Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: The gentle genius of bonobos

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

I work with a species called "Bonobo."

Radim s vrstom koja se zove bonobo.

And I'm happy most of the time,

I gotovo da sam stalno srećna

because I think this is the happiest species on the planet.

jer smatram da je ovo najsrećnija vrsta na planeti.

It's kind of a well-kept secret.

To je nekako dobro čuvana tajna.

This species lives only in the Congo.

Vrsta živi samo u Kongu.

And they're not in too many zoos, because of their sexual behavior.

Nema ih u mnogim zoo vrtovima zbog njihovog seksualnog ponašanja.

Njihovo seksualno opštenje suviše liči ljudskom,

Their sexual behavior is too human-like

for most of us to be comfortable with.

pa nam je neprijatno.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But --

Ali -

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

actually, we have a lot to learn from them, because they're a very

zapravo, mnogo toga imamo da naučimo od njih jer su oni

egalitarian society and they're a very empathetic society.

egalitarno društvo i veoma empatično društvo.

And sexual behavior is not confined to one aspect of their life

A seksualno ponašanje nije rezervisano za jedan aspekt njihovog života

that they sort of set aside.

koji je izdvojen od ostalih.

It permeates their entire life.

Ono prožima njihov celokupni život.

And it's used for communication.

Koriste ga za komunikaciju.

And it's used for conflict resolution.

Koriste ga za razrešavanje konflikata.

And I think perhaps somewhere in our history we sort of,

Mislim da smo mi, negde tokom naše istorije,

divided our lives up into lots of parts.

nekako izdelili naše živote na mnogo delova.

We divided our world up with lots of categories.

Izdelili smo naš svet na mnogo kategorija.

And so everything sort of has a place that it has to fit.

I tako sve nekako ima svoje mesto gde se uklapa.

But I don't think that we were that way initially.

Ali ne mislim da smo oduvek bili takvi.

There are many people who think that the animal world is hard-wired

Mnogi misle da je životinjski svet automatizovan

and that there's something very, very special about man.

i da postoji nešto veoma, veoma izuzetno kod čoveka.

Maybe it's his ability to have causal thought.

Možda je to njegova sposobnost razmišljanja o posledicama.

Maybe it's something special in his brain

Možda je to neka osobenost u njegovom mozgu

that allows him to have language.

koja mu omogućuje da razvije jezik.

Maybe it's something special in his brain

Možda postoji nešto naročito u njegovom mozgu

that allows him to make tools or to have mathematics.

što mu omogućuje da pravi oruđa ili da razvije matematiku.

Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians who were discovered

Pa, ne znam. Pronađeni su Tasmanijci

around the 1600s and they had no fire.

oko 1600. i nisu imali vatru.

They had no stone tools.

Nisu imali oruđa od kamena.

To our knowledge they had no music.

Nije nam poznato da su imali muziku.

So when you compare them to the Bonobo,

Kada ih uporedite s bonoboom,

the Bonobo is a little hairier.

bonobo je malo dlakaviji.

He doesn't stand quite as upright.

Ne stoji skroz uspravno.

But there are a lot of similarities.

Ali ima mnogo sličnosti.

And I think that as we look at culture,

Mislim da ćemo izučavajući kulturu,

we kind of come to understand

nekako shvatiti

how we got to where we are.

kako smo došli tu gde smo.

And I don't really think it's in our biology;

Ne mislim da je odgovor u našoj biologiji;

I think we've attributed it to our biology,

Mislim da smo to pripisali našoj biologiji,

but I don't really think it's there.

ali ne mislim da je odgovor zaista tu.

So what I want to do now is introduce you

Zato vas sad želim upoznati

to a species called the Bonobo.

s vrstom zvanom bonobo.

This is Kanzi.

Ovo je Kanzi.

He's a Bonobo.

On je bonobo.

Right now, he's in a forest in Georgia.

Trenutno je u šumi u Džordžiji.

His mother originally came from a forest in Africa.

Njegova majka je poreklom iz jedne afričke šume.

And she came to us when she was just at puberty,

Stigla je kod nas dok je još bila u pubertetu,

about six or seven years of age.

imala je oko šest, sedam godina.

Now this shows a Bonobo on your right,

Ovde imamo desno prikaz bonoboa,

and a chimpanzee on your left.

a levo je šimpanza.

Clearly, the chimpanzee has a little bit harder time of walking.

Očito je šimpanzi malo teže da hoda.

