Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: The gentle genius of bonobos

Translator: Marko Lepik Reviewer: Jaan Paaver

I work with a species called "Bonobo."

Ma töötan loomaliigiga, keda kutsutakse bonobodeks.

And I'm happy most of the time,

Ja enamuse ajast olen ma õnnelik,

because I think this is the happiest species on the planet.

sest usun, et nad on meie planeedi kõige õnnelikum liik.

It's kind of a well-kept secret.

See on omamoodi hästihoitud saladus.

This species lives only in the Congo.

Antud liik elab ainult Kongos.

And they're not in too many zoos, because of their sexual behavior.

Ja neid ei leia kuigi paljudest loomaaedadest - tänu nende seksuaalkäitumisele.

Their sexual behavior is too human-like

Nende seksuaalkäitumine on liiga sarnane inimestega,

for most of us to be comfortable with.

et enamik meist end mugavalt tunda saaks.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

But --

Aga...

(Laughter)

(Naer)

actually, we have a lot to learn from them, because they're a very

tegelikult on meil neilt palju õppida, sest nende ühiskond on

egalitarian society and they're a very empathetic society.

tugevalt võrdsusele keskendunud ja väga empaatiline.

And sexual behavior is not confined to one aspect of their life

Ja seksuaalkäitumine ei ole piiritletud vaid ühe aspektina nende elust,

that they sort of set aside.

millele nad justkui eraldi keskenduksid.

It permeates their entire life.

See läbib kogu nende elu.

And it's used for communication.

Seda kasutatakse nii suhtlemiseks.

And it's used for conflict resolution.

kui ka konfliktide lahendamiseks.

And I think perhaps somewhere in our history we sort of,

Ja ma arvan, et kunagi oma ajaloos jagasime me

divided our lives up into lots of parts.

oma elud paljudeks osadeks.

We divided our world up with lots of categories.

Me jagasime oma maailma paljudesse kategooriatesse.

And so everything sort of has a place that it has to fit.

Pärast mida on kõigel justkui kindel koht, kuhu peab sobima.

But I don't think that we were that way initially.

Aga ma ei usu, et me algselt nii loodud olime.

There are many people who think that the animal world is hard-wired

Paljud inimesed arvavad, et loomade maailm on masinlik

and that there's something very, very special about man.

ja et inimeses on midagi väga-väga erilist.

Maybe it's his ability to have causal thought.

Ehk on see tema võime põhjuslikult mõelda.

Maybe it's something special in his brain

Ehk on see midagi erilist tema ajus,

that allows him to have language.

mis võimaldab kasutada keelt.

Maybe it's something special in his brain

Ehk on see midagi erilist tema ajus,

that allows him to make tools or to have mathematics.

mis võimaldab tal tööriistu valmistada või arvutada.

Well, I don't know. There were Tasmanians who were discovered

Ma ei tea, tasmaanlased, kes avastati

around the 1600s and they had no fire.

1600. aastate paiku, ei tundnud tuld.

They had no stone tools.

Nad ei tundnud kivist riistu.

To our knowledge they had no music.

Meile teadaolevalt ei olnud neil muusikat.

So when you compare them to the Bonobo,

Nii et kui võrdleme neid bonobodega,

the Bonobo is a little hairier.

siis bonobo on veidi karvasem.

He doesn't stand quite as upright.

Ta ei seisa päris sama sirgelt püsti.

But there are a lot of similarities.

Kuid leidub palju sarnasusi.

And I think that as we look at culture,

Ja ma usun, et vaadates kultuuri,

we kind of come to understand

me justkui mõistame,

how we got to where we are.

kuidas jõudsime sinna, kus me oleme.

And I don't really think it's in our biology;

Ja ma tõesti ei usu, et see tuleb meie bioloogiast.

I think we've attributed it to our biology,

Ma usun, et me oleme selle oma ehitusele omistanud,

but I don't really think it's there.

kuid ma ei usu tegelikult, et see sealt pärineb.

