Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: The gentle genius of bonobos

347,434 views ใƒป 2007-05-17

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Gad Amit ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:25
I work with a species called "Bonobo."
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขื ื–ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
00:28
And I'm happy most of the time,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
00:30
because I think this is the happiest species on the planet.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
00:33
It's kind of a well-kept secret.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื“ ืฉืžื•ืจ.
00:36
This species lives only in the Congo.
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ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื—ื™ ืจืง ื‘ืงื•ื ื’ื•.
00:38
And they're not in too many zoos, because of their sexual behavior.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื’ื ื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
00:44
Their sexual behavior is too human-like
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
00:46
for most of us to be comfortable with.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื–ื”.
00:48
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:49
But --
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ืื‘ืœ-
00:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:51
actually, we have a lot to learn from them, because they're a very
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ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื”ื, ื”ื
00:56
egalitarian society and they're a very empathetic society.
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ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžืื“ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืคื˜ื™ืช ืฉืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืื—ืจ.
01:00
And sexual behavior is not confined to one aspect of their life
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœืืกืคืงื˜ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื
01:04
that they sort of set aside.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื.
01:07
It permeates their entire life.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื”ืžื™ื ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื.
01:09
And it's used for communication.
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ื•ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ืœืชืงืฉื•ืจืช.
01:12
And it's used for conflict resolution.
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ื•ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
01:14
And I think perhaps somewhere in our history we sort of,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
01:18
divided our lives up into lots of parts.
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ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ืœืงื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:21
We divided our world up with lots of categories.
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ื—ืœืงื ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:25
And so everything sort of has a place that it has to fit.
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ื•ื›ื›ื” ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื.
01:28
But I don't think that we were that way initially.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืœื›ืชื—ื™ืœื”.
01:32
There are many people who think that the animal world is hard-wired
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” "ืžืงื•ื‘ืขืช"
01:36
and that there's something very, very special about man.
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ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื“ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
01:40
Maybe it's his ability to have causal thought.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื’ื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช.
01:44
Maybe it's something special in his brain
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื—
01:47
that allows him to have language.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืฉืคื”.
01:49
Maybe it's something special in his brain
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื—
01:52
that allows him to make tools or to have mathematics.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืื“ื ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ื ืื• ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงื”.
01:57
Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians who were discovered
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช, ื”ื™ื• ื˜ืกืžื ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื•
02:03
around the 1600s and they had no fire.
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1600 ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืฉ.
02:07
They had no stone tools.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ.
02:10
To our knowledge they had no music.
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ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืงืืœื™ื•ืช.
02:14
So when you compare them to the Bonobo,
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ื›ืš, ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•,
02:19
the Bonobo is a little hairier.
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ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื™ืขืจ.
02:21
He doesn't stand quite as upright.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ืžื“ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื™ืฉืจ.
02:26
But there are a lot of similarities.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
02:29
And I think that as we look at culture,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
02:33
we kind of come to understand
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื”
02:36
how we got to where we are.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื’ืขื ื• ื”ืœื•ื.
02:38
And I don't really think it's in our biology;
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:41
I think we've attributed it to our biology,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืกื‘ืจื ื• ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
02:43
but I don't really think it's there.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฉื.
02:46
So what I want to do now is introduce you
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื
02:48
to a species called the Bonobo.
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ื–ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
02:52
This is Kanzi.
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ื–ื” ืงื ื–ื™.
02:54
He's a Bonobo.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
02:56
Right now, he's in a forest in Georgia.
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื‘ื’'ื•ืจื’ื™ื”
02:59
His mother originally came from a forest in Africa.
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ืื™ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืžื™ืขืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
03:03
And she came to us when she was just at puberty,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื ื• ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช,
03:07
about six or seven years of age.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช 6 ืื• 7 ืฉื ื™ื.
03:10
Now this shows a Bonobo on your right,
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ื›ืขืช ื›ืš ื ืจืื” ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืฆื“ ื™ืžื™ืŸ,
03:12
and a chimpanzee on your left.
