Enrique Peñalosa: Why buses represent democracy in action

譯者: Marssi Draw 審譯者: Catharina Kim

Mobility in developing world cities

在世界上發展中國家城市裡

is a very peculiar challenge,

移動力是一個非常嚴峻的挑戰，

because different from health

因為它與健康、

or education or housing,

教育或住宅不同，

it tends to get worse as societies become richer.

當社會越富有時，它反而變得更糟。

Clearly, a unsustainable model.

顯然，這是一個不可持續的發展模式。

Mobility, as most other developing country problems,

移動力，如同其他大多數 發展中國家所遇到的問題，

more than a matter of money or technology,

除了事關財富或科技，

is a matter of equality, equity.

尤其與平等和公正更是相關。

The great inequality in developing countries

開發中國家不平等的程度大到

makes it difficult to see, for example,

讓我們很難看到，例如

that in terms of transport,

在交通上，

an advanced city is not one

一個先進的城市與其說是

where even the poor use cars,

連窮人都開車的地方，

but rather one where even the rich

不如說是連富人

use public transport.

都搭乘大眾運輸，或是騎自行車的地方。

Or bicycles: For example, in Amsterdam,

例如在阿姆斯特丹，

more than 30 percent of the population

超過 30% 的人口

uses bicycles,

騎自行車，

despite the fact that the Netherlands has

儘管荷蘭的人均所得

a higher income per capita than the United States.

比美國還高。

There is a conflict in developing world cities

發展中國家城市內部也有矛盾，

for money, for government investment.

為了錢，為了政府投資。

If more money is invested in highways,

如果投資較多錢在公路上，

of course there is less money for housing,

當然就會投資較少在住宅、

for schools, for hospitals,

學校、醫院上，

and also there is a conflict for space.

同樣地，空間使用上也有矛盾。

There is a conflict for space between

矛盾出現在

those with cars and those without them.

那些有汽車和那些沒有汽車的人之間。

Most of us accept today

今天大多數的人都接受

that private property and a market economy

私有財產與市場經濟

is the best way to manage most of society's resources.

是管理大多數社會資源的最好方式。

However, there is a problem with that,

然而，還有一個問題是

that market economy needs

市場經濟需要通過

inequality of income in order to work.

收入不平等來鼓勵人們工作。

Some people must make more money,

有些人必然會賺較多錢，

some others less.

有些人則較少。

Some companies succeed. Others fail.

有些公司興盛，有公司經營不善。

Then what kind of equality

那麼什麼樣的平等，

can we hope for today

是我們今天在市場經濟條件下

with a market economy?

所期待的？

I would propose two kinds

我在此提出兩種，

which both have much to do with cities.

這兩種都與城市有關。

The first one is equality of quality of life,

第一點是生活品質的平等，

especially for children,

特別是針對孩童，

that all children should have,

所有的孩子都應該擁有

beyond the obvious health and education,

除了顯而易見的健康和教育，

access to green spaces, to sports facilities,

還能接觸自然環境、運動設施、

to swimming pools, to music lessons.

游泳池和音樂課程。

And the second kind of equality

我所說的第二種平等，

is one which we could call "democratic equality."

我們稱為「民主的平等」。

The first article in every constitution states

每個國家憲法的第一條規定都是

that all citizens are equal before the law.

在法律之前人人平等。

That is not just poetry.

那不只是首詩歌，

It's a very powerful principle.

那是效力非常強大的準則。

For example, if that is true,

舉例來說，如果那是真的，

a bus with 80 passengers

載有 80 名乘客的公車

has a right to 80 times more road space

有權獲得比單人駕駛的小汽車

than a car with one.

多 80 倍的道路空間。

We have been so used to inequality, sometimes,

有時候我們太習慣不平等，

that it's before our noses and we do not see it.

它就在面前，我們看不到它。

Less than 100 years ago,

不到 100 年前，

women could not vote,

女性沒有投票權，

and it seemed normal,

在過去顯得稀鬆平常，

in the same way that it seems normal today

正如今天我們看到

to see a bus in traffic.

一輛公共汽車處在擁擠的道路中。

In fact, when I became mayor,

事實上，當我成為市長的時候，

applying that democratic principle

基於民主原則，

that public good prevails over private interest,

即公共利益凌駕於個人利益之上，

that a bus with 100 people

因此一台載有 100 人的公車

has a right to 100 times more road space than a car,

有權利比一台汽車 擁有 100 倍的用路空間，

we implemented a mass transit system

我們推行的大眾運輸系統

based on buses in exclusive lanes.

基於公車專用車道。

We called it TransMilenio, in order to make buses sexier.

