Cynthia Kenyon: Experiments that hint of longer lives

96,163 views

2011-11-17 ใƒป TED


New videos

Cynthia Kenyon: Experiments that hint of longer lives

96,163 views ใƒป 2011-11-17

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Kyo young Chu ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:15
Have you ever wanted to stay young a little longer
0
15260
3000
ํ˜น์‹œ ๋” ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ Š์Œ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:18
and put off aging?
1
18260
2000
๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
00:20
This is a dream of the ages.
2
20260
3000
์ด๊ฑด ๋‚˜์ด ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฟˆ์ด์ฃ 
00:23
But scientists have for a long time
3
23260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์ด
00:25
thought this just was never going to be possible.
4
25260
2000
์ ˆ๋Œ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:27
They thought you just wear out, there's nothing you can do about it --
5
27260
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‹ณ์•„ ์—†์–ด์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์ฃ 
00:30
kind of like an old shoe.
6
30260
2000
๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‚ก์€ ์‹ ๋ฐœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์—์š”
00:32
But if you look in nature,
7
32260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด,
00:34
you see that different kinds of animals
8
34260
2000
๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€
00:36
can have really different lifespans.
9
36260
2000
๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:38
Now these animals are different from one another,
10
38260
2000
์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ
00:40
because they have different genes.
11
40260
2000
๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ฃ 
00:42
So that suggests
12
42260
2000
์ด๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์ „์ž, ์ฆ‰ DNA ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€์—
00:44
that somewhere in these genes, somewhere in the DNA,
13
44260
2000
๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž,
00:46
are genes for aging,
14
46260
2000
์ฆ‰ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
00:48
genes that allow them to have different lifespans.
15
48260
2000
์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:50
So if there are genes like that,
16
50260
2000
๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:52
then you can imagine that,
17
52260
2000
์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ์ด ์œ ์ „์ž,
00:54
if you could change one of the genes in an experiment,
18
54260
2000
์ฆ‰ ๋…ธํ™” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
00:56
an aging gene,
19
56260
2000
๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ณ 
00:58
maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan.
20
58260
3000
์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:01
And if you could do that, then you could find the genes for aging.
21
61260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:04
And if they exist and you can find them,
22
64260
2000
๋˜ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
01:06
then maybe one could eventually do something about it.
23
66260
3000
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋งˆ์นจ๋‚ด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:09
So we've set out to look for genes that control aging.
24
69260
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ด€์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:12
And we didn't study any of these animals.
25
72260
3000
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:15
Instead, we studied a little, tiny, round worm called C. elegans,
26
75260
3000
๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹  ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋™๊ทธ๋ž€, ์‰ผํ‘œ ๋งŒํ•œ
01:18
which is just about the size of a comma in a sentence.
27
78260
3000
์˜ˆ์œ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์„ ์ถฉ(C. elegans)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:21
And we were really optimistic that we could find something
28
81260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—,
01:24
because there had been a report of a long-lived mutant.
29
84260
3000
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‚™๊ด€ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:27
So we started to change genes at random,
30
87260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์ถฉ์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
01:29
looking for long-lived animals.
31
89260
2000
๋งˆ๊ตฌ์žก์ด๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:31
And we were very lucky to find
32
91260
2000
์šด์ด ์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” daf-2๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:33
that mutations that damage one single gene called daf-2
33
93260
4000
ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์„ ์ถฉ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„
01:37
doubled the lifespan of the little worm.
34
97260
3000
2๋ฐฐ๋กœ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:40
So you can see in black, after a month --
35
100260
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฒ€์€์ƒ‰ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ
01:42
they're very short-lived; that's why we like to study them
36
102260
2000
ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์ž ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:44
for studies of aging --
37
104260
2000
์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์งง๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์ฃ 
01:46
in black, after a month, the normal worms are all dead.
38
106260
3000
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์„ ์ถฉ์„ ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ผ์€ ์ด์œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:49
But at that time,
39
109260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์„ ์ถฉ์€
01:51
most of the mutant worms are still alive.
40
111260
2000
๊ทธ๋•Œ์—๋„ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:53
And it isn't until twice as long
41
113260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด
01:55
that they're all dead.
