

applying that democratic principle

primenom tog demokratskog principa

that public good prevails over private interest,

da javno dobro nadmašuje lični interes,

that a bus with 100 people

da autobus sa 100 ljudi

has a right to 100 times more road space than a car,

ima pravo na 100 puta više prostora na putu od automobila,

we implemented a mass transit system

uveli smo sistem javnog prevoza

based on buses in exclusive lanes.

zasnovan na posebnim trakama za autobuse.

We called it TransMilenio, in order to make buses sexier.

Nazvali smo ga TransMilenio, kako bi autobusi bili seksepilniji.

And one thing is that it is also a very beautiful democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,

I to je takođe prelep simbol demokratije, jer dok autobusi proleću pored

expensive cars stuck in traffic,

skupih automobila zaglavljenih u gužvi,

it clearly is almost a picture of democracy at work.

to je skoro slika i prilika demokratije na delu.

In fact, it's not just a matter of equity.

U stvari, to nije samo pitanje pravičnosti.

It doesn't take Ph.D.'s.

Za to nisu potrebni doktori nauka.

A committee of 12-year-old children

Komisija sačinjena od dvanaestogodišnje dece

would find out in 20 minutes

bi u 20 minuta okrila

that the most efficient way to use scarce road space

da su najefikasniji način iskorišćavanja oskudnog prostora na putu

is with exclusive lanes for buses.

posebne trake za autobuse.

In fact, buses are not sexy,

Autobusi nisu seksi,

but they are the only possible means

ali su oni jedini mogući način

to bring mass transit to all areas

dovođenja sistema masivnog tranzita u sva područja

of fast growing developing cities.

gradova u razvoju koji brzo rastu.

They also have great capacity.

Oni takođe imaju veliki kapacitet.

For example, this system in Guangzhou

Na primer, ovaj sistem u Guangdžou

is moving more passengers our direction

prevozi više putnika u našem smeru

than all subway lines in China,

nego sve podzemne linije u Kini,

except for one line in Beijing,

osim jedne u Pekingu,

at a fraction of the cost.

po znatno manjoj ceni.

We fought not just for space for buses,

Borili smo se ne samo za prostor za autobuse,

but we fought for space for people,

nego i za prostor za ljude

and that was even more difficult.

i to je bilo još teže.

Cities are human habitats,

Gradovi su ljudske naseobine,

and we humans are pedestrians.

a mi ljudi smo pešaci.

Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly

Kao što ribe treba da plivaju, ptice treba da lete

or deer need to run, we need to walk.

ili jeleni treba da trče, mi treba da hodamo.

There is a really enormous conflict,

Postoji zaista ogroman konflikt

when we are talking about developing country cities,

kada su u pitanju gradovi u državama u razvoju

between pedestrians and cars.

između pešaka i automobila.

Here, what you see is a picture that shows

Ono što vidite je slika koja pokazuje

insufficient democracy.

nedostatak demokratije.

What this shows is that people who walk

Pokazuje da su ljudi koji pešače

are third-class citizens

građani trećeg reda,

while those who go in cars

dok su oni koji su u kolima

are first-class citizens.

građani prvog reda.

In terms of transport infrastructure,

Po pitanju saobraćajne infrastrukture

what really makes a difference

ono što zaista čini razliku

between advanced and backward cities

između naprednih i nazadnih gradova

is not highways or subways

nisu autoputevi ili podzemne,

but quality sidewalks.

već dobri trotoari.

Here they made a flyover, probably very useless,

Ovde su napravili nadvožnjak, verovatno krajnje beskoristan,

and they forgot to make a sidewalk.

i zaboravili su da naprave trotoar.

This is prevailing all over the world.

Ova situacija preovladava širom sveta.

Not even schoolchildren are more important than cars.

Više ni đaci nisu važniji od automobila.

In my city of Bogotá,

U mom gradu, Bogoti,

we fought a very difficult battle

vodili smo veoma tešku bitku

in order to take space from cars,

kako bismo oduzeli prostor od automobila

which had been parking on sidewalks for decades,

koji su se decenijama parkirali na trotoarima

in order to make space for people that should reflect

kako bismo napravili mesta za ljude, što bi trebalo da oslikava

dignity of human beings,

dostojanstvo ljudskih bića

and to make space for protected bikeways.

i da stvorimo prostor za zaštićene biciklističke staze.

