Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: The gentle genius of bonobos

Translator: Dace Sarkane Danovska Reviewer: Ilze Garda

I work with a species called "Bonobo."

Es strādāju ar sugu, ko sauc bonobo.

And I'm happy most of the time,

Lielākoties esmu laimīga,

because I think this is the happiest species on the planet.

jo uzskatu, ka šī ir laimīgākā suga uz planētas.

It's kind of a well-kept secret.

Savā ziņā tas ir rūpīgi glabāts noslēpums.

This species lives only in the Congo.

Šī suga dzīvo tikai Kongo.

And they're not in too many zoos, because of their sexual behavior.

Bonobo seksuālās uzvedības dēļ nav daudz zoodārzu, kuros tie būtu sastopami.

Their sexual behavior is too human-like

Viņu seksuālā uzvedība ir pārāk cilvēciska,

for most of us to be comfortable with.

tāpēc liek mums justies neērti.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

But --

Bet –

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

actually, we have a lot to learn from them, because they're a very

patiesībā mēs no bonobo daudz varam mācīties,

jo viņi ir ļoti egalitāra un empātiska sabiedrība.

egalitarian society and they're a very empathetic society.

And sexual behavior is not confined to one aspect of their life

Seksuālā uzvedība neaprobežojas ar vienu bonobo dzīves aspektu,

that they sort of set aside.

ko viņi it kā noliek malā.

It permeates their entire life.

Seksualitāte caurauž visu viņu dzīvi.

And it's used for communication.

To izmanto komunikācijā.

And it's used for conflict resolution.

To izmanto konfliktu risināšanā.

And I think perhaps somewhere in our history we sort of,

Un man liekas, kaut kad vēstures gaitā

divided our lives up into lots of parts.

mēs it kā sadalījām savu dzīvi daudzās daļās.

We divided our world up with lots of categories.

Mēs sadalījām savu pasauli daudzās kategorijās.

And so everything sort of has a place that it has to fit.

Katrai lietai ir sava vieta, kur tai jāiekļaujas.

But I don't think that we were that way initially.

Bet nedomāju, ka mēs sākotnēji tādi bijām.

There are many people who think that the animal world is hard-wired

Daudzi cilvēki domā, ka dzīvnieku pasaule ir instinktīva

and that there's something very, very special about man.

un ka cilvēks ir kaut kas ļoti, ļoti īpašs.

Maybe it's his ability to have causal thought.

Varbūt tā ir cilvēka spēja izprast cēloņsakarības.

Maybe it's something special in his brain

Varbūt tas ir kas īpašs viņa smadzenēs,

that allows him to have language.

kas ļauj lietot valodu.

Maybe it's something special in his brain

Varbūt tas ir kas īpašs cilvēka smadzenēs,

that allows him to make tools or to have mathematics.

kas ļauj izmantot darbarīkus vai izprast matemātiku.

Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians who were discovered

Es nezinu.

Tasmāņiem, kurus atklāja apmēram 1600. gados, nebija uguns.

around the 1600s and they had no fire.

They had no stone tools.

Viņiem nebija akmens darbarīku.

To our knowledge they had no music.

Cik mums zināms, viņiem nebija mūzikas.

So when you compare them to the Bonobo,

Ja salīdzinām tasmāņus ar bonobo,

the Bonobo is a little hairier.

bonobo ir nedaudz spalvaināks.

He doesn't stand quite as upright.

Tas nestāv gluži tik taisni.

But there are a lot of similarities.

Tomēr ir daudz līdzību.

And I think that as we look at culture,

Un, manuprāt, skatoties uz kultūru,

we kind of come to understand

mēs it kā saprotam,

kā nonācām tur, kur esam.

how we got to where we are.

And I don't really think it's in our biology;

Patiesībā es nedomāju, ka tā ir mūsu bioloģija.

I think we've attributed it to our biology,

Manuprāt, mēs to esam piedēvējuši bioloģijai,

but I don't really think it's there.

bet nedomāju, ka tas tur ir.

