Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: The gentle genius of bonobos

Prevoditelj: Ivana Roglic Relac Recezent: Katarina Smetko

I work with a species called "Bonobo."

Radim s vrstom koja se zove 'bonobo'.

And I'm happy most of the time,

Većinu sam vremena sretna

because I think this is the happiest species on the planet.

jer mislim da su oni najsretnija vrsta na planetu,

It's kind of a well-kept secret.

što je prilično dobro čuvana tajna.

This species lives only in the Congo.

Ova vrsta živi samo u Kongu.

And they're not in too many zoos, because of their sexual behavior.

Zbog njihovog spolnog ponašanja nema ih u mnogo zooloških vrtova.

Their sexual behavior is too human-like

Njihovo spolno ponašanje toliko nalikuje ljudskome

for most of us to be comfortable with.

da većini nas to ne bi bilo prihvatljivo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But --

No,

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

actually, we have a lot to learn from them, because they're a very

zapravo možemo od njih mnogo naučiti

egalitarian society and they're a very empathetic society.

jer im je društvo vrlo egalitarističko i empatično.

And sexual behavior is not confined to one aspect of their life

Spolno ponašanje nije im ograničeno tek na jedan aspekt života

that they sort of set aside.

koji bi donekle držali po strani.

It permeates their entire life.

Ono prožima njihov cijeli život.

And it's used for communication.

Koristi se za komunikaciju,

And it's used for conflict resolution.

koristi se za rješavanje sukoba.

And I think perhaps somewhere in our history we sort of,

Mislim da smo možda nekad davno u prošlosti

divided our lives up into lots of parts.

podijelili svoje živote na mnoštvo dijelova.

We divided our world up with lots of categories.

Podijelili smo svoj svijet na mnogo kategorija.

And so everything sort of has a place that it has to fit.

Tako je sve dobilo svoje mjesto na koje mora pripadati.

But I don't think that we were that way initially.

Međutim, ne mislim da smo u početku bili takvi.

There are many people who think that the animal world is hard-wired

Mnogo je ljudi koji smatraju da je životinjsko ponašanje urođeno,

and that there's something very, very special about man.

dok kod čovjeka postoji nešto vrlo, vrlo posebno.

Maybe it's his ability to have causal thought.

Možda je to njegova sposobnost za uzročno-posljedično promišljanje.

Maybe it's something special in his brain

Možda je to nešto posebno u njegovom mozgu

that allows him to have language.

što mu je omogućilo razvoj jezika.

Maybe it's something special in his brain

Možda je to nešto posebno u njegovom mozgu

that allows him to make tools or to have mathematics.

što mu omogućava izradu oruđa, ili matematiku.

Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians who were discovered

Hm, ne znam. Ljudi s Tasmanije otkriveni

around the 1600s and they had no fire.

u 17. stoljeću nisu poznavali vatru.

They had no stone tools.

Nisu imali kameno oruđe.

To our knowledge they had no music.

Koliko nam je poznato, nisu imali glazbu.

So when you compare them to the Bonobo,

Usporedite li ih s bonobom,

the Bonobo is a little hairier.

bonobo jest nešto dlakaviji.

He doesn't stand quite as upright.

Ne stoji baš toliko uspravno,

But there are a lot of similarities.

ali ipak vidimo mnoštvo sličnosti.

And I think that as we look at culture,

Mislim da dok gledamo kulturu

we kind of come to understand

donekle možemo razumjeti

how we got to where we are.

kako smo stigli ovamo gdje jesmo.

And I don't really think it's in our biology;

Ne mislim da se tu radi o biološkoj uvjetovanosti.

I think we've attributed it to our biology,

Mi smo to pripisali biologiji,

but I don't really think it's there.

ali ja zaista mislim da nije u tome stvar.

So what I want to do now is introduce you

I zato vas sada želim upoznati

to a species called the Bonobo.

s vrstom koju nazivamo bonobo.

This is Kanzi.

Ovo je Kanzi.

He's a Bonobo.

On je bonobo.

Right now, he's in a forest in Georgia.

Upravo se nalazi u šumi u Georgiji.

His mother originally came from a forest in Africa.

Majka mu je porijeklom iz jedne šume u Africi.

And she came to us when she was just at puberty,

Nama je stigla kao adolescentica,

about six or seven years of age.

imala je oko šest ili sedam godina.

Now this shows a Bonobo on your right,

Desno vidite bonoba,

and a chimpanzee on your left.

a lijevo čimpanzu.