First of all, I had black hair before that.

Kao prvo, pre toga sam imao crnu kosu.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And I was almost impeached in the process.

I zamalo su me smenili u procesu.

It is a very difficult battle.

Bila je to veoma teška bitka.

However, it was possible, finally,

Ali na kraju je bilo moguće da,

after very difficult battles, to make a city

nakon veoma teških bitaka, stvorimo grad

that would reflect some respect for human dignity,

koji oslikava neku dozu poštovanja ljudskog dostojanstva,

that would show that those who walk are equally

koji pokazuje da su oni koji hodaju isto toliko

important to those who have cars.

bitni kao oni koji imaju automobile.

Indeed, a very important ideological and political issue anywhere

Zaista, veoma važno ideološko i političko pitanje svugde

is how to distribute that most valuable resource

je raspodela najvrednijeg resursa

of a city, which is road space.

grada, a to je prostor na putu.

A city could find oil or diamonds underground

Ispod grada bi se moglo naći ulje ili dijamanti

and it would not be so valuable as road space.

i oni ne bi bili toliko vredni kao prostor na putu.

How to distribute it between pedestrians,

Kako ga raspodeliti među pešacima,

bicycles, public transport and cars?

biciklima, javnim prevozom i automobilima?

This is not a technological issue,

Ovo nije pitanje tehnologije

and we should remember that in no constitution

i trebalo bi da se setimo da ni u jednom ustavu

parking is a constitutional right

parkiranje nije ustavno pravo

when we make that distribution.

kada vršimo tu raspodelu.

We also built, and this was 15 years ago,

Takođe smo sagradili - i ovo je bilo pre 15 godina,

before there were bikeways in New York

pre nego što su postojale biciklističke staze u Njujorku

or in Paris or in London,

ili Parizu ili Londonu,

it was a very difficult battle as well,

i to je takođe bila teška bitka -

more than 350 kilometers of protected bicycle ways.

više nego 350 kilometara zaštićenih biciklističkih staza.

I don't think protected bicycle ways

Ne mislim da su te biciklističke staze

are a cute architectural feature.

sladak oblik arhitekture.

They are a right, just as sidewalks are,

One su pravo, baš kao i trotoari,

unless we believe that only those

osim ako verujemo da samo oni

with access to a motor vehicle

sa pristupom motornim vozilima

have a right to safe mobility,

imaju pravo na bezbedno kretanje,

without the risk of getting killed.

bez rizika da nastradaju.

And just as busways are,

I baš kao i trake za autobuse,

protected bikeways also are

zaštićene biciklističke staze su takođe

a powerful symbol of democracy,

snažan simbol demokratije,

because they show that a citizen on a $30 bicycle

jer one pokazuju da je građanin na biciklu od 30 dolara

is equally important

isto toliko bitan

to one in a $30,000 car.

kao onaj u automobilu od 30 000 dolara.

And we are living in a unique moment in history.

Živimo u jedinstvenom trenutku u istoriji.

In the next 50 years, more than half of those cities

U sledećih 50 godina, više od polovine gradova

which will exist in the year 2060 will be built.

koji će postojati 2060. godine će biti izgrađeni.

In many developing country cities,

U velikom broju gradova zemalja u razvoju

more than 80 and 90 percent

više od 80 i 90 procenata

of the city which will exist in 2060

gradova koji će postojati u 2060.

will be built over the next four or five decades.

biće sagrađeni u sledeće četiri ili u sledećih pet decenija.

But this is not just a matter for developing country cities.

Ali to nije pitanje samo gradova zemalja u razvoju.

In the United States, for example,

U SAD na primer

more than 70 million new homes

više od 70 miliona novih domova

must be built over the next 40 or 50 years.

mora biti sagrađeno u sledećih 40 do 50 godina.

That's more than all the homes that today exist

To je više nego sve kuće koje danas postoje

in Britain, France and Canada put together.

u Britaniji, Francuskoj i Kanadi zajedno.

And I believe that our cities today

Verujem da naši gradovi danas

have severe flaws,

imaju ozbiljne mane

and that different, better ones could be built.

i da se drugačiji, bolji mogu sagraditi.

What is wrong with our cities today?

Šta ne valja sa našim gradovima danas?