So what I want to do now is introduce you

Nii et nüüd soovingi ma teile tutvustada

to a species called the Bonobo.

liiki nimega bonobo.

This is Kanzi.

See on Kanzi.

He's a Bonobo.

Ta on bonobo.

Right now, he's in a forest in Georgia.

Hetkel asub ta ühes Georgia osariigi metsas.

His mother originally came from a forest in Africa.

Tema ema on algselt pärit ühest metsast Aafrikas.

And she came to us when she was just at puberty,

Ja ta tuli meie juurde, kui ta oli... napilt teismeline,

about six or seven years of age.

umbes kuue või seitsme aastane.

Now this shows a Bonobo on your right,

Siin näeme bonobot paremal

and a chimpanzee on your left.

ja šimpansi vasakul.

Clearly, the chimpanzee has a little bit harder time of walking.

Ilmselgelt, šimpansile on kõndimine veidi raskem.

The Bonobo, although shorter than us and their arms still longer,

Bonobo, kuigi meist lühem ja endiselt pikemate käsivartega,

is more upright, just as we are.

on püstisem, just nagu meie.

This shows the Bonobo compared to an australopithecine like Lucy.

Siin näeme bonobot võrrelduna sellise australopiteekusega nagu Lucy.

As you can see, there's not a lot of difference

Nagu näete ei ole erinevus

between the way a Bonobo walks

bonobo kõndimisviisi

and the way an early australopithecine would have walked.

ja australopiteekuse oletatava kõndimisviisi vahel suur.

As they turn toward us you'll see

Kui nad meie suunas pööravad, näete, et

that the pelvic area of early australopithecines is a little flatter

et varajaste australopiteekuste puusapiirkond on veidi lamedam

and doesn't have to rotate quite so much from side to side.

ja see ei pea eriti palju küljelt küljele pöörama.

So the -- the bipedal gait is a little easier.

Nii et kõnnak, püstkõnnak on veidi lihtsam.

And now we see all four.

Ja nüüd näeme kõiki nelja.

Video: Narrator: The wild Bonobo lives in central Africa, in the jungle

Video: Metsik bonobo elab Kesk-Aafrikas, Kongo jõega

encircled by the Congo River.

piiratud džunglis.

Canopied trees as tall as 40 meters, 130 feet,

Tiheda ladvastikuga kuni 40 meetri, 130 jala, kõrgused puud

grow densely in the area.

kasvavad piirkonnas tihedalt.

It was a Japanese scientist

Esimesena asus bonobot

who first undertook serious field studies of the Bonobo,

tõsisemalt looduses uurima üks jaapani teadlane

almost three decades ago.

pea kolm aastakümmet tagasi.

Bonobos are built slightly smaller than the chimpanzee.

Bonobod on kehalt veidi väiksemad kui šimpansid.

Slim-bodied, Bonobos are by nature very gentle creatures.

Kõhna kehaga bonobod on loomult väga õrnad olendid.

Long and careful studies have reported many new findings on them.

Pikad ja hoolikad uuringud on avastanud nende kohta mitmeid uusi fakte.

One discovery was that wild Bonobos often walk bidpedally.

Üheks avastuseks oli, et metsikud bonobod kõnnivad tihti kahel jalal.

What's more, they are able to walk upright for long distances.

Enamgi veel, nad suudavad püstiasendis läbida pikki vahemaid.

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh (video): Let's go say hello to Austin first and then go to the A frame.

Lähme ütleme kõigepealt Austinile tere ja siis lähme onni juurde.

SS: This is Kanzi and I, in the forest.

Susan Savage-Rumbaugh: Need oleme Kanzi ja mina, metsas.

None of the things you will see in this particular video are trained.

Mitte miski, mida selles videos näete, ei ole treenitud.

None of them are tricks.

Miski nähtust ei ole trikk.

They all happened to be captured on film spontaneously,

Kõik nähtu on filmile salvestatud juhuslikult

by NHK of Japan.