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ื•ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืžืืœ.
03:14
Clearly, the chimpanzee has a little bit harder time of walking.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืœื›ืช.
03:18
The Bonobo, although shorter than us and their arms still longer,
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ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•, ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:22
is more upright, just as we are.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืงื•ืฃ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
03:26
This shows the Bonobo compared to an australopithecine like Lucy.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืื” ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืžื• ืœื•ืกื™.
03:31
As you can see, there's not a lot of difference
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ,
03:34
between the way a Bonobo walks
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•
03:36
and the way an early australopithecine would have walked.
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ื”ืชื”ืœืš.
03:40
As they turn toward us you'll see
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช
03:42
that the pelvic area of early australopithecines is a little flatter
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ืฉืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื’ืŸ ืืฆืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื ื• ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื˜ื•ื—
03:47
and doesn't have to rotate quite so much from side to side.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืข ืžืฆื“ ืœืฆื“.
03:51
So the -- the bipedal gait is a little easier.
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ื–ืงื•ืคื” ื ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:53
And now we see all four.
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ื•ื›ืขืช ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืืจื‘ืข.
03:56
Video: Narrator: The wild Bonobo lives in central Africa, in the jungle
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื—ื™ ื‘ื’'ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืคืจื™ืงื”
04:00
encircled by the Congo River.
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ืžื•ืงืฃ ืข"ื™ ื ื”ืจ ื”ืงื•ื ื’ื•.
04:05
Canopied trees as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet,
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ื•ื ื•ืคื™ ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœ 40 ืžื˜ืจ,
04:09
grow densely in the area.
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ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ.
04:13
It was a Japanese scientist
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ื™ืคื ื™
04:16
who first undertook serious field studies of the Bonobo,
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ืฉืœืงื— ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•,
04:20
almost three decades ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
04:26
Bonobos are built slightly smaller than the chimpanzee.
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ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืฆืช ืฆืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื•ืช.
04:30
Slim-bodied, Bonobos are by nature very gentle creatures.
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ื’ื•ืฃ-ืฆืจ, ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื.
04:36
Long and careful studies have reported many new findings on them.
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ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืžืขืžื™ืง ืžืฆื ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื.
04:43
One discovery was that wild Bonobos often walk bidpedally.
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ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ืคืจืื™ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ื–ืงื•ืฃ.
04:55
What's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื–ืงื•ืคื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื.
05:07
Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (video): Let's go say hello to Austin first and then go to the A frame.
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ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื ื ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•ื ืœืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ืื– ื ืœืš ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืคื™ื.
05:11
SS: This is Kanzi and I, in the forest.
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ืกื•ื–ืŸ ืกืื•ื’ (ืก.ืก): ื–ื”ื• ืงื ื–ื™ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืขืจ.
05:13
None of the things you will see in this particular video are trained.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืื™ืžื•ืŸ,ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืชืจืื• ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื”ื–ื”.
05:17
None of them are tricks.
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ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื• ื˜ืจื™ืง.
05:19
They all happened to be captured on film spontaneously,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืชืจื—ืฉื• ื‘ืฆื™ืœื•ื ืกืคื•ื ื˜ืื ื™,
05:22
by NHK of Japan.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช NHK ืžื™ืคืŸ.
05:25
We have eight Bonobos.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืงื•ืคื™ ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
05:27
Video: Look at all this stuff that's here for our campfire.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ื”ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืงื•ืžื–ื™ืฅ.
05:30
SS: An entire family at our research centre.
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ืก.ืก: ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
05:38
Video: You going to help get some sticks?
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืงืœื•ืช?
05:42
Good.
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ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:47
We need more sticks, too.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืงืœื•ืช.
05:56
I have a lighter in my pocket if you need one.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฆืช ื‘ื›ื™ืก ืื ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš.
05:59
That's a wasps' nest.
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ื–ื” ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆืจืขื•ืช
06:01
You can get it out.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
06:05
I hope I have a lighter.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืžืฆืช.