42
115260
2000
์ง€๋‚œ ๋’ค์—์•ผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฃฝ์—ˆ์ฃ 
01:57
And now I want to show what they actually look like in this movie here.
43
117260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ ์„ ์ถฉ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ๋ชจ์Šต์ธ์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:00
So the first thing you're going to see
44
120260
2000
์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜์„œ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜์ƒ์€
02:02
is the normal worm
45
122260
2000
๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด, ์ฆ‰ ์ Š์€ ์„ฑ์ธ ์ •๋„์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€
02:04
when it's about college student age -- a young adult.
46
124260
3000
๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ณดํ†ต ์„ ์ถฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:07
It's quite a cute little fellow.
47
127260
3000
๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์ž‘๊ณ  ๊ท€์—ฌ์šด ๋…€์„์ด์ฃ 
02:10
And next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young.
48
130260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ Š์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:13
So this animal is going to live twice as long.
49
133260
2000
์ฆ‰, ์ด ์„ ์ถฉ์€ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:15
Is it miserable? It doesn't seem to be.
50
135260
2000
๋”์ฐํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”? ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ง„ ์•Š๋„ค์š”
02:17
It's active. You can't tell the difference really.
51
137260
3000
์•„์ฃผ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์š”, ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ๋ฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฑฐ์—์š”
02:20
And they can be completely fertile --
52
140260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค๋„ ์™„๋ฒฝํžˆ ๋ฒˆ์‹๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:22
have the same number of progeny as the normal worms do.
53
142260
2000
์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ณ๋Š” ๋งŒํผ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์ฃ 
02:24
Now get out your handkerchiefs here.
54
144260
2000
์ž, ์ด์ œ ์†์ˆ˜๊ฑด์„ ๊บผ๋‚ด์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
02:26
You're going to see, in just two weeks,
55
146260
2000
๊ฒจ์šฐ 2์ฃผ ๋งŒ์— ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š”
02:28
the normal worms are old.
56
148260
2000
๋Š™์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:30
You can see the little head moving down at the bottom there.
57
150260
3000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•„๋ž˜์ชฝ์— ์กฐ๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:33
But everything else is just lying there.
58
153260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ 
02:35
The animal's clearly in the nursing home.
59
155260
2000
์ด ์„ ์ถฉ์€ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ์š”์–‘์›์— ์žˆ๋„ค์š”
02:37
And if you look at the tissues of the animal, they're starting to deteriorate.
60
157260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์„ ์ถฉ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์กฐ์ง๋“ค์ด ๋ง๊ฐ€์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋„ค์š”
02:40
You know, even if you've never seen one of these little C. elegans --
61
160260
2000
์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ ์ด ์ž‘์€ ์˜ˆ์œ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์„ ์ถฉ์„ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋„ ๋ชป๋ณด์…จ๋”๋ผ๋„,
02:42
which probably most of you haven't seen one --
62
162260
2000
์•„๋งˆ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชป๋ณด์…จ๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋Š™์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:44
you can tell they're old -- isn't that interesting?
63
164260
3000
ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
02:47
So there's something about aging that's kind of universal.
64
167260
3000
์ฆ‰, ๋…ธํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:50
And now here is the daf-2 mutant.
65
170260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ daf-2 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:53
One gene is changed out of 20,000, and look at it.
66
173260
2000
2๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
02:55
It's the same age, but it's not in the nursing home;
67
175260
3000
๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜์ด์ด์ง€๋งŒ, ์š”์–‘์›์— ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”
02:58
it's going skiing.
68
178260
3000
๋งˆ์น˜ ์Šคํ‚ค๋ฅผ ํƒ€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”
03:01
This is what's really cool: it's aging more slowly.
69
181260
3000
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ ์ด์ฃ  : ๋” ๋Š๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์š”
03:04
It takes this worm two days
70
184260
2000
๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์„ ์ถฉ์ด ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”๋งŒํผ
03:06
to age as much as the normal worm ages in one day.
71
186260
2000
์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด ์„ ์ถฉ์€ ์ดํ‹€์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:08
And when I tell people about this,
72
188260
2000
๋˜ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:10
they tend to think of maybe an 80 or 90 year-old person
73
190260
4000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 8, 90์„ธ์ธ๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ ๋‚˜์ด ๋Œ€์— ๋น„ํ•ด
03:14
who looks really good for being 90 or 80.