So what I want to do now is introduce you

Tāpēc tagad vēlos jūs iepazīstināt

to a species called the Bonobo.

ar sugu, sauktu par bonobo.

This is Kanzi.

Šis ir Kanzi.

He's a Bonobo.

Viņš ir bonobo.

Right now, he's in a forest in Georgia.

Šobrīd viņš atrodas Džoržijas mežā.

His mother originally came from a forest in Africa.

Kanzi māte nākusi no meža Āfrikā.

And she came to us when she was just at puberty,

Viņa pie mums nonāca, tikko sasniegusi pubertāti,

about six or seven years of age.

apmēram sešu vai septiņu gadu vecumā.

Now this shows a Bonobo on your right,

Šeit pa labi jūs redzat bonobo

and a chimpanzee on your left.

un pa kreisi – šimpanzi.

Clearly, the chimpanzee has a little bit harder time of walking.

Skaidri redzams, ka šimpanzei ir nedaudz grūtāk staigāt.

The Bonobo, although shorter than us and their arms still longer,

Lai arī bonobo ir īsāks nekā cilvēks un ar garākām rokām,

is more upright, just as we are.

viņš stāv taisnāk, gluži kā mēs.

This shows the Bonobo compared to an australopithecine like Lucy.

Šeit redzam bonobo salīdzinājumā ar australopiteku, tādu kā Lūsija.

As you can see, there's not a lot of difference

Kā redzat, nav lielas atšķirības starp to, kā staigā bonobo

between the way a Bonobo walks

and the way an early australopithecine would have walked.

un kā staigātu agrīnais australopiteks.

Pretskatā redzams,

As they turn toward us you'll see

ka agrīnā australopiteka iegurņa zona ir nedaudz plakanāka

that the pelvic area of early australopithecines is a little flatter

and doesn't have to rotate quite so much from side to side.

un tai nav tik daudz jārotē no vienas puses uz otru,

tāpēc gaita uz divām kājām ir nedaudz vieglāka.

So the -- the bipedal gait is a little easier.

And now we see all four.

Tagad redzam visus četrus.

(Video) Savvaļas bonobo

Video: Narrator: The wild Bonobo lives in central Africa, in the jungle

dzīvo centrālās Āfrikas Kongo upes ieskautajos džungļos.

encircled by the Congo River.

Canopied trees as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet,

Koki ar bagātīgām lapotnēm pat 40 metru jeb 130 pēdu augstumā

grow densely in the area.

šai reģionā aug ļoti blīvi.

It was a Japanese scientist

Japāņu zinātnieks bija pirmais,

kurš uzsāka nopietnus bonobo lauka pētījumus

who first undertook serious field studies of the Bonobo,

almost three decades ago.

gandrīz pirms trīsdesmit gadiem.

Bonobos are built slightly smaller than the chimpanzee.

Bonobo ir nedaudz mazāks par šimpanzi.

Slim-bodied, Bonobos are by nature very gentle creatures.

Slaidie bonobo pēc dabas ir ļoti maigas būtnes.

Long and careful studies have reported many new findings on them.

Ilgi un rūpīgi pētījumi atklājuši jaunus faktus par šiem dzīvniekiem.

One discovery was that wild Bonobos often walk bidpedally.

Viens no atklājumiem bija,

ka savvaļas bonobo bieži staigā uz divām kājām.

What's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances.

Turklāt viņi vertikāli ir spējīgi nostaigāt lielus attālumus.

S.S.R. (video): Sasveicināsimies ar Ostinu, tad iesim uz būdiņu.

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (video): Let's go say hello to Austin first and then go to the A frame.

SS: This is Kanzi and I, in the forest.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Šeit mēs ar Kanzi esam mežā.

None of the things you will see in this particular video are trained.

Nekas no šajā video redzamā nav iemācīta uzvedība.

None of them are tricks.

Nekas no tā nav triki.

To visu spontāni iemūžināja

They all happened to be captured on film spontaneously,

Japānas raidorganizācija NHK.

by NHK of Japan.

We have eight Bonobos.

Mums ir astoņi bonobo.