Clearly, the chimpanzee has a little bit harder time of walking.

Jasno se vidi da čimpanza nešto teže hoda.

The Bonobo, although shorter than us and their arms still longer,

Bonobo, iako je niži od nas i ima duže ruke,

is more upright, just as we are.

hoda uspravnije, poput nas.

This shows the Bonobo compared to an australopithecine like Lucy.

Ovdje je usporedba bonoba i australopiteka, kakva je bila Lucy.

As you can see, there's not a lot of difference

Kao što vidite, nema baš velike razlike

between the way a Bonobo walks

između načina na koji hoda bonobo

and the way an early australopithecine would have walked.

i načina na koji su hodali rani australopiteci.

As they turn toward us you'll see

Kad se okrenu prema nama, vidjet ćete

that the pelvic area of early australopithecines is a little flatter

da je zdjelica ranih australopiteka nešto plosnatija

and doesn't have to rotate quite so much from side to side.

te se ne mora toliko rotirati s jedne strane na drugu.

So the -- the bipedal gait is a little easier.

Time je dvonožno hodanje olakšano.

And now we see all four.

Sad ih vidimo sve četvero.

Video: Narrator: The wild Bonobo lives in central Africa, in the jungle

Video: Pripovjedačica: Bonobo u divljini živi u središnjoj Africi,

encircled by the Congo River.

u prašumi okruženoj rijekom Kongo.

Canopied trees as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet,

Krošnje drveća visokog i do 40 metara

grow densely in the area.

ovdje su iznimno guste.

It was a Japanese scientist

Jedan japanski znanstvenik prvi je

who first undertook serious field studies of the Bonobo,

krenuo ozbiljno proučavati bonobe na terenu

almost three decades ago.

prije gotovo tri desetljeća.

Bonobos are built slightly smaller than the chimpanzee.

Bonobi su po građi nešto manji od čimpanzi.

Slim-bodied, Bonobos are by nature very gentle creatures.

Imaju vitka tijela i po prirodi su vrlo nježna stvorenja.

Long and careful studies have reported many new findings on them.

Duga i pomna istraživanja otkrila su mnoga nova saznanja o njima.

One discovery was that wild Bonobos often walk bidpedally.

Jedno je otkriće bilo da u divljini bonobi često hodaju dvonožno.

What's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances.

Štoviše, znaju uspravno prelaziti i veće udaljenosti.

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (video): Let's go say hello to Austin first and then go to the A frame.

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (na videu): Pozdravimo prvo Austina, a onda ćemo do A-kuće.

SS: This is Kanzi and I, in the forest.

SSR: Ovo smo Kanzi i ja u šumi.

None of the things you will see in this particular video are trained.

Ništa od onog što ćete vidjeti na ovom filmu nije posebno uvježbano.

None of them are tricks.

Nema trikova.

They all happened to be captured on film spontaneously,

Sve je snimljeno spontano,

by NHK of Japan.

a snimio je japanski NHK.

We have eight Bonobos.

Imamo osam bonoba.

Video: Look at all this stuff that's here for our campfire.

Video: Pogledaj sve ove stvari za našu logorsku vatru.

SS: An entire family at our research centre.

SSR: Cijela obitelj u našem istraživačkom centru.

Video: You going to help get some sticks?

Video: Pomogneš mi skupiti pruće?

Good.

Ma bravo.

We need more sticks, too.

Trebamo još pruća.

I have a lighter in my pocket if you need one.

U džepu imam upaljač ako ti zatreba.

That's a wasps' nest.

To je osinje gnijezdo.

You can get it out.

Možeš ga izvaditi.

I hope I have a lighter.

Nadam se da imam upaljač.

You can use the lighter to start the fire.

Možeš upaljačem zapaliti vatru.

SS: So Kanzi is very interested in fire.

SSR: Kanzija jako zanima vatra.

He doesn't do it yet without a lighter,

Još je ne uspijeva zapaliti bez upaljača,

but I think if he saw someone do it, he might be able to do --

ali kad bi vidio nekoga kako to radi, mislim da bi mogao

make a fire without a lighter.

zapaliti vatru bez upaljača.

He's learning about how to keep a fire going.

Uči kako se vatra održava.

He's learning the uses for a fire,

Uči čemu vatra služi,

just by watching what we do with fire.

jednostavno gledajući što mi radimo s vatrom

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

This is a smile on the face of a Bonobo.

Ovo je osmijeh na licu bonoba.

These are happy vocalizations.