06:08
You can use the lighter to start the fire.
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ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืฆืช ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืฉ.
06:12
SS: So Kanzi is very interested in fire.
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ืก.ืก: ืงื ื–ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืฉ.
06:14
He doesn't do it yet without a lighter,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืœื ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืฉ ืœืœื ืžืฆืช,
06:17
but I think if he saw someone do it, he might be able to do --
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ืื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ -
06:21
make a fire without a lighter.
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ืœื”ื“ืœื™ืง ืืฉ ืœืœื ืžืฆืช.
06:25
He's learning about how to keep a fire going.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืฉ.
06:28
He's learning the uses for a fire,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืฉ,
06:31
just by watching what we do with fire.
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ืจืง ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ืืฉืฅ
06:34
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
06:43
This is a smile on the face of a Bonobo.
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ื–ื” ืฆื—ื•ืง ื‘ืคื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•.
06:45
These are happy vocalizations.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ืงื•ืœ ืฉืžื—ื”.
06:47
Video: You're happy.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืืชื” ืฉืžื—.
06:49
You're very happy about this part.
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ืืชื” ืžืื“ ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื”.
06:51
You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water?
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ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื™ื ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืฉ, ืืชื” ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ื?
07:00
Good job.
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ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
07:03
SS: Forgot to zip up the back half of his backpack.
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ืก.ืก: ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื›ืกืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื™ืœ ื’ื‘ ืฉืœื•.
07:07
But he likes to carry things from place to place.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืงื—ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.
07:10
Video: Austin, I hear you saying "Austin."
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช ืื•ืชืš ืื•ืžืจ ืื•ืกื˜ื™ืŸ.
07:12
SS: He talks to other Bonobos at the lab, long-distance,
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ืก.ืก: ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœืงื•ืคื™ ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”, ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืจื—ื•ืง,
07:15
farther than we can hear.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืข.
07:18
This is his sister.
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ื–ืืช ืื—ื•ืชื•.
07:20
This is her first time to try to drive a golf cart.
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื ืกื” ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื™ืช ื’ื•ืœืฃ.
07:25
Video: Goodbye.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืฉืœื•ื.
07:27
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:29
SS: She's got the pedals down, but not the wheel.
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ืก.ืก: ื”ื™ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื“ืœื™ื ืœืžื˜ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ื’ื”.
07:37
She switches from reverse to forward
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ื”ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื” ืžืจื•ื•ืจืก ืœื”ื™ืœื•ืš ืงื“ืžื™
07:40
and she holds onto the wheel, rather than turns it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื” ื‘ื”ื’ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
07:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:45
Like us, she knows that that individual in the mirror is her.
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ื›ืžื•ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืฉืžื™ ืฉืžืฉืชืงืฃ ื‘ืžืจืื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื.
07:50
(Music)
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(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
07:54
Video: Narrator: By raising Bonobos in a culture that is both Bonobo and human,
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืข"ื™ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื’ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™,
07:59
and documenting their development across two decades,
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ื•ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื,
08:03
scientists are exploring how cultural forces
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ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื
08:06
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:07
may have operated during human evolution.
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ืชืคืงื“ื• ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
08:12
His name is Nyota.
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ื”ืฉื ืฉืœื• ื ื™ื•ื˜ื”.
08:14
It means "star" in Swahili.
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ื–ื” "ื›ื•ื›ื‘" ื‘ืกื•ื•ื”ื™ืœื™ืช.
08:16
(Music)
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(ืžื•ืกื™ืงื”)
08:26
Panbanisha is trying to give Nyota a haircut with a pair of scissors.
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ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ืžื ืกื” ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื ื™ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
08:32
In the wild, the parent Bonobo is known to groom its offspring.
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ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื”ื•ืจื” ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžื˜ืคืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื•.
08:37
Here Panbanisha uses scissors, instead of her hands,
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ื›ืืŸ ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื,
08:41
to groom Nyota.
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ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ื ื™ื•ื˜ื”.
08:45
Very impressive.
