Cynthia Kenyon: Experiments that hint of longer lives

95,542 views ・ 2011-11-17

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Predrag Djordjevic Lektor: Ana Zivanovic-Nenadovic
00:15
Have you ever wanted to stay young a little longer
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Da li ste ikada poželeli da malo duže budete mladi
00:18
and put off aging?
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i odložite starenje?
00:20
This is a dream of the ages.
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Ovaj san postoji već vekovima.
00:23
But scientists have for a long time
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Naučnici su jako dugo vremena
00:25
thought this just was never going to be possible.
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mislili da je ovo nemoguće.
00:27
They thought you just wear out, there's nothing you can do about it --
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Mislili su da se jednostavno istrošimo i da ne postoji ništa
00:30
kind of like an old shoe.
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što možemo uraditi povodom toga - kao stara cipela.
00:32
But if you look in nature,
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Ali ako pogledate prirodu
00:34
you see that different kinds of animals
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vidite da različite vrste životinja
00:36
can have really different lifespans.
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imaju jako različit životni vek.
00:38
Now these animals are different from one another,
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Ove životinje se razlikuju jedna od druge
00:40
because they have different genes.
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zato što imaju različite gene.
00:42
So that suggests
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Ovo nam ukazuje
00:44
that somewhere in these genes, somewhere in the DNA,
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da su negde u ovim genima, negde u DNK,
00:46
are genes for aging,
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geni starenja,
00:48
genes that allow them to have different lifespans.
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geni koji im dozvoljavaju da imaju različit životni vek.
00:50
So if there are genes like that,
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Pa, ako postoje takvi geni,
00:52
then you can imagine that,
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možemo zamisliti da,
00:54
if you could change one of the genes in an experiment,
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ako bismo mogli da promenimo jedan od gena u eksperimentu,
00:56
an aging gene,
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gen starenja,
00:58
maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan.
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možda bismo mogli da usporimo starenje i produžimo životni vek.
01:01
And if you could do that, then you could find the genes for aging.
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Ako biste mogli da uradite to, onda biste mogli i da nađete gen starenja.
01:04
And if they exist and you can find them,
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A ako oni postoje i vi ih možete naći
01:06
then maybe one could eventually do something about it.
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onda bi eventualno mogli uraditi nešto sa time.
01:09
So we've set out to look for genes that control aging.
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Tako smo započeli potragu za genima koji kontrolišu starenje.
01:12
And we didn't study any of these animals.
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Nismo proučavali nijednu od ovih životinja.
01:15
Instead, we studied a little, tiny, round worm called C. elegans,
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Umesto toga, proučavali smo male, sićušne okrugle gliste, nazvane C. elegans,
01:18
which is just about the size of a comma in a sentence.
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koje su veličine zapete u rečenici.
01:21
And we were really optimistic that we could find something
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Bili smo optimistični da ćemo nešto pronaći
01:24
because there had been a report of a long-lived mutant.
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jer su postojali izveštaji o dugovečnim mutantima.
01:27
So we started to change genes at random,
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Tako smo nasumice počeli da menjamo gene,
01:29
looking for long-lived animals.
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tražeći dugovečne životinje.
01:31
And we were very lucky to find
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Imali smo puno sreće da otkrijemo
01:33
that mutations that damage one single gene called daf-2
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da mutacije koje oštećuju samo gen nazvan daf-2
01:37
doubled the lifespan of the little worm.
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udvostručuju životni vek ovog malog crva.
01:40
So you can see in black, after a month --
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Možete videti u crnoj boji, nakon mesec dana --
01:42
they're very short-lived; that's why we like to study them
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oni žive jako kratko, zato volimo da ih proučavamo
01:44
for studies of aging --
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za studije o starenju --
01:46
in black, after a month, the normal worms are all dead.
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u crnoj boji, nakon jednog meseca, normalni crvi su mrtvi.
01:49
But at that time,
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Ali u to vreme,
01:51
most of the mutant worms are still alive.
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većina glisti-mutanata je bila živa.
01:53
And it isn't until twice as long
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Treba da protekne dva puta više vremena
01:55
that they're all dead.
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da bi svi oni umrli.
01:57
And now I want to show what they actually look like in this movie here.
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Sada bih želela da vam pokažem kako oni zapravo izgledaju u ovom filmu.
02:00
So the first thing you're going to see
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Prva stvar koju ćete videti
02:02
is the normal worm
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je normalan crv,
02:04
when it's about college student age -- a young adult.
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kada je u studentskim godinama -- znači mlada odrasla osoba.