Well, for example, if we tell any three-year-old child

Na primer, ako kažemo bilo kom trogodišnjem detetu

who is barely learning to speak

koje tek uči da govori

in any city in the world today,

u bilo kom gradu na svetu danas:

"Watch out, a car,"

"Pazi, automobil,"

the child will jump in fright,

dete će uplašeno poskočiti

and with a very good reason, because there are

i to s veoma dobrim razlogom,

more than 10,000 children who are killed

jer automobili svake godine prouzrokuju

by cars every year in the world.

smrt više od 10 000 dece.

We have had cities for 8,000 years,

Već 8 000 godina imamo gradove

and children could walk out of home and play.

i naša deca su mogla da izlaze iz kuće i da se igraju.

In fact, only very recently,

Čak do veoma skoro,

towards 1900, there were no cars.

pre 1900, nije bilo automobila.

Cars have been here for really less than 100 years.

Automobili postoje manje od 100 godina.

They completely changed cities.

Potpuno su promenili gradove.

In 1900, for example,

1900. na primer

nobody was killed by cars in the United States.

u SAD nikoga nisu ubili automobili.

Only 20 years later,

Samo 20 godina kasnije,

between 1920 and 1930,

između 1920. i 1930,

almost 200,000 people

skoro 200 000 ljudi

were killed by cars in the United States.

su ubili automobili u SAD.

Only in 1925, almost 7,000 children

Samo u 1925. skoro 7 000 dece

were killed by cars in the United States.

u SAD su ubili automobili.

So we could make different cities,

Mogli bismo sagraditi drugačije gradove,

cities that will give more priority to human beings

gradove koji će veći prioritet davati ljudskim bićima

than to cars, that will give more public space

nego automobilima, koji će pružati više javnog prostora

to human beings than to cars,

ljudskim bićima nego automobilima,

cities which show great respect

gradove koji pokazuju veliko poštovanje

for those most vulnerable citizens,

za one najranjivije građane,

such as children or the elderly.

kao što su deca ili stariji.

I will propose to you a couple of ingredients

Predlažem vam nekoliko sastojaka

which I think would make cities much better,

za koje mislim da bi gradove načinili mnogo boljim

and it would be very simple to implement them

i njihova implementacija bi bila veoma jednostavna

in the new cities which are only being created.

u novim gradovima koji se tek stvaraju.

Hundreds of kilometers of greenways

Stotine kilometara zelenih površina

criss-crossing cities in all directions.

koje presecaju grad u svim pravcima.

Children will walk out of homes into safe spaces.

Deca bi iz domova izlazila na bezbedan prostor.

They could go for dozens of kilometers safely

Mogli bi bezbedno prolaziti desetine kilometara

without any risk in wonderful greenways,

bez ikakvog rizika, na predivnim zelenim površinama,

sort of bicycle highways,

nekoj vrsti autoputeva za bicikle.

and I would invite you to imagine the following:

Zamolio bih vas da zamislite sledeće:

a city in which every other street would be

grad u kome bi svaka druga ulica bila

a street only for pedestrians and bicycles.

ulica isključivo za pešake i bicikliste.

In new cities which are going to be built,

U novim gradovima koji će se tek izgraditi

this would not be particularly difficult.

ovo ne bi bilo isuviše teško.

When I was mayor of Bogotá,

Kada sam bio gradonačelnik Bogote

in only three years, we were able to create

u samo tri godine uspeli smo da stvorimo

70 kilometers,

70 kilometara,

in one of the most dense cities in the world,

u jednom od najzbijenijih gradova na svetu,

of these bicycle highways.

ovih biciklističkih autoputeva.

And this changes the way people live,

I ovo menja način na koji ljudi žive,

move, enjoy the city.

kreću se, uživaju u gradu.

In this picture, you see in one of the very poor neighborhoods,

Na ovoj slici vidite da u jednom od veoma siromašnih naselja,

we have a luxury pedestrian bicycle street,

imamo luksuznu pešačku i biciklističku ulicu,

and the cars still in the mud.

a automobili su još uvek u blatu.

Of course, I would love to pave this street for cars.

Naravno, voleo bih da popločam ovu ulicu i za automobile.

But what do we do first?

Ali šta je ono što prvo radimo?

Ninety-nine percent of the people in those neighborhoods don't have cars.

Devedeset devet procenata ljudi u tim naseljima nema automobile.