Jaapani NHK televisiooni poolt.

We have eight Bonobos.

Meil on kaheksa bonobot.

Video: Look at all this stuff that's here for our campfire.

Video: Vaata kogu seda kraami, mis meil siin lõkke jaoks on.

SS: An entire family at our research centre.

SS: Meie uurimiskeskuses on terve perekond.

Video: You going to help get some sticks?

Video: Kas aitad veidi oksi koguda?

Good.

Hästi.

We need more sticks, too.

Meil on rohkem oksi ka vaja.

I have a lighter in my pocket if you need one.

Mu taskus on välgumihkel, kui sul seda vaja on.

That's a wasps' nest.

See on herilasepesa.

You can get it out.

Sa võid selle välja võtta.

I hope I have a lighter.

Ma loodan, et mul on välgumihkel.

You can use the lighter to start the fire.

Võid tuletegemiseks välgumihklit kasutada.

SS: So Kanzi is very interested in fire.

SS: Näete, Kanzi on tulest väga huvitatud.

He doesn't do it yet without a lighter,

Ta ei suuda seda veel süütada, ilma välgumihklita,

but I think if he saw someone do it, he might be able to do --

aga ma usun, et kui ta näeks kedagi seda tegemas, suudaks ta seda,

make a fire without a lighter.

ta suudaks ilma välgumihklita lõkke süütada.

He's learning about how to keep a fire going.

Ta õpib, kuidas lõket elus hoida.

He's learning the uses for a fire,

Ta õpib tule kasutamist,

just by watching what we do with fire.

lihtsalt jälgides, mida meie tulega teeme.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

This is a smile on the face of a Bonobo.

See on bonobo naeratus.

These are happy vocalizations.

Need on rõõmuhäälitsused.

Video: You're happy.

Video: Sa oled rõõmus.

You're very happy about this part.

Sa oled selle üle väga õnnelik.

You've got to put some water on the fire. You see the water?

Sul tuleb lõkkele vett valada. Kas sa näed vett?

Good job.

Tubli.

SS: Forgot to zip up the back half of his backpack.

SS: Ta unustas oma seljakoti tagumise luku kinni tõmmata.

But he likes to carry things from place to place.

Kuid talle meeldib asju ühest kohast teise kanda.

Video: Austin, I hear you saying "Austin."

Video: Austin, ma kuulen sind ütlemas "Austin".

SS: He talks to other Bonobos at the lab, long-distance,

SS: Ta räägib teiste keskuse bonobodega, üle pikkade vahemaade,

farther than we can hear.

mis ulatuvad meie kuulmisest kaugemale.

This is his sister.

See on ta õde.

This is her first time to try to drive a golf cart.

See on tal esimene kord proovida golfikäru juhtimist.

Video: Goodbye.

Video: Nägemist.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

SS: She's got the pedals down, but not the wheel.

SS: Tal on pedaalid selged, kuid mitte rool.

She switches from reverse to forward

Ta paneb tagasi- asemel edasikäigu

and she holds onto the wheel, rather than turns it.

ja hoiab roolist kinni, selle keeramise asemel.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

Like us, she knows that that individual in the mirror is her.

Nagu meiegi, teab ta, et isik peeglis on tema.

(Music)

(Muusika)

Video: Narrator: By raising Bonobos in a culture that is both Bonobo and human,

Video: Kasvatades bonobosid kultuuris, mis ühendab bonobot ja inimest,

and documenting their development across two decades,

ja kaardistades nende arengut läbi kahe aastakümne,

scientists are exploring how cultural forces

avastavad teadlased, kuidas kultuurimõjud

(Laughter)

(Naer)

may have operated during human evolution.

võisid inimarengu vältel toimida.

His name is Nyota.

Tema nimi on Nyota.

It means "star" in Swahili.

Suahiili keeles tähendab see tähte.

(Music)

(Muusika)

Panbanisha is trying to give Nyota a haircut with a pair of scissors.