Video: Look at all this stuff that's here for our campfire.

S.S.R. (video): Paskat, kas tik te viss nav ugunskuram!

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Visa ģimene atrodas mūsu pētniecības centrā.

SS: An entire family at our research centre.

Video: You going to help get some sticks?

S.S.R. (video): Vai palīdzēsi salasīt pāris zariņu?

Good.

Labi.

We need more sticks, too.

Mums vajag vairāk zaru.

I have a lighter in my pocket if you need one.

Man kabatā ir šķiltavas, ja tev vajag.

That's a wasps' nest.

Tas ir lapseņu pūznis.

You can get it out.

Tu vari tās dabūt ārā.

I hope I have a lighter.

Ceru, ka man ir šķiltavas.

You can use the lighter to start the fire.

Vari izmantot šķiltavas, lai iekurtu uguni.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Kanzi ļoti interesē uguns.

SS: So Kanzi is very interested in fire.

He doesn't do it yet without a lighter,

Pagaidām viņš neprot to iekurināt bez šķiltavām,

but I think if he saw someone do it, he might be able to do --

bet domāju, ja Kanzi redzētu kādu to darām,

viņš varētu spēt iekurināt uguni bez šķiltavām.

make a fire without a lighter.

Viņš mācās uzturēt uguni.

He's learning about how to keep a fire going.

He's learning the uses for a fire,

Kanzi apgūst uguns izmantošanas veidus,

just by watching what we do with fire.

vienkārši skatoties, ko ar uguni darām mēs.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

This is a smile on the face of a Bonobo.

Šis ir smaids bonobo sejā, šīs ir priecīgas vokalizācijas.

These are happy vocalizations.

Video: You're happy.

S.S.R. (video): Tu esi priecīgs.

Tev ļoti patīk šī daļa.

You're very happy about this part.

You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water?

Tev jāuzlej nedaudz ūdens ugunij. Redzi ūdeni?

Good job.

Lieliski!

SS: Forgot to zip up the back half of his backpack.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Aizmirsu aiztaisīt viņa mugursomu.

But he likes to carry things from place to place.

Bet viņam patīk pānēsāt lietas.

(Video) Ostin, es dzirdu, ka tu saki "Ostins".

Video: Austin, I hear you saying "Austin."

SS: He talks to other Bonobos at the lab, long-distance,

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Viņš sarunājas ar citiem laboratorijas bonobo

farther than we can hear.

no liela attāluma, tālāk, nekā mēs varam sadzirdēt.

This is his sister.

Šī ir Kanzi māsa.

Šī ir pirmā reize, kad viņa izmēģina golfa mašīnas vadīšanu.

This is her first time to try to drive a golf cart.

Video: Goodbye.

(Laughter)

S.S.R. (video): Atā!

(Smiekli)

SS: She's got the pedals down, but not the wheel.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Viņa apguvusi pedāļu lietošanu, bet ne stūrēšanu.

Viņa pārslēdz no atpakaļgaitas uz priekšu

She switches from reverse to forward

and she holds onto the wheel, rather than turns it.

un turas pie stūres, nevis to griež.

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

Like us, she knows that that individual in the mirror is her.

Tāpat kā mēs viņa zina, ka persona spogulī ir viņa pati.

(Music)

(Mūzika)

Video: Narrator: By raising Bonobos in a culture that is both Bonobo and human,

(Video) Audzinot bonobo kultūrā, kas ir gan bonobo, gan cilvēku,

and documenting their development across two decades,

un divdesmit gadus dokumentējot viņu attīstību,

scientists are exploring how cultural forces

zinātnieki pēta, kā kultūras spēki

(Laughter)

(Smiekli)

may have operated during human evolution.

varēja darboties cilvēku evolūcijas laikā.

His name is Nyota.

Viņa vārds ir Njota.

It means "star" in Swahili.

Svahili tas nozīmē "zvaigzne".

(Music)

(Mūzika)

Panbanisha is trying to give Nyota a haircut with a pair of scissors.