為了讓公車更吸引人一點， 我們稱之為「千禧快捷」(TransMilenio)。

And one thing is that it is also a very beautiful democratic symbol, because as buses zoom by,

而且它也是種非常美麗與民主的象徵， 因為當公車從旁駛過，

expensive cars stuck in traffic,

而昂貴房車深陷車陣中，

it clearly is almost a picture of democracy at work.

很明顯，這就是民主得到實現的畫面。

In fact, it's not just a matter of equity.

事實上，那不只是公正的問題，

It doesn't take Ph.D.'s.

那不需要哲學博士學位。

A committee of 12-year-old children

一群 12 歲孩童

would find out in 20 minutes

在 20 分鐘內就能發現

that the most efficient way to use scarce road space

使用有限道路空間的最有效方法

is with exclusive lanes for buses.

就是使用公「車」專用道。

In fact, buses are not sexy,

事實上，公車並不迷人，

but they are the only possible means

但是公車是唯一能夠

to bring mass transit to all areas

將大眾運輸帶到快速發展城市中

of fast growing developing cities.

各個地區的方式。

They also have great capacity.

公車也有很大的載客量。

For example, this system in Guangzhou

例如，這系統在廣州

is moving more passengers our direction

比中國所有的地鐵線路

能運送更多的乘客，

than all subway lines in China,

except for one line in Beijing,

除了北京的一條地鐵線，

at a fraction of the cost.

而花費只是九牛一毛。

We fought not just for space for buses,

我們不只是為公車的空間而戰，

but we fought for space for people,

我們也為人民的空間而戰，

and that was even more difficult.

而那更加艱難。

Cities are human habitats,

城市是人類的棲息地，

and we humans are pedestrians.

而人類是步行者。

Just as fish need to swim or birds need to fly

就像魚需要游泳、鳥需要飛翔、

or deer need to run, we need to walk.

或鹿需要奔跑，我們需要行走。

There is a really enormous conflict,

這之中有一個非常大的衝突，

when we are talking about developing country cities,

當我們談到發展中國家的城市時，

between pedestrians and cars.

衝突存在於行人與車輛之間。

Here, what you see is a picture that shows

你看到的圖片顯示了

insufficient democracy.

不夠民主。

What this shows is that people who walk

這顯示了行人

are third-class citizens

是三等公民，

while those who go in cars

而那些開車的

are first-class citizens.

則是一等公民。

In terms of transport infrastructure,

就公共運輸建設來說，

what really makes a difference

真正區別

between advanced and backward cities

進步與落後城市之間的要素，

is not highways or subways

不是公路或地鐵，

but quality sidewalks.

而是品質良好的人行道。

Here they made a flyover, probably very useless,

他們在這做了一座天橋，大概沒什麼用處，

and they forgot to make a sidewalk.

而且他們忘了做人行道。

This is prevailing all over the world.

這在世界各地都很普遍。

Not even schoolchildren are more important than cars.

連學童都不比汽車重要。

In my city of Bogotá,

在我的城市波哥大，

we fought a very difficult battle

我們打了艱難的一戰，

in order to take space from cars,

為了奪回汽車佔據的空間，

which had been parking on sidewalks for decades,

數十年來汽車都停放在人行道上，

in order to make space for people that should reflect

為了替行人爭取空間，應該反應出

dignity of human beings,

人類的尊嚴，

and to make space for protected bikeways.

並爭取自行車道的空間。

First of all, I had black hair before that.

首先，我在那之前還是一頭黑髮。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And I was almost impeached in the process.

過程中我幾乎要被告了。

It is a very difficult battle.

這是場硬仗。

However, it was possible, finally,

然而最終還是能成真，

after very difficult battles, to make a city

在幾場硬仗後，能讓城市

that would reflect some respect for human dignity,

展現出對人類尊嚴的敬意，

that would show that those who walk are equally

展現出行人

important to those who have cars.

與有車的人一樣重要。

Indeed, a very important ideological and political issue anywhere

確實，在各地都非常重要的意識與政治議題

is how to distribute that most valuable resource

即是如何分配城市中最有價值的資源，

of a city, which is road space.

那就是道路的空間。

A city could find oil or diamonds underground

一座城市可以在地下開採石油或鑽石，

and it would not be so valuable as road space.

但那都不像道路空間如此珍貴。

How to distribute it between pedestrians,

如何將空間分配給路人、

bicycles, public transport and cars?

自行車、大眾運輸和汽車？

This is not a technological issue,

這不是科技問題，

and we should remember that in no constitution

我們應該牢記，沒有一部憲法中明定

parking is a constitutional right

停車是法定權利，

when we make that distribution.

在我們分配時應留意。

We also built, and this was 15 years ago,

我們也會建設，這是在 15 年前，

before there were bikeways in New York

在自行車道出現在紐約、

or in Paris or in London,

巴黎或倫敦之前，

it was a very difficult battle as well,

那也是場硬仗，

more than 350 kilometers of protected bicycle ways.