The Bonobo, although shorter than us and their arms still longer,

Bonobo, iako je niži od nas i ruke su mu duže,

is more upright, just as we are.

uspravljeniji je, baš kao mi.

This shows the Bonobo compared to an australopithecine like Lucy.

Ovde imamo prikaz bonoboa u poređenju s australopitekusom, nalik Lusi.

As you can see, there's not a lot of difference

Kao što možete da vidite, nema bitne razlike

between the way a Bonobo walks

između toga kako bonobo hoda

and the way an early australopithecine would have walked.

i kako su rani australopitekusi hodali.

As they turn toward us you'll see

Kada se okrenu prema nama, videćete

that the pelvic area of early australopithecines is a little flatter

da je karlični deo ranog australopitekusa malo ravniji

and doesn't have to rotate quite so much from side to side.

i ne može da se okreće toliko s jedne na drugu stranu.

So the -- the bipedal gait is a little easier.

Dakle, hodanje na dve noge je malo lakše.

And now we see all four.

A sada vidimo sva četiri.

Video: Narrator: The wild Bonobo lives in central Africa, in the jungle

Video: Narator: Divlji bonobo živi u centralnoj Africi, u džungli

encircled by the Congo River.

koju okružuje reka Kongo.

Canopied trees as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet,

Kupole od drveća, visokog i do 40 metara, 130 stopa,

grow densely in the area.

rastu gusto u ovom području.

It was a Japanese scientist

Japanski naučnik

who first undertook serious field studies of the Bonobo,

je prvi započeo ozbiljna terenska izučavanja bonoboa,

almost three decades ago.

pre skoro tri decenije.

Bonobos are built slightly smaller than the chimpanzee.

Bonoboi su po građi nešto niži od šimpanzi.

Slim-bodied, Bonobos are by nature very gentle creatures.

Vitkih tela, bonoboi su po prirodi veoma nežna stvorenja.

Long and careful studies have reported many new findings on them.

Opsežne i pažljive studije zabeležile su mnogo novih otkrića o njima.

One discovery was that wild Bonobos often walk bidpedally.

Prema jednom istraživanju divlji bonoboi često hodaju na dve noge.

What's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances.

Štaviše, u stanju su da uspravnim hodom pređu velike razdaljine.

Suzan Sevidž-Rambo (Video): Idemo, prvo pozdravi Ostina, a onda idemo do znaka A.

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (video): Let's go say hello to Austin first and then go to the A frame.

SS: This is Kanzi and I, in the forest.

SS: Ovo smo Kanzi i ja u šumi.

None of the things you will see in this particular video are trained.

Ništa što ćete da vidite u ovom videu nije uvežbavano.

None of them are tricks.

Nema trikova.

They all happened to be captured on film spontaneously,

Sve je spontano snimljeno

by NHK of Japan.

od strane japanskog javnog servisa (NHK).

We have eight Bonobos.

Imamo osam bonoboa.

Video: Look at all this stuff that's here for our campfire.

Video: Pogledaj šta sve imamo za logorsku vatru.

SS: An entire family at our research centre.

SS: Imamo čitavu porodicu u istraživačkom centru.

Video: You going to help get some sticks?

Video: Pomoći ćeš mi da sakupimo grančice?

Good.

Dobro.

We need more sticks, too.

Potrebno nam je još grančica, takođe.

I have a lighter in my pocket if you need one.

Imam upaljač u džepu, ako ti je potreban.

That's a wasps' nest.

To je osinjak.

You can get it out.

Možeš da ga izvadiš.

I hope I have a lighter.

Nadam se da imam upaljač.

You can use the lighter to start the fire.

Možeš da koristiš upaljač da zapališ vatru.

SS: So Kanzi is very interested in fire.

SS: Kanzi je veoma zainteresovan za vatru.

He doesn't do it yet without a lighter,

Ne zna još uvek da je zapali bez upaljača,

but I think if he saw someone do it, he might be able to do --

ali mislim da, kad bi video nekoga da to radi, naučio bi

make a fire without a lighter.

da zapali vatru bez upaljača.

Uči kako da održava vatru.

He's learning about how to keep a fire going.

He's learning the uses for a fire,

Uči kako da koristi vatru,

just by watching what we do with fire.

tako što posmatra šta mi radimo s vatrom.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

This is a smile on the face of a Bonobo.

Ovo je osmeh na licu bonoboa.

These are happy vocalizations.