Panbaniša ar sķērēm mēģina apgriezt Njotas matus.

In the wild, the parent Bonobo is known to groom its offspring.

Zināms, ka savvaļā bonobo vecāki apkopj savas atvases.

Here Panbanisha uses scissors, instead of her hands,

Šeit Panbaniša roku vietā izmanto šķēres,

to groom Nyota.

lai apkoptu Njotu.

Very impressive.

Ļoti iespaidīgi.

Subtle maneuvering of the hands is required

Vajadzīgas veiklas roku kustības,

to perform delicate tasks like this.

lai veiktu tik smalku darbu.

Nyota tries to imitate Panbanisha by using the scissors himself.

Njota cenšas imitēt Panbanišu, pats izmantojot šķēres.

Realizing that Nyota might get hurt,

Saprotot, ka Njota varētu savainoties,

Panbanisha, like any human mother,

Panbaniša tāpat kā jebkura cilvēku māte

carefully tugs to get the scissors back.

uzmanīgi velk šķēres, lai tās atgūtu.

He can now cut through tough animal hide.

Tagad viņš var uzlauzt kādu izturīgu dzīvnieku slēpni.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Kanzi iemācījies izgatavot akmens darbarīkus.

SS: Kanzi's learned to make stone tools.

Video: Kanzi now makes his tools,

(Video) Kanzi izgatavo darbarīkus gluži tāpat, kā to varēja darīt mūsu senči

just as our ancestors may have made them,

two-and-a-half million years ago --

pirms divarpus miljoniem gadu –

by holding the rocks in both hands, to strike one against the other.

turot akmeņus abās rokās, lai sistu tos vienu pret otru.

He has learned that by using both hands

Viņš ir iemācījies, ka, izmantojot abas rokas

and aiming his glancing blows,

un mērķējot slīpos sitienus,

he can make much larger, sharper flakes.

var izgatavot daudz lielākas, asākas šķilas.

Kanzi chooses a flake he thinks is sharp enough.

Kanzi izvēlas šķilu, ko atzīst par gana asu.

The tough hide is difficult to cut, even with a knife.

Izturīgo slēpni ir grūti pārgriezt pat ar nazi.

The rock that Kanzi is using is extremely hard

Kanzi izmantotais akmens ir ārkārtīgi ciets

and ideal for stone tool making, but difficult to handle,

un ideāli piemērots akmens darbarīku izgatavošanai, tomēr ar to grūti rīkoties,

requiring great skill.

tas prasa labas iemaņas.

Kanzi's rock is from Gona, Ethiopia

Kanzi akmens ir no Gonas Etiopijā,

and is identical to that used by our African ancestors

un tas ir identisks akmeņiem, ko lietoja mūsu Āfrikas senči

two-and-a-half million years ago.

pirms divarpus miljoniem gadu.

These are the rocks Kanzi used

Šie ir Kanzi lietotie akmeņi,

un šīs – viņa izgatavotās šķilas.

and these are the flakes he made.

The flat sharp edges are like knife blades.

Plakanās, asās šķautnes ir kā nažu asmeņi.

Compare them to the tools our ancestors used;

Salīdziniet tos ar darbarīkiem, kurus izmantoja mūsu senči –

they bear a striking resemblance to Kanzi's.

tie ir pārsteidzoši līdzīgi Kanzi darbarīkiem.

Panbaniša ilgojas pēc pastaigas mežā.

Panbanisha is longing to go for a walk in the woods.

She keeps staring out the window.

Viņa turpina skatīties pa logu.

SS: This is -- let me show you something we didn't think they would do.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Parādīšu ko tādu, ko no viņiem negaidījām.

Video: For several days now, Panbanisha has not been outside.

S.S.R. (video): Panbaniša nav bijusi ārā vairākas dienas.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Parasti es runāju par valodu.

SS: I normally talk about language.

Video: Then Panbanisha does something unexpected.

S.S.R. (video): Tad Panbaniša izdara ko negaidītu.