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ืžืจืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:51
Subtle maneuvering of the hands is required
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ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื ื“ืจืฉืช
08:54
to perform delicate tasks like this.
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ืœื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื›ืืœื”.
09:06
Nyota tries to imitate Panbanisha by using the scissors himself.
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ื ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
09:13
Realizing that Nyota might get hurt,
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืข,
09:16
Panbanisha, like any human mother,
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ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืืžื ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
09:18
carefully tugs to get the scissors back.
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ื ื™ื’ืฉืช ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
09:37
He can now cut through tough animal hide.
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ื”ื•ื ื›ืขืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื—ืชื•ืš ื‘ืขื•ืจ ื—ื™ื” ืขื‘ื”.
09:41
SS: Kanzi's learned to make stone tools.
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ืก.ืก: ืงื ื–ื™ ืœืžื“ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ.
09:43
Video: Kanzi now makes his tools,
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืงื ื–ื™ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ืฉืœื•,
09:44
just as our ancestors may have made them,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืื•ืชื,
09:46
two-and-a-half million years ago --
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื” -
09:48
by holding the rocks in both hands, to strike one against the other.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื—ื™ื–ืช ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ื•ื—ื‘ื˜ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
09:53
He has learned that by using both hands
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžื“ ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
09:56
and aiming his glancing blows,
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ื•ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื›ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช,
09:58
he can make much larger, sharper flakes.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืฉื‘ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:02
Kanzi chooses a flake he thinks is sharp enough.
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ืงื ื–ื™ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื‘ ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ ืžืกืคื™ืง.
10:10
The tough hide is difficult to cut, even with a knife.
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ื”ืขื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื” ืงืฉื” ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืกื›ื™ืŸ.
10:14
The rock that Kanzi is using is extremely hard
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ืงื ื–ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
10:17
and ideal for stone tool making, but difficult to handle,
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ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ืื‘ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ืงืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ,
10:21
requiring great skill.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื“ืข ืจื‘.
10:23
Kanzi's rock is from Gona, Ethiopia
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ื”ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื–ื™ ืžื’ื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”
10:25
and is identical to that used by our African ancestors
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ื•ื”ื ื–ื”ื™ื ืœืžื” ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืืคืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืฉื•
10:29
two-and-a-half million years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
10:34
These are the rocks Kanzi used
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ื–ื• ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ืงื ื–ื™
10:37
and these are the flakes he made.
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉื‘ื‘ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื™ืฆืจ.
10:39
The flat sharp edges are like knife blades.
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ื”ื—ื•ื“ ืฉื˜ื•ื— ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ืœื”ื‘ ืฉืœ ืกื›ื™ืŸ.
10:44
Compare them to the tools our ancestors used;
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžื” ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื™ื™ืฆืจื•,
10:47
they bear a striking resemblance to Kanzi's.
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ื”ื ืžื’ืœื™ื ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ืงื ื–ื™.
11:00
Panbanisha is longing to go for a walk in the woods.
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ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ืžืชื’ืขื’ืขืช ืœื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
11:03
She keeps staring out the window.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
11:08
SS: This is -- let me show you something we didn't think they would do.
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ืก.ืก: ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฉื•.
11:11
Video: For several days now, Panbanisha has not been outside.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
11:17
SS: I normally talk about language.
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ืก.ืก: ืื ื™ ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื“ื‘ืจืช ืขืœ ืฉืคื”.
11:19
Video: Then Panbanisha does something unexpected.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืื– ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ืขืฉืชื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™.
11:22
SS: But since I'm advised not to do what I normally do,
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ืก.ืก: ืื‘ืœ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืขืฆื” ืœื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ื“"ื› ืขื•ืฉื”,
11:25
I haven't told you that these apes have language.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืืžืจืชื™ ืœื›ื ืฉื”ืงื•ืฃ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืœ ื™ื“ืข ื‘ืฉืคื”.
11:27
It's a geometric language.
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ื–ื• ืฉืคื” ื’ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช.