Ove vokalizacije izraz su sreće.

Video: You're happy.

Video: Veseo si.

You're very happy about this part.

Jako te veseli ovaj dio.

You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water?

Trebaš vatru politi vodom. Vidiš vodu?

Good job.

Ma bravo.

SS: Forgot to zip up the back half of his backpack.

SSR: Zaboravio je zakopčati stražnji dio ruksaka.

But he likes to carry things from place to place.

Ali voli prenositi stvari s jednog mjesta na drugo.

Video: Austin, I hear you saying "Austin."

Video: Austin, čujem kako kažeš „Austin“.

SS: He talks to other Bonobos at the lab, long-distance,

Priča s drugim bonobima u labosu, na daljinu,

farther than we can hear.

dalje nego mi možemo čuti.

This is his sister.

Ovo mu je sestra.

This is her first time to try to drive a golf cart.

Ovo joj je prvi put da pokušava voziti auto za golf.

Video: Goodbye.

Video: Do viđenja!

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

SS: She's got the pedals down, but not the wheel.

SSR: Shvatila je pedale, ali ne i volan.

She switches from reverse to forward

Mijenja brzine unatrag i prema naprijed,

and she holds onto the wheel, rather than turns it.

a volan samo drži, ne okreće ga.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Like us, she knows that that individual in the mirror is her.

Poput nas, zna da je odraz u ogledalu njen.

(Music)

(Glazba)

Video: Narrator: By raising Bonobos in a culture that is both Bonobo and human,

Video: Pripovjedačica: Odgajanjem bonoba u okružju koje je i bonobovsko i ljudsko,

and documenting their development across two decades,

i dokumentiranjem njihovog razvoja tijekom dvadeset godina,

scientists are exploring how cultural forces

znanstvenici istražuju na koji je način moć kulture

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

may have operated during human evolution.

djelovala tijekom evolucije čovjeka.

His name is Nyota.

Ime mu je Nyota.

It means "star" in Swahili.

To na svahiliju znači 'zvijezda'.

(Music)

(Glazba)

Panbanisha is trying to give Nyota a haircut with a pair of scissors.

Panbanisha pokušava škarama ošišati Nyotu.

In the wild, the parent Bonobo is known to groom its offspring.

Poznato je da bonobi u divljini timare svoje mladunce.

Here Panbanisha uses scissors, instead of her hands,

Ovdje se Panbanisha koristi škarama umjesto rukama

to groom Nyota.

dok timari Nyotu.

Very impressive.

Zaista dojmljivo.

Subtle maneuvering of the hands is required

Za delikatne zadatke poput ovog

to perform delicate tasks like this.

potrebni su rafinirani pokreti rukama.

Nyota tries to imitate Panbanisha by using the scissors himself.

Nyota pokušava oponašati Panbanishu i sam koristeći škare.

Realizing that Nyota might get hurt,

Shvativši da bi se mogao ozlijediti,

Panbanisha, like any human mother,

Panbanisha, poput svake ljudske majke,

carefully tugs to get the scissors back.

pažljivo vuče ne bi li uzela škare natrag.

He can now cut through tough animal hide.

Sad može prorezati kroz tvrdu životinjsku kožu.

SS: Kanzi's learned to make stone tools.

SSR: Kanzi je naučio izrađivati kameno oruđe.

Video: Kanzi now makes his tools,

Video: Kanzi sada sam izrađuje oruđe,

just as our ancestors may have made them,

kao što su ga možda izrađivali naši preci

two-and-a-half million years ago --

prije dva i pol milijuna godina,

by holding the rocks in both hands, to strike one against the other.

držeći komade kamena objema rukama i udarajući ih jedan o drugi.

He has learned that by using both hands

Naučio je da, ako koristi obje ruke

and aiming his glancing blows,

i pažljivo nacilja

he can make much larger, sharper flakes.

može napraviti veće, oštrije krhotine.

Kanzi chooses a flake he thinks is sharp enough.

Kanzi odabire krhotinu za koju smatra da je dovoljno oštra.

The tough hide is difficult to cut, even with a knife.

Čvrstu kožu teško je rezati, čak i nožem.

The rock that Kanzi is using is extremely hard

Kamen koji Kanzi koristi iznimno je tvrd,

and ideal for stone tool making, but difficult to handle,

idealan za izradu kamenog oruđa, ali i težak za korištenje

requiring great skill.

jer zahtijeva veliko umijeće.