SS: But since I'm advised not to do what I normally do,

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Man ieteica nedarīt to, ko daru parasti,

I haven't told you that these apes have language.

tāpēc neesmu izstāstījusi, ka šiem pērtiķiem ir valoda.

It's a geometric language.

Tā ir ģeometriska valoda.

Video: She takes a piece of chalk

S.S.R. (video): Viņa paņem krīta gabalu un sāk kaut ko rakstīt uz grīdas.

and begins writing something on the floor.

What is she writing?

Ko viņa raksta?

SS: She's also saying the name of that, with her voice.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Viņa arī nosauc šo lietu vārdā, izmantojot balsi.

Video: Tagad viņa pienāk pie doktores Sjū un atkal sāk rakstīt.

Video: Now she comes up to Dr. Sue and starts writing again.

SS: These are her symbols on her keyboard.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Tie ir simboli uz viņas klaviatūras.

(Music)

They speak when she touches them.

Tie runā, kad viņa tiem pieskaras.

Video: Panbanisha is communicating to Dr. Sue where she wants to go.

Video: Panbaniša doktorei Sjū dara zināmu, kurp viņa vēlas doties.

"A frame" represents a hut in the woods.

"A rāmis" nozīmē būdiņu mežā.

Salīdziniet krīta uzrakstu ar leksigrammu uz klaviatūras.

Compare the chalk writing with the lexigram on the keyboard.

Panbaniša sāka rakstīt leksigrammas mežā uz zemes.

Panbanisha began writing the lexigrams on the forest floor.

SS (video): Very nice. Beautiful, Panbanisha.

S.S.R. (video): Ļoti jauki. Skaisti, Panbaniša!

SS: At first we didn't really realize what she was doing,

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Sākumā īsti nesapratām, ko viņa dara,

until we stood back and looked at it and rotated it.

līdz atkāpāmies, paskatījāmies un pagriezām to.

Video: This lexigram also refers to a place in the woods.

Video: Šī leksigramma apzīmē arī vietu mežā.

The curved line is very similar to the lexigram.

Izliektā līnija ir ļoti līdzīga leksigrammai.

The next symbol Panbanisha writes represents "collar."

Nākamais Panbanišas rakstītais simbols apzīmē "kaklasiksnu".

It indicates the collar that Panbanisha must wear when she goes out.

Tas apzīmē kaklasiksnu, kas Panbanišai jāvelk, ejot laukā.

SS: That's an institutional requirement.

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Tā ir institucionāla prasība.

Video: This symbol is not as clear as the others,

Video: Šis simbols nav tik skaidrs kā citi,

but one can see Panbanisha is trying to produce a curved line

tomēr redzams, ka Panbaniša mēģina radīt izliektu līniju

un vairākas taisnas.

and several straight lines.

Researchers began to record what Panbanisha said,

Pētnieki sāka fiksēt Panbanišas teikto,

by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk.

rakstot leksigrammas ar krītu uz grīdas.

Panbanisha watched.

Panbaniša vēroja.

Drīz arī viņa sāka rakstīt.

Soon she began to write as well.

Bonobo spējas ir pārsteigušas zinātniekus visā pasaulē.

The Bonobo's abilities have stunned scientists around the world.

How did they develop?

Kā viņi attīstījās?

SS (video): We found that the most important thing

S.S.R. (video): Esam atklājuši, ka vissvarīgākais,

for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is not to teach them.

kas ļauj bonobo apgūt valodu, ir nemācīt viņus.

It's simply to use language around them,

Vienkārši jālieto valoda viņu klātbūtnē,

because the driving force in language acquisition

jo valodas apgūšanas dzinējspēks

is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you.

ir saprast, ko tev svarīgas personas saka.

Once you have that capacity,

Kad šī spēja apgūta,

the ability to produce language

valoda rodas

comes rather naturally and rather freely.

diezgan dabiski un brīvi.

So we want to create an environment in which Bonobos,

Tāpēc mēs gribam radīt vidi,

kurā bonobo patīk visi indivīdi, ar ko viņi saskaras –

like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting --

we want to create an environment in which they have fun,

mēs gribam radīt vidi, kurā bonobo ir jautri

and an environment in which the others

un kurā apkārt esošie indivīdi ir viņiem nozīmīgi.

are meaningful individuals for them.