But you see, when a city is only being created,

Ali, vidite, kada se grad tek stvara

it's very easy to incorporate

veoma je lako inkorporirati

this kind of infrastructure.

ovu vrstu infrastrukture.

Then the city grows around it.

Grad onda raste oko nje.

And of course this is just a glimpse

Ovo je naravno samo delić

of something which could be much better

nečega što bi moglo da bude mnogo bolje

if we just create it,

samo ako bismo ga stvorili

and it changes the way of life.

i to menja način života.

And the second ingredient, which would solve mobility,

Drugi sastojak koji bi doprineo mobilnosti

that very difficult challenge in developing countries,

tom velikom izazovu u zemljama u razvoju,

in a very low-cost and simple way,

na veoma jeftin i jednostavan način,

would be to have hundreds of kilometers

bi bile stotine kilometara

of streets only for buses,

ulica samo za autobuse,

buses and bicycles and pedestrians.

autobuse, bicikle i pešake.

This would be, again, a very low-cost solution

Ovo bi ponovo bilo veoma jeftino rešenje

if implemented from the start,

ukoliko bi se primenilo od početka,

low cost, pleasant transit

jeftin, prijatan tranzit

with natural sunlight.

sa prirodnim svetlom.

But unfortunately, reality is not as good

Ali nažalost, stvarnost nije toliko lepa

as my dreams.

kao u mojim snovima.

Because of private property of land

Zbog privatnih poseda zemlje

and high land prices,

i visokih cena zemljišta,

all developing country cities have a large problem of slums.

svi gradovi u zemljama u razvoju imaju veliki problem sa sirotinjskim naseljima.

In my country of Colombia, almost half the homes

U mojoj državi Kolumbiji skoro polovina kuća

in cities initially were illegal developments.

u gradu su na početku bile ilegalna gradnja.

And of course it's very difficult to have

I naravno veoma je teško imati

mass transit or to use bicycles in such environments.

masovni prevoz ili koristiti biciklove u takvom okruženju.

But even legal developments

Ali čak su i legalne zgrade

have also been located in the wrong places,

postavljene na pogrešna mesta

very far from the city centers

daleko od centara gradova

where it's impossible to provide

gde je nemoguće omogućiti

low-cost, high-frequency public transport.

jeftin, čest javni prevoz.

As a Latin American, and Latin America

Kao osoba iz Latinske Amerike, a Latinska Amerika

was the most recently organized region in the world,

je najskorije uređen region na svetu,

I would recommend, respectfully, passionately,

preporučio bih s poštovanjem, strasno,

to those countries which are yet to urbanize --

zemljama koje će tek proći proces urbanizacije -

Latin America went from 40 percent urban in 1950

Latinska Amerika je sa 40 posto urbanosti 1950.

to 80 percent urban in 2010 --

došla na 80 posto u 2010. -

I would recommend Asian and African countries

preporučio bih azijskim i afričkim zemljama

which are yet to urbanize,

koje će tek proći proces urbanizacije,

such as India which is only 33 percent urban now,

kao što su Indija, koja je sada tek 33 procenata urbanizovana,

that governments should acquire all land around cities.

da njihove vlade pribave svo zemljište oko gradova.

In this way, their cities could grow in the right places

Na ovaj način, njihovi gradovi mogu da rastu u dobrom pravcu,

with the right spaces, with the parks,

sa dobrim prostorima, parkovima,

with the greenways, with the busways.

zelenim površinama i autobuskim linijama.

The cities we are going to build

Gradovi koje ćemo izgraditi

over the next 50 years

tokom sledećih 50 godina

will determine quality of life and even happiness

odrediće kvalitet života, pa čak i sreće

for billions of people towards the future.

milijardi ljudi u budućnosti.

What a fantastic opportunity for leaders

Koja neverovatna prilika za vođe

and many young leaders to come,

i mnoge mlade lidere koji će doći,

especially in the developing countries.

posebno u zemljama u razvoju.

They can create a much happier life

Oni mogu da omoguće mnogo srećnije živote

for billions towards the future.

milijardama u budućnosti.

I am sure, I am optimistic,

Siguran sam, optimističan sam,

that they will make cities better

da će oni napraviti gradove boljim

than our most ambitious dreams.

nego što su oni to u našim najambicioznijim snovima.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)