超過 350 公里的自行車專用道。

I don't think protected bicycle ways

我不認為自行車專用道

are a cute architectural feature.

是可愛的建築特色。

They are a right, just as sidewalks are,

那是一種權利，就像人行道，

unless we believe that only those

除非我們相信只有那些

with access to a motor vehicle

汽機車駕駛

have a right to safe mobility,

才擁有行車安全的權利，

without the risk of getting killed.

沒有致命的風險。

And just as busways are,

就像公車道一樣，

protected bikeways also are

自行車專用道

a powerful symbol of democracy,

也是一種強而有力的民主象徵，

because they show that a citizen on a $30 bicycle

因為那展現了騎 30 元自行車的市民

is equally important

重要性等同於

to one in a $30,000 car.

開三萬元汽車的市民。

And we are living in a unique moment in history.

我們生活在歷史上的獨特時刻。

In the next 50 years, more than half of those cities

接下來 50 年將會建造

which will exist in the year 2060 will be built.

2060 年時超過一半的城市。

In many developing country cities,

在許多開發中國家的城市中，

more than 80 and 90 percent

2060 年時存在的城市中，

of the city which will exist in 2060

80% 到 90% 以上

將會在未來的四、五十年間建設完成。

will be built over the next four or five decades.

But this is not just a matter for developing country cities.

但這不只和開發中國家的城市有關。

In the United States, for example,

在美國，舉例來說，

more than 70 million new homes

超過七千萬戶新家

must be built over the next 40 or 50 years.

得在接下來的四、五十年間建設完成。

That's more than all the homes that today exist

那些房子的數量比現在

in Britain, France and Canada put together.

英國、法國和加拿大的所有房子還多。

And I believe that our cities today

我相信我們現在的城市

have severe flaws,

有嚴重的缺陷，

and that different, better ones could be built.

因此未來能建造不同且更好的房子。

What is wrong with our cities today?

當代的城市有什麼問題？

Well, for example, if we tell any three-year-old child

舉例來說，如果我們告訴任何一名三歲小孩，

who is barely learning to speak

還不太會說話小孩，

in any city in the world today,

不管他身在世界的哪一個城市：

"Watch out, a car,"

「小心，有車！」

the child will jump in fright,

那孩子會驚嚇地跳開，

and with a very good reason, because there are

他們有很合理的因素，

more than 10,000 children who are killed

因為世界上每年平均

by cars every year in the world.

都有超過一萬名孩童因車禍喪命。

We have had cities for 8,000 years,

城市已存在八千年之久，

and children could walk out of home and play.

而且孩童過去能出門玩耍。

In fact, only very recently,

事實上，僅是在最近的

towards 1900, there were no cars.

1900 年代，街上還沒有車子。

Cars have been here for really less than 100 years.

車輛存在不到 100 年。

They completely changed cities.

車輛卻完全改變了城市。

In 1900, for example,

舉例來說，在 1900 年時，

nobody was killed by cars in the United States.

美國沒有人會因車禍喪命。

Only 20 years later,

僅僅 20 年後，

between 1920 and 1930,

在 1920 年和 1930 年間，

almost 200,000 people

幾乎有 20 萬人

were killed by cars in the United States.

在美國因車禍喪命。

Only in 1925, almost 7,000 children

僅在 1925 年時，有將近 7,000 名孩童

were killed by cars in the United States.

在美國因車禍喪命。

So we could make different cities,

因此，我們可以建造不同的城市，

cities that will give more priority to human beings

城市能讓人類優先於汽車，

than to cars, that will give more public space

能讓人類比汽車擁有

to human beings than to cars,

更多公共空間，

cities which show great respect

城市展現了至高的敬意

for those most vulnerable citizens,

給那些最珍貴的市民，

such as children or the elderly.

像是孩童或長者。

I will propose to you a couple of ingredients

我會提出一些良方給各位參考，

which I think would make cities much better,

我相信能讓城市變得更好，

and it would be very simple to implement them

而且對正在建造的城市

in the new cities which are only being created.

也簡單可行。

Hundreds of kilometers of greenways

數百公里的綠道

criss-crossing cities in all directions.

在城市中交錯、四通八達。

Children will walk out of homes into safe spaces.

孩童能走出家門，進入安全的空間。

They could go for dozens of kilometers safely

他們可以安全地走上好幾公里路，

without any risk in wonderful greenways,

沒有任何風險地走在美麗的綠道上，

sort of bicycle highways,

有點像是自行車公路，

and I would invite you to imagine the following:

請想像這幅圖像：

a city in which every other street would be

城市中的每一條道路

a street only for pedestrians and bicycles.