Narrator: This environment brings out unexpected potential

(Video) Šī vide Kanzi un Pabanišā atraisa negaidītu potenciālu.

in Kanzi and Panbanisha.

Panbanisha is enjoying playing her harmonica,

Panbaniša ar prieku spēlē mutes harmonikas,

until Nyota, now one year old, steals it.

kamēr Njota, tagad vienu gadu vecs, tās nočiepj.

Then he peers eagerly into his mother's mouth.

Tad viņš dedzīgi skatās mātes mutē.

Is he looking for where the sound came from?

Vai viņš lūkojas, no kurienes nāca skaņa?

Dr. Sue thinks it's important to allow such curiosity to flourish.

Doktore Sjū domā, ka ir svarīgi ļaut uzplaukt šādai zinātkārei.

This time Panbanisha is playing the electric piano.

Šoreiz Panbaniša spēlē sintezatoru.

She wasn't forced to learn the piano;

Viņu nespieda mācīties spēlēt klavieres,

viņa redzēja pētnieci spēlējam šo instrumentu

she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest.

un sāka par to interesēties.

Pētniece: Spēlē, spēlē! Es klausos.

Researcher: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening.

Nospēlē to ļoti ātro daļu, ko iepriekš, jā, to daļu.

Do that real fast part that you did. Yeah, that part.

(Smiekli)

Narrator: Kanzi plays the xylophone;

(Video) Kanzi spelē ksilofonu.

using both hands he enthusiastically accompanies Dr. Sue's singing.

Izmantojot abas rokas, viņš entuziastiski spēlē pavadījumu doktores Sjū dziedāšanai.

Kanzi un Panbanišu

Kanzi and Panbanisha

are stimulated by this fun-filled environment,

stimulē šī jautrības pilnā vide,

which promotes the emergence of these cultural capabilities.

un tas veicina kultūras spēju rašanos.

(Smiekli)

(Laughter)

Researcher: OK, now get the monsters. Get them.

Pētniece: Labi, tagad noķer monstrus!

Noķer! Paņem arī ķiršus.

Take the cherries too.

Now watch out, stay away from them now.

Tagad uzmanies, turies no viņiem pa gabalu.

Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them.

Tagad atkal vari dzīties tiem pakaļ. Dzenies viņiem pakaļ!

Now you have to stay away. Get away.

Tagad turies pa gabalu. Bēdz!

Run away. Run.

Skrien prom! Skrien!

Now we can chase them again. Go get them.

Tagad atkal varam tiem dzīties pakaļ. Skrien viņiem pakaļ!

Ak, nē!

Oh no!

Good Kanzi. Very good. Thank you so much.

Labi, Kanzi! Ļoti labi! Liels paldies!

Narrator: None of us, Bonobo or human, can possibly even imagine?

(Video) Vai to kāds – bonobo vai cilvēks – vispār spēj iedomāties?

SS: So we have a bi-species environment, we call it a "panhomoculture."

S.S.R. (uz skatuves): Mums ir divu sugu vide,

mēs to saucam par panhomo kultūru.

Mēs mācāmies kļūt viņiem līdzīgi.

We're learning how to become like them.

We're learning how to communicate with them,

Mēs mācāmies, kā ar viņiem komunicēt

in really high-pitched tones.

patiesi augstā toņkārtā.

We're learning that they probably have a language in the wild.

Esam uzzinājuši, ka bonobo savvaļā, iespējams, ir sava valoda.

And they're learning to become like us.

Un viņi mācās, lai kļūtu mums līdzīgi.

Because we believe that it's not biology; it's culture.

Jo mēs ticam, ka runa nav par bioloģiju, runa ir par kultūra.

So we're sharing tools and technology and language

Mēs dalāmies dabarīkos, tehnoloģijās un valodā

with another species.

ar citu sugu.

Thank you.

Paldies!

(Aplausi)