02:07
It's quite a cute little fellow.
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Baš je sladak mališa.
02:10
And next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young.
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Sledeće što ćete videti je dugovečni mutant kada je mlad.
02:13
So this animal is going to live twice as long.
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Ova životinja će živeti dva puta duže.
02:15
Is it miserable? It doesn't seem to be.
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Da li je nesrećan? Svakako ne izgleda tako.
02:17
It's active. You can't tell the difference really.
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Aktivan je. Zapravo ih ne možete razlikovati.
02:20
And they can be completely fertile --
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Oni mogu biti potpuno plodni --
02:22
have the same number of progeny as the normal worms do.
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imaju isti broj potomaka kao i normalne gliste.
02:24
Now get out your handkerchiefs here.
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Sada izvadite vaše maramice.
02:26
You're going to see, in just two weeks,
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Videćete da su za samo dve nedelje
02:28
the normal worms are old.
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normalni crvi već stari.
02:30
You can see the little head moving down at the bottom there.
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Možete videti malu glavu kako se pomera tamo u dnu.
02:33
But everything else is just lying there.
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Ali sve ostalo jednostavno leži.
02:35
The animal's clearly in the nursing home.
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Životinja je očigledno u staračkom domu.
02:37
And if you look at the tissues of the animal, they're starting to deteriorate.
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Ako pogledate tkiva ove životinje, videćete da im se stanje pogoršava.
02:40
You know, even if you've never seen one of these little C. elegans --
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Znate, čak iako nikada niste videli jednog od ovih C. elegansa --
02:42
which probably most of you haven't seen one --
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koje verovatno većina vas nikada nije videla --
02:44
you can tell they're old -- isn't that interesting?
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možete reći da su stari -- zar to nije interesantno?
02:47
So there's something about aging that's kind of universal.
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Dakle, postoji nešto u vezi sa starenjem što je univerzalno.
02:50
And now here is the daf-2 mutant.
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Ovde vidimo daf-2 mutanta.
02:53
One gene is changed out of 20,000, and look at it.
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Promenjen je samo jedan od 20.000 gena i pogledajte ga.
02:55
It's the same age, but it's not in the nursing home;
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Iste je starosti, ali nije u staračkom domu;
02:58
it's going skiing.
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skija se.
03:01
This is what's really cool: it's aging more slowly.
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Ovo je ono što je zapravo sjajno: on sporije stari.
03:04
It takes this worm two days
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Ovoj glisti su neophodna dva dana
03:06
to age as much as the normal worm ages in one day.
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da ostari onoliko koliko normalna glista ostari za jedan dan.
03:08
And when I tell people about this,
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Kada ljudima kažem za ovo,
03:10
they tend to think of maybe an 80 or 90 year-old person
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oni obično pomisle na osobu staru 80 ili 90 godina
03:14
who looks really good for being 90 or 80.
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koja jako dobro izgleda za osobu te starosti.
03:16
But it's really more like this:
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Ali to bi u stvari izgledalo ovako:
03:18
let's say you're a 30 year-old guy -- or in your 30s --
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Recimo da imate trideset godina -- ili da ste možda u vašim tridesetim --
03:21
and you're a bachelor and you're dating people.
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i da ste neženja i da viđate druge ljude.
03:23
And you meet someone you really like, you get to know her.
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Onda upoznate nekoga ko vam se sviđa i želite da je bolje upoznate.
03:26
And you're in a restaurant, and you say, "Well how old are you?"
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I tako ste u restoranu i kažete: "Koliko godina imaš?"
03:29
She says, "I'm 60."
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A ona vam odgovori: "Imam 60 godina."
03:31
That's what it's like. And you would never know.
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To tako izgleda. A vi to nikada ne biste pretpostavili.
03:33
You would never know, until she told you.
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Ne biste znali da vam ona nije rekla.
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:39
Okay.
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U redu.
03:41
So what is the daf-2 gene?
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Pa, šta je to daf-2 gen?
03:43
Well as you know, genes, which are part of the DNA,
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Kao što znate, geni, koji su deo DNK,
03:45
they're instructions to make a protein that does something.
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su instrukcije za pravljenje proteina koji nešto čine.
03:48
And the daf-2 gene
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A daf-2 gen
03:50
encodes a hormone receptor.
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šifrira receptor hormona.
03:52
So what you see in the picture there
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Ovo što sada možete videti na slici
03:54
is a cell with a hormone receptor in red
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je ćelija sa receptorom hormona prikazanim crvenom bojom
03:56
punching through the edge of the cell.
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koji prodire kroz ćelijski zid.