74
194260
2000
์•„์ฃผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:16
But it's really more like this:
75
196260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ์— ๋” ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:18
let's say you're a 30 year-old guy -- or in your 30s --
76
198260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด 30์‚ด์˜ ๋‚จ์ž, ๋˜๋Š” 30๋Œ€์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
03:21
and you're a bachelor and you're dating people.
77
201260
2000
๋˜ ์•„์ง ๋ฏธํ˜ผ์ด๊ณ , ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:23
And you meet someone you really like, you get to know her.
78
203260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŽ๋‚ฌ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:26
And you're in a restaurant, and you say, "Well how old are you?"
79
206260
3000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ ˆ์Šคํ† ๋ž‘์— ์žˆ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋…€์—๊ฒŒ "๋ช‡ ์‚ด์ด์„ธ์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:29
She says, "I'm 60."
80
209260
2000
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” "60์‚ด์ด์š”"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:31
That's what it's like. And you would never know.
81
211260
2000
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ , ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”
03:33
You would never know, until she told you.
82
213260
2000
๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
03:35
(Laughter)
83
215260
4000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
03:39
Okay.
84
219260
2000
์ž
03:41
So what is the daf-2 gene?
85
221260
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด daf-2 ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
03:43
Well as you know, genes, which are part of the DNA,
86
223260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ, ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” DNA์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ด๊ณ ,
03:45
they're instructions to make a protein that does something.
87
225260
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€์‹œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:48
And the daf-2 gene
88
228260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  daf-2 ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š”
03:50
encodes a hormone receptor.
89
230260
2000
ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:52
So what you see in the picture there
90
232260
2000
์ฆ‰, ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:54
is a cell with a hormone receptor in red
91
234260
2000
์„ธํฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ๊ตฌ๋ฉ์„ ๋šซ๋Š”
03:56
punching through the edge of the cell.
92
236260
2000
๋ถ‰์€์ƒ‰์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์„ธํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:58
So part of it is like a baseball glove.
93
238260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ๊ทธ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋งˆ์น˜ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๊ธ€๋Ÿฌ๋ธŒ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
04:00
Part of it's on the outside,
94
240260
2000
์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๊นฅ์— ์žˆ๊ณ ,
04:02
and it's catching the hormone as it comes by in green.
95
242260
2000
์ด๋Š” ์ดˆ๋ก์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์— ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ ์žก๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:04
And the other part is on the inside
96
244260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์„ธํฌ๋กœ
04:06
where it sends signals into the cell.
97
246260
2000
์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋„๋ก ์•ˆ์ชฝ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:08
Okay, so what is the daf-2 receptor
98
248260
2000
์ž, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ daf-2 ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์•ˆ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ
04:10
telling the inside of the cell?
99
250260
2000
๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:12
I just told you that, if you make a mutation in the daf-2 gene cell,
100
252260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ป˜ daf-2 ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด,
04:15
that you get a receptor that doesn't work as well;
101
255260
2000
์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:17
the animal lives longer.
102
257260
2000
๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด์ฃ 
04:19
So that means that the normal function of this hormone receptor
103
259260
3000
์ด ๋ง์ธ ์ฆ‰์Šจ, ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ์˜
04:22
is to speed up aging.
104
262260
2000
์ •์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:24
That's what that arrow means.
105
264260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ € ํ™”์‚ดํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด์ฃ 
04:26
It speeds up aging. It makes it go faster.
106
266260
2000
๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๋” ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:28
So it's like the animal has the grim reaper inside of itself,
107
268260
2000
์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ชธ ์†์— ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
04:30
speeding up aging.
108
270260
2000
์ €์Šน์‚ฌ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:32
So this is altogether really, really interesting.
109
272260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:35
It says that aging is subject to control by the genes,
110
275260
3000
์ด๋Š” ๋…ธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „์ž, ํŠนํžˆ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด
04:38
and specifically by hormones.
111
278260
3000
ํ†ต์ œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:41
So what kind of hormones are these?
112
281260
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
04:43
There's lots of hormones. There's testosterone, adrenalin.