Ovo su vokalizacije za sreću.

Video: You're happy.

Video: Srećan si.

You're very happy about this part.

Ovaj deo te veoma raduje.

You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water?

Moraš da pospeš vodu po vatri. Da li vidiš vodu?

Good job.

Odlično.

SS: Forgot to zip up the back half of his backpack.

SS: Zaboravio je da zakopča ruksak do kraja.

But he likes to carry things from place to place.

Ali on voli da prenosi stvari.

Video: Ostin, čujem da izgovaraš "Ostin".

Video: Austin, I hear you saying "Austin."

SS: He talks to other Bonobos at the lab, long-distance,

SS: Razgovara s bonoboima u laboratoriji, na daljinu

farther than we can hear.

daleko od našeg slušnog polja.

This is his sister.

Ovo je njegova sestra.

Ovo je njen prvi pokušaj vožnje auta za golf.

This is her first time to try to drive a golf cart.

Video: Goodbye.

Video: Doviđenja.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

SS: She's got the pedals down, but not the wheel.

SS: Savladala je pedale, ali ne i volan.

She switches from reverse to forward

Prebacuje iz rikverca u napred

and she holds onto the wheel, rather than turns it.

i drži se za volan, umesto da njime upravlja.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Like us, she knows that that individual in the mirror is her.

Poput nas, ona zna da je ona ta osoba u ogledalu.

(Music)

(Muzika)

Video: Narrator: By raising Bonobos in a culture that is both Bonobo and human,

Video: Narator: Podižući bonoboe u kulturi koja je i ljudska i njihova,

and documenting their development across two decades,

i beležeći njihov razvoj tokom dve decenije,

scientists are exploring how cultural forces

naučnici istražuju kako su kulturološke sile

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

may have operated during human evolution.

možda funkcionisale tokom ljudske evolucije.

His name is Nyota.

On se zove Njota.

It means "star" in Swahili.

To znači "zvezda" na svahiliju.

(Music)

(Muzika)

Panbanisha is trying to give Nyota a haircut with a pair of scissors.

Panbaniša pokušava da ošiša Njotu uz pomoć makaza.

In the wild, the parent Bonobo is known to groom its offspring.

U divljini, bonobo roditelji timare svoje potomke.

Here Panbanisha uses scissors, instead of her hands,

Ovde Panbaniša koristi makaze, umesto ruku

to groom Nyota.

da istimari Njotu.

Very impressive.

Izuzetno impresivno.

Subtle maneuvering of the hands is required

Potrebni su prefinjeni pokreti ruku

to perform delicate tasks like this.

da bi se izveo ovako delikatan zadatak.

Nyota tries to imitate Panbanisha by using the scissors himself.

Njota pokušava da oponaša Panbanišu, tako što sam koristi makaze.

Realizing that Nyota might get hurt,

Shvativši da bi se Njota mogao povrediti,

Panbanisha, like any human mother,

Panbaniša, kao i svaka ljudska majka,

carefully tugs to get the scissors back.

pažljivo vuče, kako bi oduzela makaze.

He can now cut through tough animal hide.

On sad može da seče čvrsto životinjsko krzno.

SS: Kanzi je naučio da pravi oruđe od kamena.

SS: Kanzi's learned to make stone tools.

Video: Kanzi pravi oruđe

Video: Kanzi now makes his tools,

just as our ancestors may have made them,

baš kao što su ih naši preci možda pravili

two-and-a-half million years ago --

pre dva i po miliona godina -

by holding the rocks in both hands, to strike one against the other.

držeći kamenje u obe ruke i udarajući jedan o drugi.

He has learned that by using both hands

Naučio je da, koristeći obe ruke

and aiming his glancing blows,

i ciljajući pod oštrim uglom,

he can make much larger, sharper flakes.

može da napravi mnogo veće i oštrije pločice.

Kanzi chooses a flake he thinks is sharp enough.

Kanzi bira pločicu za koju misli da je dovoljno oštra.

The tough hide is difficult to cut, even with a knife.

Čvrsto krzno je teško rezati, čak i nožem.

The rock that Kanzi is using is extremely hard

Kamen koji Kanzi koristi je veoma čvrst

and ideal for stone tool making, but difficult to handle,

i savršen je za pravljenje oruđa od kamena, ali je težak za korišćenje,

requiring great skill.

zahteva mnogo umešnosti.