Panbanisha püüab kääridega Nyotale soengut teha.

In the wild, the parent Bonobo is known to groom its offspring.

On teada, et looduses hooldavad bonobo vanemad oma järglaste karvu.

Here Panbanisha uses scissors, instead of her hands,

Siin kasutab Panbanisha oma käte asemel Nyotale

to groom Nyota.

soengu tegemiseks kääre.

Very impressive.

Väga muljetavaldav.

Subtle maneuvering of the hands is required

Selliste peenete ülesannete jaoks

to perform delicate tasks like this.

on vaja käte täpseid liigutusi.

Nyota tries to imitate Panbanisha by using the scissors himself.

Nyota püüab Panbanishat imiteerida, kasutades kääre ise.

Realizing that Nyota might get hurt,

Mõistes, et Nyota võib haiget saada,

Panbanisha, like any human mother,

sikutab Panbanisha nagu iga inimemagi

carefully tugs to get the scissors back.

kääre, et need tagasi saada.

He can now cut through tough animal hide.

Ta suudab lõigata läbi paksu loomanaha.

SS: Kanzi's learned to make stone tools.

SS: Kanzi on õppinud valmistama kivist tööriistu.

Video: Kanzi now makes his tools,

Video: Kanzi valmistab endale tööriistu

just as our ancestors may have made them,

nagu meie eelkäijadki kaks ja pool miljonit

two-and-a-half million years ago --

aastat tagasi neid teha võisid:

by holding the rocks in both hands, to strike one against the other.

hoides kive kummaski käes, et ühega teist lüüa.

He has learned that by using both hands

Ta on õppinud, et mõlemat kätt kasutades

and aiming his glancing blows,

ja oma lööke täpselt sihtides,

he can make much larger, sharper flakes.

suudab ta luua palju suuremaid, teravamaid kilde.

Kanzi chooses a flake he thinks is sharp enough.

Kanzi valib killu, mis tundub talle piisavalt terav.

The tough hide is difficult to cut, even with a knife.

Paksu nahka on isegi noaga raske lõigata.

The rock that Kanzi is using is extremely hard

Kivi, mida Kanzi kasutab on erakordselt kõva

and ideal for stone tool making, but difficult to handle,

ja ideaalne tööriistade valmistamiseks, kuid raske käsitseda,

requiring great skill.

nõudes arenenud oskusi.

Kanzi's rock is from Gona, Ethiopia

Kanzi kivi on pärit Gonast, Etioopiast

and is identical to that used by our African ancestors

ja identne sellega, mida kasutasid meie Aafrika eelkäijad

two-and-a-half million years ago.

kahe ja poole miljoni aasta eest.

These are the rocks Kanzi used

Need on kivid, mida Kanzi kasutas

and these are the flakes he made.

ja need on killud, mille ta valmistas.

The flat sharp edges are like knife blades.

Lamedad teravad ääred sarnanevad noateradega.

Compare them to the tools our ancestors used;

Võrrelge neid riistadega, mida kasutasid meie esivanemad.

they bear a striking resemblance to Kanzi's.

Need on hämmastavalt sarnased Kanzi omadega.

Panbanisha is longing to go for a walk in the woods.

Panbanisha tahab väga metsa jalutama minna.

She keeps staring out the window.

Ta vaatab järjekindlalt aknast välja.

SS: This is -- let me show you something we didn't think they would do.

SS: See on... las ma näitan teile midagi, mida me ei arvanud neid tegevat.

Video: For several days now, Panbanisha has not been outside.

Video: "Nüüd juba mitu päeva ei ole Panbanisha välja saanud."

SS: I normally talk about language.

SS: Tavaliselt räägin ma keelest.

Video: Then Panbanisha does something unexpected.

Video: "Siis teeb Panbanisha midagi ootamatut."

SS: But since I'm advised not to do what I normally do,

SS: Kuna aga mul soovitati mitte teha seda, mida ma tavaliselt teen,

I haven't told you that these apes have language.

siis ei ole ma teile öelnud, et neil ahvidel on keel.