03:58
So part of it is like a baseball glove.
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Jedan njegov deo je kao bejzbol rukavica.
04:00
Part of it's on the outside,
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To je njegov spoljašnji deo
04:02
and it's catching the hormone as it comes by in green.
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i on hvata hormone, označene zelenom bojom, kako nailaze.
04:04
And the other part is on the inside
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Drugi deo je u unutrašnjosti ćelije
04:06
where it sends signals into the cell.
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i šalje joj signale.
04:08
Okay, so what is the daf-2 receptor
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Dobro, šta gen daf-2
04:10
telling the inside of the cell?
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poručuje unutrašnjosti ćelije?
04:12
I just told you that, if you make a mutation in the daf-2 gene cell,
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Već sam vam rekla da, ako napravite mutaciju na daf-2 genu,
04:15
that you get a receptor that doesn't work as well;
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da dobijete receptor koji ne radi kako treba;
04:17
the animal lives longer.
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životinja živi duže.
04:19
So that means that the normal function of this hormone receptor
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To znači da je uobičajena funkcija ovog receptora hormona
04:22
is to speed up aging.
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da ubrza starenje.
04:24
That's what that arrow means.
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To ta strelica označava.
04:26
It speeds up aging. It makes it go faster.
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Ubrzava starenje. Čini ga ubrzanim.
04:28
So it's like the animal has the grim reaper inside of itself,
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To je kao da životinja nosi smrt u sebi,
04:30
speeding up aging.
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koja ubrzava starenje.
04:32
So this is altogether really, really interesting.
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Ovo je u celosti veoma, veoma interesantno.
04:35
It says that aging is subject to control by the genes,
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Govori nam da je starenje pod uticajem gena
04:38
and specifically by hormones.
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i pogotovo hormona.
04:41
So what kind of hormones are these?
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Pa kakvi su to hormoni?
04:43
There's lots of hormones. There's testosterone, adrenalin.
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Postoji mnoštvo hormona. Postoji testosteron, adrenalin.
04:45
You know about a lot of them.
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Znate puno njih.
04:47
These hormones are similar
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Ovi hormoni su slični
04:49
to hormones that we have in our bodies.
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hormonima koji su u našim telima.
04:51
The daf-2 hormone receptor
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Receptor za daf-2 hormon
04:53
is very similar to the receptor
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veoma je sličan receptoru
04:55
for the hormone insulin and IGF-1.
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za hormon insulina i IGF-1.
04:58
Now you've all heard of at least insulin.
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Sigurno ste svi čuli makar za insulin.
05:00
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients
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Insulin je hormon koji omogućava preuzimanje nutrijenata
05:03
into your tissues after you eat a meal.
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u vašim tkivima nakon što pojedete obrok.
05:05
And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth.
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A hormon IGF-1 promoviše rast.
05:08
So these functions were known for these hormones for a long time,
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Dakle ove funkcije ovih hormona su poznate već dugo vremena,
05:11
but our studies suggested
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ali naše studije pokazuju
05:13
that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about --
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da oni možda imaju i treću funkciju za koju niko nije znao --
05:15
maybe they also affect aging.
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možda takođe utiču na starenje.
05:17
And it's looking like that's the case.
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A izgleda da je to slučaj.
05:19
So after we made our discoveries with little C. elegans,
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Nakon što smo napravili ovo otkriće sa malenim C. elegansom,
05:22
people who worked on other kinds of animals
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ljudi koji su radili sa drugim životinjama
05:24
started asking, if we made the same daf-2 mutation,
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su počeli da se pitaju, ako napravimo istu daf-2 mutaciju,
05:27
the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals,
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mutaciju receptora hormona kod drugih životinja,
05:30
will they live longer?
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da li će one živeti duže?
05:32
And that is the case in flies.
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To je slučaj sa muvama.
05:34
If you change this hormone pathway in flies, they live longer.
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Ako promenite obrazac ovog hormona kod muva, one žive duže.
05:37
And also in mice -- and mice are mammals like us.
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Isti je slučaj i sa miševima -- a miševi su sisari, kao i mi.
05:40
So it's an ancient pathway,
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Dakle to je jedna stara staza,
05:42
because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution
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zato što mora da je nastala pre mnogo vremena u evoluciji
05:44
such that it still works in all these animals.
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tako da i dalje radi za ove životinje.
05:47
And also, the common precursor also gave rise to people.
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Takođe, iz zajedničkog pretka su nastali i ljudi.
05:50
So maybe it's working in people the same way.
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Tako da možda i kod ljudi isto funkcioniše.