Kanzi's rock is from Gona, Ethiopia

Kanzijev kamen je iz Gone, u Etiopiji,

and is identical to that used by our African ancestors

i identičan je onom kojeg su koristili naši afrički preci

two-and-a-half million years ago.

pre dva i po miliona godina.

These are the rocks Kanzi used

Ovo je kamenje koje je Kanzi koristio,

and these are the flakes he made.

a ovo su pločice koje je napravio.

The flat sharp edges are like knife blades.

Ravne, oštre ivice su poput oštrica noža.

Compare them to the tools our ancestors used;

Uporedite ih s oruđem koje su naši preci koristili;

they bear a striking resemblance to Kanzi's.

sličnost s Kanzijevim oruđem je zapanjujuća.

Panbanisha is longing to go for a walk in the woods.

Panbaniša čezne za šetnjom po šumi.

She keeps staring out the window.

Stalno zuri kroz prozor.

SS: This is -- let me show you something we didn't think they would do.

SS: Dozvolite da vam pokažem nešto što nismo znali da mogu.

Video: For several days now, Panbanisha has not been outside.

Video: Već nekoliko dana Panbaniša nije bila napolju.

SS: I normally talk about language.

SS: Ja obično govorim o jeziku.

Video: Then Panbanisha does something unexpected.

Video: A onda je Panbaniša uradila nešto neočekivano.

SS: But since I'm advised not to do what I normally do,

SS: Ali kako su mi savetovali da ne radim što i obično,

I haven't told you that these apes have language.

nisam vam rekla da ovi majmuni imaju jezik.

It's a geometric language.

To je geometrijski jezik.

Video: Uzima komad krede

Video: She takes a piece of chalk

and begins writing something on the floor.

i počinje da piše nešto na podu.

What is she writing?

Šta to ona piše?

SS: She's also saying the name of that, with her voice.

SS: Takođe izgovara ime toga, svojim glasom.

Video: Now she comes up to Dr. Sue and starts writing again.

Video: Sada prilazi dr Sju i počinje ponovo da piše.

SS: These are her symbols on her keyboard.

SS: Ovo su simboli na njenoj tastaturi.

(Music)

(Muzika)

They speak when she touches them.

Govore kada ih dotakne.

Video: Panbanisha is communicating to Dr. Sue where she wants to go.

Video: Panbaniša saopštava dr Sju kuda želi da ide.

"A frame" represents a hut in the woods.

"A znak" predstavlja kolibu u šumi.

Compare the chalk writing with the lexigram on the keyboard.

Uporedite crtež kredom sa leksigramom na tastaturi.

Panbanisha began writing the lexigrams on the forest floor.

Panbaniša je počela da ispisuje leksigrame na šumskom podu.

SS (video): Very nice. Beautiful, Panbanisha.

SS (Video): Veoma dobro. Divno, Panbaniša.

SS: At first we didn't really realize what she was doing,

SS: U početku, nismo shvatali šta to ona radi,

until we stood back and looked at it and rotated it.

dok se nismo udaljili, pogledali i zarotirali crtež.

Video: Leksigram se takođe odnosi na mesto u šumi.

Video: This lexigram also refers to a place in the woods.

The curved line is very similar to the lexigram.

Zakrivljena linija je veoma slična lekigramu.

The next symbol Panbanisha writes represents "collar."

Sledeći simbol koji Panbaniša crta, predstavlja "ogrlicu".

It indicates the collar that Panbanisha must wear when she goes out.

Označava ogrlicu koju Panbaniša mora da nosi kad izlazi napolje.

SS: That's an institutional requirement.

SS: To je zahtev institucije.

Video: This symbol is not as clear as the others,

Video: Ovaj simbol nije jasan kao drugi,

but one can see Panbanisha is trying to produce a curved line

ali je jasno da Panbaniša pokušava da izvede zakrivljenu liniju

and several straight lines.

i nekoliko pravih.

Researchers began to record what Panbanisha said,

Istraživači su počeli da beleže šta Panbaniša govori,

by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk.

pišući kredom leksigrame na podu.

Panbanisha watched.

Panbaniša je posmatrala.

Soon she began to write as well.

Uskoro je počela i sama da piše.

The Bonobo's abilities have stunned scientists around the world.

Sposobnosti bonoboa su zapanjile naučnike širom sveta.

How did they develop?

Kako su se razvili?

SS (video): We found that the most important thing

SS (video): Otkrili smo da je najvažnije

for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is not to teach them.

da bi bonoboi naučili jezik, da ih ne učimo tome.