It's a geometric language.

See on geomeetriline keel.

Video: She takes a piece of chalk

Video: Ta võtab kriiditüki

and begins writing something on the floor.

ja asub midagi põrandale kirjutama.

What is she writing?

Mida ta kirjutab?

SS: She's also saying the name of that, with her voice.

SS: Ta ütleb ka selle asja nime, oma häälega.

Video: Now she comes up to Dr. Sue and starts writing again.

Video: "Nüüd tuleb ta Dr. Sue juurde ja hakkab uuesti kirjutama."

SS: These are her symbols on her keyboard.

SS: Need on tema sümbolid tema klaviatuuril.

(Music)

(Muusika)

They speak when she touches them.

Need teevad häält, kui ta neid puudutab.

Video: Panbanisha is communicating to Dr. Sue where she wants to go.

Video: Panbanisha annab Dr. Suele teada, kuhu ta minna soovib.

"A frame" represents a hut in the woods.

"A-raam" tähistab onni metsas.

Compare the chalk writing with the lexigram on the keyboard.

Võrrelge kriidijoonistust leksigrammiga klaviatuuril.

Panbanisha began writing the lexigrams on the forest floor.

Panbanisha hakkas metsas leksigramme maapinnale kirjutama.

SS (video): Very nice. Beautiful, Panbanisha.

Väga hea. Ilus, Panbanisha.

SS: At first we didn't really realize what she was doing,

SS: Esialgu ei saanud me aru, mida ta teeb,

until we stood back and looked at it and rotated it.

kuni me veidi eemaldusime, seda vaatasime ja pöörasime.

Video: This lexigram also refers to a place in the woods.

Video: See leksigramm viitab ühtlasi ühele paigale metsas.

The curved line is very similar to the lexigram.

See kaarjas joon on leksigrammiga väga sarnane.

The next symbol Panbanisha writes represents "collar."

Järgmine sümbol, mille Panbanisha kirjutab, tähistab kaelarihma.

It indicates the collar that Panbanisha must wear when she goes out.

See osutab kaelarihmale, mida Panbanisha peab välja minnes kandma.

SS: That's an institutional requirement.

SS: See on ametkondlik nõue.

Video: This symbol is not as clear as the others,

Video: See sümbol ei ole nii selge kui teised,

but one can see Panbanisha is trying to produce a curved line

kuid selgelt on näha, et Panbanisha püüab joonistada üht kaardus joont

and several straight lines.

ja mitut sirget joont.

Researchers began to record what Panbanisha said,

Uurijad hakkasid üles tähendama, mida Panbanisha

by writing lexigrams on the floor with chalk.

kriidiga põrandale leksigramme kirjutades ütles.

Panbanisha watched.

Panbanisha vaatas.

Soon she began to write as well.

Varsti hakkas ka tema kirjutama.

The Bonobo's abilities have stunned scientists around the world.

Bonobode võimed on jahmatanud teadlasi üle maailma.

How did they develop?

Kuidas need arenesid?

SS (video): We found that the most important thing

SS: Me leidsime, et tähtsaim bonobode

for permitting Bonobos to acquire language is not to teach them.

keele õppimise võimaldamiseks on neid mitte õpetada.

It's simply to use language around them,

Keelt tuleb nende seltskonnas lihtsalt kasutada,

because the driving force in language acquisition

sest keeleomandamise vedavaks jõuks

is to understand what others, that are important to you, are saying to you.

on mõistmine, mida teised, kes on sulle tähtsad, sulle ütlevad.

Once you have that capacity,

Kui sul on see võime käes,

the ability to produce language

tuleb oskus keelt luua

comes rather naturally and rather freely.

üsna loomulikult ja üsna vabalt.