11:29
Video: She takes a piece of chalk
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื—ืชื™ื›ืช ื’ื™ืจ
11:30
and begins writing something on the floor.
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ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
11:32
What is she writing?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช?
11:40
SS: She's also saying the name of that, with her voice.
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ืก.ืก: ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื•ืžืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืฉืœื”.
11:44
Video: Now she comes up to Dr. Sue and starts writing again.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ืœื“ืจ' ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘.
11:47
SS: These are her symbols on her keyboard.
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ืก.ืก: ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช ืฉืœื”.
11:50
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
11:51
They speak when she touches them.
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ื”ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื”ื.
11:53
Video: Panbanisha is communicating to Dr. Sue where she wants to go.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ืžืชืงืฉืจืช ืขื ื“ืจ' ืกื•ื–ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืœื›ืช.
11:56
"A frame" represents a hut in the woods.
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ื”ืžืกื’ืจืช ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืช ืฆืจื™ืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
12:00
Compare the chalk writing with the lexigram on the keyboard.
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื’ื™ืจ ืœืกืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช.
12:14
Panbanisha began writing the lexigrams on the forest floor.
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ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ืจืฆืคืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
12:20
SS (video): Very nice. Beautiful, Panbanisha.
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ื™ืคื” ืžืื“, ื ืคืœื ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื”.
12:24
SS: At first we didn't really realize what she was doing,
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ืก.ืก: ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื ื• ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื”,
12:27
until we stood back and looked at it and rotated it.
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ืขื“ ืฉืœื ืขืžื“ื ื• ื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ื–ืืช ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
12:30
Video: This lexigram also refers to a place in the woods.
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ื”ืกืžืœื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื™ื.
12:32
The curved line is very similar to the lexigram.
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ื”ืืœื›ืกื•ื ื™ื ืžืื“ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœืกืžืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืงืœื“ืช.
12:39
The next symbol Panbanisha writes represents "collar."
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ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืงื•ืœืจ.
12:43
It indicates the collar that Panbanisha must wear when she goes out.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืงื•ืœืจ ืฉืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœืขื ื•ื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
12:47
SS: That's an institutional requirement.
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ืก.ืก: ื–ื• ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืžื—ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
12:50
Video: This symbol is not as clear as the others,
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ื•ื™ื“ืื•: ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื—ืจื™ื,
12:53
but one can see Panbanisha is trying to produce a curved line
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืงื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืขืงื•ืžื”
12:58
and several straight lines.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืงื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืฉืจื™ื.
13:00
Researchers began to record what Panbanisha said,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืงืœื™ื˜ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื”,
13:04
by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk.
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ืฉืžืชื‘ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื’ื™ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืฆืคื”.
13:08
Panbanisha watched.
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ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื”ืกืชื›ืœื”.
13:10
Soon she began to write as well.
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ืœืื—ืจ ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
13:14
The Bonobo's abilities have stunned scientists around the world.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื”ื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
13:18
How did they develop?
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•?
13:20
SS (video): We found that the most important thing
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ืก.ืก: ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
13:22
for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is not to teach them.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืฉืคื” ื–ื” ืœื ืœืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื.
13:27
It's simply to use language around them,
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ืืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื,
13:30
because the driving force in language acquisition
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืจื›ื™ืฉืช ืฉืคื”
13:33
is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you.
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ื”ื•ื, ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืš ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืš.
13:38
Once you have that capacity,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ืœืš ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ืืช,
13:40
the ability to produce language
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืคืชื™ืช
13:43
comes rather naturally and rather freely.
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
13:47
So we want to create an environment in which Bonobos,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื•
13:50
like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting --
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ืื—ืจ ืื™ืชื ื”ื ืžืชืขืกืงื™ื.
13:54
we want to create an environment in which they have fun,
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ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืขื™ืžื” ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช,
13:57
and an environment in which the others
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื
13:59
are meaningful individuals for them.