It's simply to use language around them,

Već da prosto koristimo jezik u njihovoj blizini

because the driving force in language acquisition

jer ono što nas nagoni da usvojimo jezik

is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you.

jeste razumevanje šta nam drugi, do kojih nam je stalo, govore.

Once you have that capacity,

Čim posedujete taj kapacitet,

the ability to produce language

sposobnost da proizvedete jezik

comes rather naturally and rather freely.

dolazi krajnje prirodno i krajnje slobodno.

So we want to create an environment in which Bonobos,

Zato želimo da stvorimo okruženje u kome bonoboi,

like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting --

kao i svi pojedinci s kojima su u kontaktu -

we want to create an environment in which they have fun,

želimo da stvorimo okruženje u kom mogu da se zabavljaju

and an environment in which the others

i okruženje u kom su drugi

are meaningful individuals for them.

za njih značajni pojedinci.

Narrator: This environment brings out unexpected potential

Narator: Ovo okruženje oslobađa neočekivani potencijal

in Kanzi and Panbanisha.

kod Kanzija i Panbaniše.

Panbanisha is enjoying playing her harmonica,

Panbaniša voli da svira svoju usnu harmoniku,

until Nyota, now one year old, steals it.

sve dok joj je ne ukrade Njota, koji je sada star jednu godinu.

Then he peers eagerly into his mother's mouth.

Onda željno pilji u majčina usta.

Is he looking for where the sound came from?

Da li on to traži izvor zvuka?

Dr. Sue thinks it's important to allow such curiosity to flourish.

Dr Sju smatra da je važno dozvoliti ovakvoj znatiželjnosti da cveta.

This time Panbanisha is playing the electric piano.

Sada Panbaniša svira klavijaturu.

She wasn't forced to learn the piano;

Niko je nije terao da nauči da svira klavijaturu;

she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest.

videla je da istraživač svira instrument i zainteresovala se.

Istraživač: Nastavi. Nastavi. Slušam.

Researcher: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening.

Do that real fast part that you did. Yeah, that part.

Odsviraj onaj veoma brzi deo kao malopre. Da, taj deo.

Narrator: Kanzi plays the xylophone;

Narator: Kanzi svira ksilofon;

using both hands he enthusiastically accompanies Dr. Sue's singing.

koristeći obe ruke oduševljeno prati dok dr Sju peva.

Kanzi and Panbanisha

Kanzi i Panbaniša

are stimulated by this fun-filled environment,

su podstaknuti ovim okruženjem ispunjenim zabavom,

which promotes the emergence of these cultural capabilities.

koje podstiče nastanak ovih kulturnih sposobnosti.

(Smeh)

(Laughter)

Researcher: OK, now get the monsters. Get them.

Istraživač: U redu, sad sredi čudovišta. Sredi ih.

Take the cherries too.

Pokupi i višnje.

Now watch out, stay away from them now.

Sad pazi, drži se, za sad, podalje od njih.

Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them.

Sad možeš ponovo da ih juriš. Vreme je da ih pojuriš.

Now you have to stay away. Get away.

Sad moraš da pobegneš. Beži.

Run away. Run.

Beži. Trči.

Now we can chase them again. Go get them.

Sad možemo ponovo da ih jurimo. Sredi ih.

Oh no!

O, ne!

Good Kanzi. Very good. Thank you so much.

Dobro, Kanzi. Veoma dobro. Mnogo ti hvala.

Narrator: None of us, Bonobo or human, can possibly even imagine?

Narator: Niko od nas, ni bonobo, ni ljudi, ne mogu uopšte da zamisle?

SS: So we have a bi-species environment, we call it a "panhomoculture."

SS: Dakle imamo okruženje s dve vrste, zovemo to "panhomokulturom".

We're learning how to become like them.

Učimo kako da budemo kao oni.

We're learning how to communicate with them,

Učimo kako da komuniciramo s njima,

in really high-pitched tones.

u zaista visokim tonovima.

We're learning that they probably have a language in the wild.

Saznajemo da verovatno poseduju jezik u divljini.

And they're learning to become like us.

A oni uče da postanu kao mi.

Because we believe that it's not biology; it's culture.

Jer mi verujemo da je to stvar, ne biologije, već kulture.

So we're sharing tools and technology and language

Zato delimo oruđe i tehnologiju i jezik

with another species.

s drugom vrstom.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.