05:52
And there are hints of this.
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Postoje nagoveštaji ovoga.
05:54
So for example, there was one study that was done
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Tako je, na primer, sprovedena jedna studija
05:56
in a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City.
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među populacijom Aškenazi Jevreja u Njujorku.
05:59
And just like any population,
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Kao i kod svake druge populacije,
06:01
most of the people live to be about 70 or 80,
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većina ljudi živi 70 do 80 godina,
06:04
but some live to be 90 or 100.
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ali neki dočekaju i 90 ili 100 godina.
06:06
And what they found
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Ono što su oni otkrili jeste
06:08
was that people who lived to 90 or 100
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da su ljudi koji su dočekali 90. ili 100.
06:11
were more likely to have daf-2 mutations --
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najverovatnije imali daf-2 mutacije --
06:14
that is, changes in the gene
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to jest, promene u genu
06:16
that encodes the receptor for IGF-1.
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koji šifrira receptor za IGF-1.
06:18
And these changes made the gene not act as well
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Ove promene su navele gen da se ne ponaša tako dobro
06:23
as the normal gene would have acted.
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kako bi se ponašali drugi geni.
06:25
It damaged the gene.
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Oštetile su gen.
06:27
So those are hints
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Ovo su tragovi
06:29
suggesting that humans are susceptible
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koji nam ukazuju da su ljudi podložni
06:31
to the effects of the hormones for aging.
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efektima ovog hormona starenja.
06:33
So the next question, of course, is:
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Sledeće pitanje, naravno, je:
06:35
Is there any effect on age-related disease?
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Postoji li ikakav efekat na bolesti uzrokovane godinama?
06:38
As you age, you're much more likely
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Kako starite, raste verovatnoća
06:40
to get cancer, Alzheimer's disease,
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da ćete dobiti rak, Alchajmerovu bolest,
06:42
heart disease, all sorts of diseases.
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bolesti srca, svakakve bolesti.
06:44
It turns out that these long-lived mutants
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Ispostavilo se da su ovi dugovečni mutanti
06:46
are more resistant to all these diseases.
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otporniji na sve ove bolesti.
06:48
They hardly get cancer,
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Jedva da oboljevaju od raka
06:50
and when they do it's not as severe.
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i kada ga dobiju on nije tako ozbiljan.
06:52
So it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way,
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Dakle, veoma je interesantno, a donekle ima i smisla,
06:54
that they're still young,
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da su oni još uvek mladi,
06:56
so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old?
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pa zašto bi oboleli od bolesti starenja dok ne ostare?
07:00
So it suggests
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Ovo nam govori
07:02
that, if we could have a therapeutic or a pill to take
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da, kada bismo imali lek ili pilulu koju bismo popili
07:05
to replicate some of these effects in humans,
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da bi ponovili neke od ovih efekata kod ljudi
07:07
maybe we would have a way
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možda bismo pronašli način
07:09
of combating lots of different age-related diseases
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da pobedimo mnoge bolesti
07:11
all at once.
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uzrokovanih starenjem odjednom.
07:13
So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging?
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Kako hormon može na kraju da utiče na brzinu starenja?
07:15
How could that work?
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Kako bi to moglo da radi?
07:17
Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,
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Ispostavilo se da je kod daf-2 mutanata,
07:20
a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
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mnoštvo gena aktivirano u DNK
07:23
that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,
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koji šifriraju proteine koji štite ćelije i tkiva
07:26
and repair damage.
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i popravljaju oštećenja.
07:28
And the way that they're switched on
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Oni su uključeni
07:31
is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.
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uz pomoć gena regulatora proteina nazvanog FOXO.
07:34
So in a daf-2 mutant --
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Kod daf-2 mutanata --
07:36
you see that I have the X drawn here through the receptor.
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vidite da ovde imam znak X nacrtan preko receptora.
07:38
The receptor isn't working as well.
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Receptor ne radi kako treba.
07:40
Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue
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Pod ovim uslovima, FOXO protein označen plavom bojom
07:43
has gone into the nucleus --
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je premešten u nukleus --
07:45
that little compartment there in the middle of the cell --
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taj maleni pregradak u sredini ćelije --
07:47
and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it.
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i sedi na genu sa kojim je povezan.
07:49
You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind on FOXO.
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Vidite jedan gen. Postoji mnoštvo gena koji se vezuju za FOXO.
07:51
And it's just sitting on one of them.
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I jednostavno stoji na jednom od njih.
07:53
So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.
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Dakle, FOXO uključuje mnogo gena.