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ื”ื™ื ื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
14:04
Narrator: This environment brings out unexpected potential
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ื–ืืช ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™
14:07
in Kanzi and Panbanisha.
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ืืฆืœ ืงื ื–ื™ ื•ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื”.
14:17
Panbanisha is enjoying playing her harmonica,
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ืคื ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ื ื”ื ื™ืช ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืžืคื•ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื”,
14:21
until Nyota, now one year old, steals it.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื” ืฉื›ืขืช ื‘ืŸ ืฉื ื” - ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืื•ืชื”.
14:25
Then he peers eagerly into his mother's mouth.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื•ื ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืคื” ืฉืœ ืืžื•.
14:29
Is he looking for where the sound came from?
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ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืงื•ืœ?
14:32
Dr. Sue thinks it's important to allow such curiosity to flourish.
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ื“ืจ' ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื›ื–ืืช ืœืคืจื•ื—.
14:47
This time Panbanisha is playing the electric piano.
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ื›ืขืช ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื” ืžื ื’ื ืช ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
14:50
She wasn't forced to learn the piano;
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ื›ืจื—ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืคืกื ืชืจ,
14:53
she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest.
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ื”ื™ื ืจืืชื” ื—ื•ืงืจ ืฉืžื ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื•ื”ืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื”.
15:25
Researcher: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening.
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืชืชืงื“ื ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืขืช.
15:29
Do that real fast part that you did. Yeah, that part.
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ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ ืฉืขืฉื™ืช, ื›ืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื–ื”.
15:36
Narrator: Kanzi plays the xylophone;
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ืงื ื–ื™ ืžื ื’ืŸ ื‘ืงืกื™ืœื•ืคื•ืŸ,
15:38
using both hands he enthusiastically accompanies Dr. Sue's singing.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจ' ืกื•.
15:44
Kanzi and Panbanisha
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ืงื ื–ื™ ื•ืคื ื‘ื ื™ืฉื”
15:45
are stimulated by this fun-filled environment,
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืข"ื™ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื”ื ืขื™ืžื”,
15:48
which promotes the emergence of these cultural capabilities.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืงื“ืžืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
15:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:06
Researcher: OK, now get the monsters. Get them.
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OK, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืคื•ืก ืืช ื”ืžืคืœืฆื•ืช. ืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื.
16:09
Take the cherries too.
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ืชืคื•ืก ื’ื ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื.
16:12
Now watch out, stay away from them now.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชื™ื–ื”ืจ, ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืชืจื—ืง ืžื”ื.
16:16
Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them.
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ื›ืขืช ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘, ื–ืžืŸ ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื.
16:23
Now you have to stay away. Get away.
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ื›ืขืช ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืจื—ืง, ืชืชืจื—ืง.
16:26
Run away. Run.
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ืจื•ืฅ ืžื”ืจ, ืจื•ืฅ.
16:29
Now we can chase them again. Go get them.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจื“ื•ืฃ ืื—ืจื™ื”ื, ืœืš ืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื.
16:35
Oh no!
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ืื•ื™ ืœื!
16:37
Good Kanzi. Very good. Thank you so much.
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ืงื ื–ื™, ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื™ืคื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
16:44
Narrator: None of us, Bonobo or human, can possibly even imagine?
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืœื ื‘ื•ื ื•ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ?
16:57
SS: So we have a bi-species environment, we call it a "panhomoculture."
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ืก.ืก: ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืŸ-ื’ื–ืขื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” "ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ-ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช".
17:04
We're learning how to become like them.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืขืช ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื”ื.
17:06
We're learning how to communicate with them,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืื™ืš ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืื™ืชื,
17:08
in really high-pitched tones.
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ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
17:10
We're learning that they probably have a language in the wild.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืฉืคื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
17:14
And they're learning to become like us.
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ื•ื”ื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
17:16
Because we believe that it's not biology; it's culture.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ื–ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
17:19
So we're sharing tools and technology and language
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ืฉืคื”
17:23
with another species.
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ืขื ื’ื–ืข ืื—ืจ.
17:25
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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