都只供行人和自行車通行。

In new cities which are going to be built,

對即將建設的新城市來說，

this would not be particularly difficult.

這件事不太難。

When I was mayor of Bogotá,

當我成為波哥大市長，

in only three years, we were able to create

僅僅三年

我們就在世界上最繁忙的城市之中

70 kilometers,

in one of the most dense cities in the world,

建立了 70 公里的

of these bicycle highways.

自行車公路。

And this changes the way people live,

這改變了人們生活、

move, enjoy the city.

移動與在城市中享樂的方式。

In this picture, you see in one of the very poor neighborhoods,

在這幅圖像中，你在極貧困的街區中看到

we have a luxury pedestrian bicycle street,

我們有豪華的行人與自行車街道，

and the cars still in the mud.

而車輛依然使用泥土路。

Of course, I would love to pave this street for cars.

當然，我願意為車輛鋪路。

But what do we do first?

但是，什麼是首要之急？

Ninety-nine percent of the people in those neighborhoods don't have cars.

那些街區之中有 99% 的居民沒有汽車。

But you see, when a city is only being created,

但是當一座城市正在建設時，

it's very easy to incorporate

要體現這種公共建設

this kind of infrastructure.

十分容易。

Then the city grows around it.

那麼城市就會繞著它發展。

And of course this is just a glimpse

當然這只是讓我們窺探

of something which could be much better

能做得更好的一件事，

if we just create it,

如果我們如此建立城市

and it changes the way of life.

就能改變生活方式。

And the second ingredient, which would solve mobility,

而第二個能解決行動力的良方，

that very difficult challenge in developing countries,

在開發中國家中難以突破，

in a very low-cost and simple way,

成本很低、也容易實行，

would be to have hundreds of kilometers

即是有數百公里的

of streets only for buses,

專用道

buses and bicycles and pedestrians.

供公車、自行車與行人專用。

This would be, again, a very low-cost solution

同樣地，這會是低成本的解決方式，

if implemented from the start,

如果從頭就實行，

low cost, pleasant transit

花費很少就能擁有怡人的通勤時光，

with natural sunlight.

並享受自然光照。

But unfortunately, reality is not as good

但很不幸的是，現實並非如同

as my dreams.

我的夢想一樣美好。

Because of private property of land

因為土地是私有財產，

and high land prices,

且地價昂貴，

all developing country cities have a large problem of slums.

所有發展中國家的城市 都有很大的貧民窟問題。

In my country of Colombia, almost half the homes

在我國哥倫比亞，

in cities initially were illegal developments.

城市中幾乎有一半的住宅都是違建。

And of course it's very difficult to have

當然要在那樣的環境中

mass transit or to use bicycles in such environments.

要擁有大眾運輸或騎自行車很難。

But even legal developments

但即使是合法的開發

have also been located in the wrong places,

也都建設在錯誤的地點，

very far from the city centers

離市中心很遠，

where it's impossible to provide

根本不可能提供

low-cost, high-frequency public transport.

低成本、高效能的大眾運輸。

As a Latin American, and Latin America

身為一名拉丁美洲人，

拉丁美洲是世界上最近期有組織的地區，

was the most recently organized region in the world,

I would recommend, respectfully, passionately,

我會滿懷敬意與熱情地推薦

to those countries which are yet to urbanize --

那些尚未都市化的國家──

Latin America went from 40 percent urban in 1950

拉丁美洲的城市從 1950 年的 40%

to 80 percent urban in 2010 --

到 2010 年時擴張到 80%──

I would recommend Asian and African countries

我會建議那些尚未都市化的

which are yet to urbanize,

亞洲和非洲國家，

such as India which is only 33 percent urban now,

例如印度目前只有 33% 的城市，

that governments should acquire all land around cities.

政府應該取得城市附近的所有土地。

In this way, their cities could grow in the right places

如此一來，他們的城市就能在對的地方發展，

with the right spaces, with the parks,

擁有對的空間、公園、

with the greenways, with the busways.

綠道和公車道。

The cities we are going to build

我們要建設的城市

over the next 50 years

在未來的 50 年中

will determine quality of life and even happiness

將會決定生活的品質，

for billions of people towards the future.

甚至是幾十億人未來的幸福。

What a fantastic opportunity for leaders

這對領導人以及未來的青年領袖來說

and many young leaders to come,

是多麼棒的機會啊，

especially in the developing countries.

尤其是在開發中國家更是如此。

They can create a much happier life

他們可以為數十億人的未來

for billions towards the future.

建立更幸福的生活。

I am sure, I am optimistic,

我確信，我也樂觀相信

that they will make cities better

他們能讓城市超越

than our most ambitious dreams.

我們最有野心的夢想。

(Applause)

（鼓掌）