07:55
And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes,
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Geni koje aktivira uključuju gene antioksidanasa,
07:58
genes I call carrot-giver genes,
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gene koje ja nazivam genima-namamljivačima
08:00
whose protein products
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čiji proizvodi proteina
08:02
actually help other proteins to function well --
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zapravo pomažu drugim proteinima da normalno funkcionišu --
08:04
to fold correctly and function correctly.
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da se tačno slažu i funkcionišu tačno.
08:06
And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell
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Takođe ih mogu i otpratiti do korpi za smeće unutar ćelija
08:09
and recycle them if they're damaged.
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i reciklirati ih ukoliko su oštećeni.
08:11
DNA repair genes
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DNK geni za popravke
08:13
are more active in these animals.
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su mnogo aktivniji kod ovih životinja.
08:15
And the immune system is more active.
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I njihov imuni sistem je aktivniji.
08:17
And many of these different genes, we've shown,
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Mnogi od ovih gena, kako smo već pokazali,
08:20
actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant.
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zapravo doprinose dugovečnosti daf-2 mutanata.
08:23
So it's really interesting.
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To je veoma zanimljivo.
08:25
These animals have within them
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Ove životinje u sebi nose
08:27
the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do.
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latentni kapacitet da žive mnogo duže nego inače.
08:30
They have the ability
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Imaju sposobnost
08:32
to protect themselves from many kinds of damage,
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da se zaštite od raznih oštećenja,
08:34
which we think makes them live longer.
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i mislimo da im to omogućava da žive duže.
08:37
So what about the normal worm?
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Pa, šta je sa normalnom glistom?
08:39
Well when the daf-2 receptor is active,
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Kada je daf-2 receptor aktivan
08:42
then it triggers a series of events
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on aktivira niz događaja
08:44
that prevent FOXO
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koja FOXO-u onemogućava
08:46
from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is.
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da prodre u nukleus gde se DNK nalazi.
08:49
So it can't turn the genes on.
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Tako da ne može da aktivira gene.
08:51
That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan,
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Tako radi. Zato ne vidimo dugi životni vek
08:53
until we have the daf-2 mutant.
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sve dok nemamo daf-2 mutanta.
08:55
But what good is this for the worm?
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Ali od kakve je to koristi za glistu?
08:57
Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones
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Mislimo da su insulin i IGF-1 hormoni
09:00
are hormones that are particularly active
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oni hormoni koji su naročito aktivni
09:02
under favorable conditions -- in the good times --
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pod povoljnim uslovima -- u dobrim vremenima --
09:04
when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.
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kada hrane ima u izobilju i kada nema puno pritiska iz životnoj sredini.
09:07
Then they promote the uptake of nutrients.
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Onda oni promovišu preuzimanje hranljivih materija.
09:09
You can store the food, use it for energy,
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Možete da skladištite hranu, koristite je za energiju,
09:12
grow, etc.
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rast i tako dalje.
09:14
But what we think is that, under conditions of stress,
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Smatramo da, u uslovima stresa,
09:17
the levels of these hormones drop --
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nivo ovih hormona opada --
09:19
for example, having limited food supply.
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na primer, kada imamo ograničeni pristup hrani.
09:22
And that, we think,
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I to, po našem mišljenju,
09:24
is registered by the animal as a danger signal,
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neke životinje registruju kao znak za opasnost,
09:26
a signal that things are not okay
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signal koji nam kaže da nije sve u redu
09:28
and that it should roll out its protective capacity.
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i da treba da aktiviramo svoj zaštitni kapacitet.
09:31
So it activates FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA,
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Tako aktivira FOXO, FOXO odlazi u DNK,
09:34
and that triggers the expression of these genes
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i to aktivira izražavanje ovih gena
09:36
that improves the ability of the cell
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koji poboljšavaju mogućnost ćelije
09:38
to protect itself and repair itself.
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da se zaštiti i popravi.
09:40
And that's why we think the animals live longer.
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Mislimo da zato životinje žive duže.
09:42
So you can think of FOXO
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Možete zamisliti FOXO-a
09:44
as being like a building superintendent.
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kao nadzornika zgrade.
09:47
So maybe he's a little bit lazy,
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Možda je pomalo lenj,
09:49
but he's there, he's taking care of the building.
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ali on je tu, stara se o zgradi.
09:51
But it's deteriorating.
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Međutim, zgrada propada.
09:53
And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane.
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Odjednom, on sazna da nailazi uragan.
09:56
So he doesn't actually do anything himself.
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On zapravo ništa ne radi sam.