Kanzi's rock is from Gona, Ethiopia

Kanzijev kamen dolazi iz nalazišta Gona u Etiopiji

and is identical to that used by our African ancestors

i identičan je onima koje su koristili naši afrički preci

two-and-a-half million years ago.

prije dva i pol milijuna godina.

These are the rocks Kanzi used

Ovo je kamenje Kanzi koristio,

and these are the flakes he made.

a ovo su krhotine koje je napravio.

The flat sharp edges are like knife blades.

Plosnati su bridovi oštri poput oštrice noža.

Compare them to the tools our ancestors used;

Usporedite ih s kamenim oruđem naših predaka;

they bear a striking resemblance to Kanzi's.

upadljivo su slični Kanzijevima.

Panbanisha is longing to go for a walk in the woods.

Panbanisha žudi za šetnjom šumom.

She keeps staring out the window.

Stalno gleda kroz prozor.

SS: This is -- let me show you something we didn't think they would do.

SSR: Ovo je – pokazat ću vam nešto što nismo očekivali od njih.

Video: For several days now, Panbanisha has not been outside.

Video: Već nekoliko dana Panbanisha nije bila vani.

SS: I normally talk about language.

SSR: Obično govorim o jeziku.

Video: Then Panbanisha does something unexpected.

Video: Tada je Panbanisha učinila nešto neočekivano.

SS: But since I'm advised not to do what I normally do,

SSR: No, kako su me savjetovali da ne radim što radim inače,

I haven't told you that these apes have language.

nisam vam rekla da ovi čovjekoliki majmuni imaju jezik.

It's a geometric language.

Taj jezik je geometrijski.

Video: She takes a piece of chalk

Video: Ona uzima komad krede

and begins writing something on the floor.

i počinje nešto pisati na podu.

What is she writing?

Što to ona piše?

SS: She's also saying the name of that, with her voice.

SSR: Ona izgovara i ime toga, svojim glasom.

Video: Now she comes up to Dr. Sue and starts writing again.

Video: Prišavši doktorici Sue, ona ponovo počinje pisati.

SS: These are her symbols on her keyboard.

SSR: Ovo je njeno znakovlje na tipkovnici koju koristi.

(Music)

(Glazba)

They speak when she touches them.

Pritiskom na tipku izgovara se riječ.

Video: Panbanisha is communicating to Dr. Sue where she wants to go.

Video: Panbanisha govori dr. Sue kamo želi ići.

"A frame" represents a hut in the woods.

Tipka „A-kuća“ predstavlja kolibu u šumi.

Compare the chalk writing with the lexigram on the keyboard.

Usporedite crtež kredom s leksigramom na tipkovnici.

Panbanisha began writing the lexigrams on the forest floor.

Panbanisha je počela crtati leksigrame na zemlji u šumi.

SS (video): Very nice. Beautiful, Panbanisha.

SSR (video): Prekrasno, vrlo lijepo, Panbanisha.

SS: At first we didn't really realize what she was doing,

SSR: Isprva nismo shvaćali što radi,

until we stood back and looked at it and rotated it.

dok se nismo odmaknuli, dobro ih pogledali i zarotirali.

Video: This lexigram also refers to a place in the woods.

Video: Ovaj leksigram također predstavlja jedno mjesto u šumi.

The curved line is very similar to the lexigram.

Zaobljena linija vrlo je slična leksigramu.

The next symbol Panbanisha writes represents "collar."

Sljedeći simbol koji Panbanisha crta predstavlja „ogrlicu“.

It indicates the collar that Panbanisha must wear when she goes out.

Upućuje na ogrlicu koju Panbanisha mora nositi kad izlazi.

SS: That's an institutional requirement.

SSR: To je pravilo koje propisuje institucija.

Video: This symbol is not as clear as the others,

Video: Ovaj simbol nije jasan poput ostalih,

but one can see Panbanisha is trying to produce a curved line

no ipak se može vidjeti kako Panbanisha pokušava napraviti zaobljenu crtu

and several straight lines.

i nekoliko ravnih.

Researchers began to record what Panbanisha said,

Istraživači su počeli bilježiti što Panbanisha govori

by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk.

tako što su kredom crtali leksigrame po podu.

Panbanisha watched.

Panbanisha ih je promatrala.

Soon she began to write as well.

Uskoro je i ona počela pisati.

The Bonobo's abilities have stunned scientists around the world.

Vještine bonoba zaprepastile su znanstvenike širom svijeta.

How did they develop?

Kako su se one razvile?