So we want to create an environment in which Bonobos,

Seega tahame me luua keskkonna, kus bonobodele

like all of the individuals with whom they are interacting --

meeldivad kõik isikud, kellega nad suhtlevad.

we want to create an environment in which they have fun,

Me soovime luua keskkonna, kus neil on lõbus

and an environment in which the others

ja keskkonna, kus teised on

are meaningful individuals for them.

nende jaoks olulised isikud.

Narrator: This environment brings out unexpected potential

Selline keskkond toob Kanzis ja Panbanishas

in Kanzi and Panbanisha.

esile ootamatu potentsiaali.

Panbanisha is enjoying playing her harmonica,

Panbanisha naudib suupilli mängimist,

until Nyota, now one year old, steals it.

kuni nüüdseks ühe aasta vanune Nyota selle varastab.

Then he peers eagerly into his mother's mouth.

Siis vaatab ta pinevalt oma ema suhu.

Is he looking for where the sound came from?

Kas ta vaatab, kust see heli tuli?

Dr. Sue thinks it's important to allow such curiosity to flourish.

Dr. Sue arvab, et on tähtis lubada taolisel uudishimul vabalt väljenduda.

This time Panbanisha is playing the electric piano.

Nüüd mängib Panbanisha elektriklaverit.

She wasn't forced to learn the piano;

Teda ei sunnitud klaverit õppima,

she saw a researcher play the instrument and took an interest.

ta nägi üht uurijat pilli mängimas ja tundis selle vastu huvi.

Researcher: Go ahead. Go ahead. I'm listening.

Mängi. Mängi. Ma kuulan.

Do that real fast part that you did. Yeah, that part.

Mängi seda hästi kiiret osa, mida sa enne mängisid. Just, seda osa.

Narrator: Kanzi plays the xylophone;

Kanzi mängib ksülofoni.

using both hands he enthusiastically accompanies Dr. Sue's singing.

Kasutades mõlemat kätt, saadab ta innukalt Dr. Sue laulu.

Kanzi and Panbanisha

See lõbus keskkond,

are stimulated by this fun-filled environment,

mis toetab nende kultuuriliste võimete esiletulekut,

which promotes the emergence of these cultural capabilities.

stimuleerib Kanzit ja Panbanishat.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

Researcher: OK, now get the monsters. Get them.

Okei, nüüd püüa kollid kinni. Püüa kinni.

Take the cherries too.

Võta kirsid ka.

Now watch out, stay away from them now.

Vaata nüüd ette, hoia neist nüüd eemale.

Now you can chase them again. Time to chase them.

Nüüd võid neid jälle taga ajada. Aja neid taga.

Now you have to stay away. Get away.

Nüüd pead sa eemale hoidma. Põgene ära.

Run away. Run.

Jookse ära. Jookse.

Now we can chase them again. Go get them.

Nüüd võime neid jälle taga ajada. Nabi nad kinni.

Oh no!

Oo ei!

Good Kanzi. Very good. Thank you so much.

Hästi, Kanzi. Väga hästi. Suur suur aitäh sulle.

Narrator: None of us, Bonobo or human, can possibly even imagine?

Kas keegi meist, bonobo või inimene, oskaks seda üldse ette kujutada?

SS: So we have a bi-species environment, we call it a "panhomoculture."

SS: Nii et meil on kaheliigiline keskkond, me kutsume seda panhomokultuuriks.

We're learning how to become like them.

Me õpime, kuidas muutuda nendesarnaseks.

We're learning how to communicate with them,

Õpime, kuidas nendega väga kõrgeid

in really high-pitched tones.

toone kasutades suhelda.

We're learning that they probably have a language in the wild.

Oleme avastamas, et ilmselt on neil looduses oma keel.

And they're learning to become like us.

Ja nemad õpivad muutuma meiesarnasteks.

Because we believe that it's not biology; it's culture.

Sest me usume, et asi ei ole mitte bioloogias, vaid kultuuris.

So we're sharing tools and technology and language

Seega jagame me esemeid ja tehnoloogiaid ja keelt

with another species.

teise liigiga.

Thank you.

Tänan teid.