09:58
He gets on the telephone --
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On je na telefonskoj liniji --
10:00
just like FOXO gets on the DNA --
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baš kao što je FOXO na DNK --
10:02
and he calls up
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i on poziva
10:04
the roofer, the window person,
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tesare, stolare,
10:06
the painter, the floor person.
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molere, parketare.
10:09
And they all come and they fortify the house.
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I oni svi dođu i ojačaju kuću.
10:11
And then the hurricane comes through,
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A kada uragan prođe,
10:13
and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in.
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kuća je u mnogo boljem stanju nego što bi inače bila.
10:15
And not only that, it can also just last longer,
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I ne samo to, ona može i da traje duže,
10:18
even if there isn't a hurricane.
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čak iako uragana nema.
10:20
So that's the concept here
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To je pojam našeg viđenja
10:22
for how we think this life extension ability exists.
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o postojanju sposobnosti za produžetak života.
10:26
Now the really cool thing about FOXO
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Zaista dobra stvar u vezi sa FOXO-m jeste
10:28
is that there are different forms of it.
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da postoji u različitim oblicima.
10:30
We all have FOXO genes,
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Mi svi imamo FOXO gene
10:33
but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene.
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ali nemamo svi potpuno istu formu FOXO gena.
10:36
Just like we all have eyes,
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Baš kao što svi imamo oči,
10:38
but some of us have blue eyes and some of us have brown eyes.
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ali neki od nas imaju plave, a neki braon oči.
10:41
And there are certain forms of the FOXO gene
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Izvesne forme FOXO gena
10:44
that have found to be more frequently present
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su češće prisutne
10:46
in people who live to be 90 or 100.
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kod ljudi koji žive do 90. ili 100. godine.
10:48
And that's the case all over the world,
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To je slučaj širom sveta,
10:50
as you can see from these stars.
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kao što možete videti po ovim zvezdicama.
10:52
And each one of these stars represents a population
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Svaka od ovih zvezdica predstavlja populaciju
10:54
where scientists have asked,
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gde su naučnici pitali:
10:56
"Okay, are there differences in the type of FOXO genes
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"Dobro, postoje li razlike u tipu FOXO gena
10:58
among people who live a really long time?" and there are.
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među ljudima koji žive jako dugo?" I postoje.
11:01
We don't know the details of how this works,
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Nismo upućeni u detalje funkcionisanja ovoga,
11:03
but we do know then
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ali ono što znamo je
11:05
that FOXO genes can impact
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da FOXO geni imaju uticaj
11:07
the lifespan of people.
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na ljudski vek.
11:09
And that means that, maybe if we tweak it a little bit,
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To znači da, ako se možda malo pozabavimo njim,
11:12
we can increase the health and longevity of people.
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možemo unaprediti zdravlje i dugovečnost ljudi.
11:16
So this is really exciting to me.
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Zato je ovo tako uzbudljivo za mene.
11:18
A FOXO is a protein that we found in these little, round worms
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FOXO je protein koji smo našli u ovim malim, okruglim glistama
11:20
to affect lifespan,
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a koji utiče na životni vek,
11:22
and here it affects lifespan in people.
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a ovde utiče i na životni vek ljudi.
11:24
So we've been trying in our lab now
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U našoj laboratoriji pokušavamo
11:26
to develop drugs
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da razvijemo lekove
11:28
that will activate this FOXO cell
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koji bi aktivirali ovu FOXO ćeliju,
11:30
using human cells now
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koristeći ljudske ćelije,
11:32
in order to try and come up with drugs
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da bismo isprobali i otkrili lekove
11:34
that will delay aging and age-related diseases.
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koji bi odložili starenje i bolesti povezane sa njim.
11:37
And I'm really optimistic that this is going to work.
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Veoma sam optimistična povodom ovoga.
11:40
There are lots of different proteins that are known to affect aging.
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Postoji mnogo različitih proteina za koje se zna da utiču na starenje.
11:43
And for at least one of them, there is a drug.
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I za makar jednog od njih, postoji lek.
11:46
There's one called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor,
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Postoji jedan nazvan TOR, koji je još jedan senzor nutrijenata,
11:48
like the insulin pathway.
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poput insulinske staze.
11:50
And mutations that damage the TOR gene --
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Mutacije koje oštećuju TOR gen --
11:52
just like the daf-2 mutations --
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baš kao i daf-2 mutacije --
11:54
extend lifespan in worms
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produžavaju život glista,
11:56
and flies and mice.
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mušica i miševa.