SS (video): We found that the most important thing

SSR (video): Otkrili smo da je najvažnija stvar

for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is not to teach them.

koja omogućuje bonobima učenje jezika - ne učiti ih.

It's simply to use language around them,

Jednostavno treba razgovarati u njihovoj blizini,

because the driving force in language acquisition

jer je najbolja motivacija za učenje jezika

is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you.

razumijevanje onoga što ti drugi, oni važni tebi, govore.

Once you have that capacity,

Jednom kad imate tu sposobnost,

the ability to produce language

vještina stvaranja jezika

comes rather naturally and rather freely.

dolazi sasvim prirodno i prilično slobodno.

So we want to create an environment in which Bonobos,

Stoga želimo napraviti okruženje u kojem bonobi,

like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting --

poput svih pojedinaca s kojima komuniciraju –

we want to create an environment in which they have fun,

želimo stvoriti sredinu u kojoj im je zabavno

and an environment in which the others

i takvu sredinu u kojoj su im važni

are meaningful individuals for them.

svi ljudi koje susreću.

Narrator: This environment brings out unexpected potential

Pripovjedačica: Ovakva sredina istaknula je neočekivan potencijal

in Kanzi and Panbanisha.

kod Kanzija i Panbanishe.

Panbanisha is enjoying playing her harmonica,

Panbanisha uživa svirajući svoju usnu harmoniku

until Nyota, now one year old, steals it.

sve dok je Nyota, sada jednogodišnjak, ne ukrade.

Then he peers eagerly into his mother's mouth.

Potom viri pun očekivanja u majčina usta.

Is he looking for where the sound came from?

Traži li on odakle to dolaze zvukovi?

Dr. Sue thinks it's important to allow such curiosity to flourish.

Dr. Sue smatra da je važno podržavati takvu znatiželju.

This time Panbanisha is playing the electric piano.

Ovaj put Panbanisha svira na električnom klaviru.

She wasn't forced to learn the piano;

Nije bila prisiljena naučiti svirati,

she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest.

već je vidjela istraživačicu kako svira i tako se zainteresirala.

Researcher: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening.

Istraživačica: Samo daj. Samo naprijed. Slušam te.

Do that real fast part that you did. Yeah, that part.

Odsviraj onako vrlo brzo kako si prije. Da, tako!

Narrator: Kanzi plays the xylophone;

Pripovjedačica: Kanzi svira ksilofon;

using both hands he enthusiastically accompanies Dr. Sue's singing.

koristeći se objema rukama entuzijastično prati pjevanje dr. Sue.

Kanzi and Panbanisha

Kanzija i Panbanishu

are stimulated by this fun-filled environment,

ovakva sredina s mnogo zabave stimulira

which promotes the emergence of these cultural capabilities.

te potiče razvoj ovakvih kulturoloških sposobnosti.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Researcher: OK, now get the monsters. Get them.

Istraživačica: OK, sad uhvati čudovišta! Drž' ih!

Take the cherries too.

Pojedi i trešnje.

Now watch out, stay away from them now.

Pazi, sad se drži podalje od njih.

Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them.

Sad ih možeš ponovno loviti. Vrijeme je za lov.

Now you have to stay away. Get away.

Sad ih se moraš kloniti. Bježi!

Run away. Run.

Bježi! Trči!

Now we can chase them again. Go get them.

Opet ih možemo ganjati. Drž' ih!

Oh no!

Oh jooooj!

Good Kanzi. Very good. Thank you so much.

Bravo, Kanzi. Jako dobro. Hvala ti puno!

Narrator: None of us, Bonobo or human, can possibly even imagine?

Pripovjedačica: ...nitko od nas, bio bonobo ili čovjek, ne može ni zamisliti?

SS: So we have a bi-species environment, we call it a "panhomoculture."

SSR: I tako imamo sredinu u kojoj žive dvije vrste, zovemo ju „panhomokultura“.

We're learning how to become like them.

Učimo kako možemo postati poput njih.

We're learning how to communicate with them,

Učimo kako komunicirati s njima,

in really high-pitched tones.

tim visokim tonovima.

We're learning that they probably have a language in the wild.

Učimo da vjerojatno u divljini imaju jezik.

And they're learning to become like us.

A oni uče biti poput nas.

Because we believe that it's not biology; it's culture.

Jer mi vjerujemo da to nije stvar biologije, već kulture.

So we're sharing tools and technology and language

Mi dijelimo oruđe, tehnologiju i jezik

with another species.

s drugom vrstom.

Thank you.

Hvala vam!