11:59
But in this case, there's already a drug called rapamycin
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Ali u ovom slučaju, već postoji lek nazvan rapamicin
12:01
that binds to the TOR protein
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koji se vezuje za TOR protein
12:03
and inhibits its activity.
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i sprečava njegovu aktivnost.
12:05
And you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse --
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Možete uzeti rapamicin i dati ga mišu --
12:08
even when it's pretty old, like age 60 for a human,
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čak i ako je veoma star, kao ljudi u 60. godini,
12:10
that old for a mouse --
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tako star miš --
12:12
if you give the mouse rapamycin,
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ako mu date rapamicin,
12:14
it will live longer.
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živeće duže.
12:16
Now I don't want you all to go out taking rapamycin.
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Ne želim da sada svi odete i uzmete rapamicin.
12:18
It is a drug for people,
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To jeste lek za ljude,
12:20
but the reason is it suppresses the immune system.
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ali vam to kažem zato što oslabljuje imuni sistem.
12:23
So people take it to prevent organ transplants from being rejected.
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Ljudi ga uzimaju da bi sprečili odbacivanje presađenih organa.
12:27
So this may not be the perfect drug
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Ovo možda nije savršeni lek
12:29
for staying young longer.
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za produženje mladosti.
12:31
But still, here in the year 2011,
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I dalje, u 2011. godini,
12:34
there's a drug that you can give to mice at a pretty old age
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postoji lek koji možete dati miševima u dubokoj starosti
12:36
that will extend their lifespan,
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koji će produžiti njihov vek,
12:38
which comes out of this science
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koji je rezultat ove nauke
12:40
that's been done in all these different animals.
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koja se pozabavila svim ovim različitim životinjama.
12:42
So I'm really optimistic,
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Zaista sam optimistična
12:44
and I think it won't be too long, I hope,
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i mislim da neće proći puno vremena, nadam se,
12:46
before this age-old dream begins to come true.
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pre nego što ovaj pradavni san počne da se ostvaruje.
12:49
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:51
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
13:00
Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
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Met Ridli: Hvala ti, Sintija.
13:03
Let me get this straight.
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Hajde da razjasnimo ovo.
13:05
Although you're looking for a drug
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Iako tragaš za lekom
13:07
that can solve aging
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koji može rešiti starenje
13:09
in old men like me,
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kod starih ljudi kao što sam ja,
13:12
what you could do now pretty well in the lab,
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ono što bi sada mogla da uradiš u laboratoriji,
13:15
if you were allowed ethically,
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kada bi ti to bilo etički dozvoljeno,
13:17
is start a human life from scratch
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jeste da od nule započneš ljudski život
13:20
with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer?
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sa izmenjenim genima koji bi mu omogućili da živi mnogo duže?
13:23
CK: Ah, so the kinds of drugs I was talking about
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SK: Ah, pa vrste lekova o kojima sam govorila
13:26
would not change the genes,
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ne bi promenile gene,
13:28
they would just bind to the protein itself
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već bi se vezale za protein
13:31
and change its activity.
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i promenile njegovu aktivnost.
13:33
So if you stop taking the drug, the protein would go back to normal.
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Ako biste prestali sa uzimanjem leka, protein bi se vratio u normalu.
13:36
You could change the genes in principle.
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U principu, možete izmeniti gene.
13:39
There isn't the technology to do that.
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Ali ne postoji tehnologija za tako nešto.
13:41
But I don't think that's a good idea.
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Međutim, ja smatram da to nije dobra ideja.
13:43
And the reason is
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Razlog za to je
13:45
that these hormones,
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što su ovi hormoni,
13:47
like the insulin and the IGF hormones and the TOR pathway,
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kao insulin, IGF hormoni i TOR staza,
13:50
they're essential.
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osnovni.
13:52
If you knock them out completely, then you're very sick.
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Ako ih potpuno uklonite, bićete veoma bolesni.
13:55
So it might be that you would just have to fine tune it very carefully
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Verovatno biste morali veoma pažljivo i fino da ih podesite
13:58
to get the benefits without getting any problems.
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da biste dobili beneficije, bez stvaranja problema.
14:01
And I think that's much better,
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Mislim da je to mnogo bolje,
14:03
that kind of control would be much better as a drug.
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takva vrsta kontrole bila bi mnogo bolja kao lek.
14:05
And also, there are other ways of activating FOXO
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Takođe, postoje drugi načini aktiviranja FOXO-a
14:08
that don't even involve insulin or IGF-1
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koji ne uključuju insulin i IGF-1
14:10
that might even be safer.
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koji su verovatno i bezbedniji.
14:12
MR: I wasn't suggesting that I was going to go and do it, but ...
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MR: Nisam sugerisao da ću to i uraditi, ali...
14:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:19
There's a phenomenon which you have written about and spoken about,
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Postoji fenomen o kome ste pisali i govorili,
14:23
which is a negligible senescence.
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a to je zanemarljivo starenje.
14:26
There are some creatures on this planet already
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Već sada postoje stvorenja na našoj planeti
14:28
that don't really do aging.
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koja zapravo ne stare.
14:31
Just move to one side for us, if you would.
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Samo se malo pomeri u stranu, da li bi htela?
14:34
CK: There are. There are some animals that don't seem to age.
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SK: Postoje. Postoje neka stvorenja koja naizgled ne stare.
14:37
For example, there are some tortoises called Blanding's turtles.
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Na primer, postoje kornjače nazvane Blandingove kornjače.
14:41
And they grow to be about this size.
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One rastu do otprilike ove visine.
14:43
And they've been tagged, and they've been found to be 70 years old.
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One su obeležene, i starost im je procenjena na 70 godina.
14:46
And when you look at these 70 year-old turtles,
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Kada gledate ove kornjače stare 70 godina,
14:48
you can't tell the difference, just by looking,
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samo pogledom ne možete uvideti razliku
14:51
between those turtles and 20 year-old turtles.
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između onih starih 70 i 20 godina.
14:53
And the 70 year-old ones,
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Ove kornjače, stare 70 godina,
14:55
actually they're better at scouting out the good nesting places,
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su zapravo bolje u nalaženju dobrih mesta za polaganje jaja
14:58
and they also have more progeny every year.
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i svake godine daju više potomaka.
15:01
And there are other examples of these kinds of animals,
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Postoje i drugi primerci ovih vrsta životinje,
15:04
like turns, certain kinds of birds are like this.
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poput čigre; neke ptice imaju te osobine.
15:07
And nobody knows if they really can live forever,
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Niko zapravo ne zna da li one mogu da žive doveka
15:09
or what keeps them from aging.
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i šta kod njih zaustavlja starenje.
15:11
It's not clear.
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To nam nije jasno.
15:13
If you look at birds, which live a long time,
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Ako pogledate ptice, koje žive jako dugo,
15:16
cells from the birds tend to be more resistant
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videćete da njihove ćelije mogu biti otpornije
15:19
to a lot of different environmental stresses
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na mnoštvo nepovoljnih uslova u životnoj sredini,
15:21
like high temperature
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poput visokih temperatura,
15:23
or hydrogen peroxide, things like that.
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ili hidrogen peroksida i sličnih stvari.
15:25
And our long-lived mutants are too.
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Isti su takvi i naši mutanti.
15:27
They're more resistant to these kinds of stresses.
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Oni su otporniji na ove vrste nepovoljnih uslova.
15:29
So it could be that the pathways that I've been talking about,
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Moguće je da staze o kojima sam govorila,
15:32
which are set to run really quickly in the worm,
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a koje su kod glisti tako postavljene da se kreću veoma brzo,
15:35
have a different normal set point
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imaju drugačiju postavku
15:38
in something like a bird, so that a bird can live a lot longer.
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u nečemu poput ptica, tako da ptice mogu da žive duže.
15:41
And maybe they're even set really differently
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Možda su čak postavljene veoma različito
15:43
in animals with no senescence at all -- but we don't know.
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kod organizama kod kojih uopšte nema starenja -- ali to ne znamo.
15:46
MR: But what you're talking about here
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MR: Ali ono o čemu vi sada govorite
15:48
is not extending human lifespan
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nije produženje života
15:51
by preventing death,
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kroz sprečavanje smrti,
15:53
so much as extending human youthspan.
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već kroz produženje mladosti.
15:55
CK: Yes, that's right.
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SK: Da, upravo tako.
15:57
It's more like, say, if you were a dog.
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Više je kao da ste, recimo, pas.
15:59
You notice that you're getting old, and you look at your human
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Primećujete da starite i gledate ljude,
16:01
and you think, "Why isn't this human getting old?"
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i mislite: "Zašto ovaj čovek ne stari?"
16:03
They're not getting old in the dog's lifespan.
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Oni ne stare u životnom veku psa.
16:05
It's more like that.
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Više je nalik tome.
16:07
But now we're the human looking out and imagining a different human.
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Ali mi smo ljudi koji gledaju unapred i koji zamišljaju druge ljude.
16:11
MR: Thank you very much indeed, Cynthia Kenyon.
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MR: Zaista ti mnogo hvala, Sintija Kenjon.
16:14
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
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