113
283260
2000
ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก , ์•„๋“œ๋ ˆ๋‚ ๋ฆฐ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•ด์„œ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:45
You know about a lot of them.
114
285260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:47
These hormones are similar
115
287260
2000
์ด ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชธ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š”
04:49
to hormones that we have in our bodies.
116
289260
2000
ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:51
The daf-2 hormone receptor
117
291260
2000
daf-2 ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋Š”
04:53
is very similar to the receptor
118
293260
2000
ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ๊ณผ IGF-1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ์™€
04:55
for the hormone insulin and IGF-1.
119
295260
3000
์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:58
Now you've all heard of at least insulin.
120
298260
2000
์ ์–ด๋„ ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:00
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients
121
300260
3000
์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์€ ๋’ค ์กฐ์ง์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”
05:03
into your tissues after you eat a meal.
122
303260
2000
์˜์–‘๋ถ„์˜ ํก์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:05
And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth.
123
305260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  IGF-1 ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์€ ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋„์™€์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:08
So these functions were known for these hormones for a long time,
124
308260
3000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:11
but our studies suggested
125
311260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”
05:13
that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about --
126
313260
2000
์ œ3์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:15
maybe they also affect aging.
127
315260
2000
์•„๋งˆ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋…ธํ™”์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ 
05:17
And it's looking like that's the case.
128
317260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:19
So after we made our discoveries with little C. elegans,
129
319260
3000
์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์œ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ์„ ์ถฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นœ ํ›„,
05:22
people who worked on other kinds of animals
130
322260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
05:24
started asking, if we made the same daf-2 mutation,
131
324260
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ daf-2 ๋ณ€์ด, ์ฆ‰ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๋ฉด
05:27
the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals,
132
327260
3000
๊ทธ๋“ค๋„ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
05:30
will they live longer?
133
330260
2000
์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํผ๋ถ“๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:32
And that is the case in flies.
134
332260
2000
ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:34
If you change this hormone pathway in flies, they live longer.
135
334260
3000
ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:37
And also in mice -- and mice are mammals like us.
136
337260
3000
์ฅ ์—ญ์‹œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ณ , ์ฅ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:40
So it's an ancient pathway,
137
340260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:42
because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution
138
342260
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ง„ํ™”์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜์—ฌ
05:44
such that it still works in all these animals.
139
344260
3000
์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:47
And also, the common precursor also gave rise to people.
140
347260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋„ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:50
So maybe it's working in people the same way.
141
350260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:52
And there are hints of this.
142
352260
2000
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํžŒํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:54
So for example, there was one study that was done
143
354260
2000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ๋‰ด์š•์‹œ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š”
05:56
in a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City.
144
356260
3000
์•„์Šˆ์ผ€๋‚˜์ง€ ์œ ํƒœ์ธ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:59
And just like any population,
145
359260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ตฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ,
06:01
most of the people live to be about 70 or 80,
146
361260
3000
๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ 70~80์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
06:04
but some live to be 90 or 100.
147
364260
2000
๋ช‡๋ช‡์€ 90~100์‚ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:06
And what they found
148
366260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์€
06:08
was that people who lived to 90 or 100
149
368260
3000
90~100์‚ด๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
06:11
were more likely to have daf-2 mutations --
150
371260
3000
daf-2 ๋ณ€์ด,
06:14
that is, changes in the gene
151
374260
2000
์ฆ‰ IGF-1 ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์—
06:16
that encodes the receptor for IGF-1.
152
376260
2000
๋ณ€ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:18
And these changes made the gene not act as well
153
378260
5000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ
06:23
as the normal gene would have acted.
154
383260
2000
๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:25
It damaged the gene.
155
385260
2000
๋ณ€์ด๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์†์ƒ์„ ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:27
So those are hints
156
387260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด
06:29
suggesting that humans are susceptible
157
389260
2000
์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ด ๋…ธํ™”์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ์—
06:31
to the effects of the hormones for aging.
158
391260
2000
๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ํžŒํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:33
So the next question, of course, is:
159
393260
2000
๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก 
06:35
Is there any effect on age-related disease?
160
395260
3000
๋‚˜์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ๋Š๋ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:38
As you age, you're much more likely
161
398260
2000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ
06:40
to get cancer, Alzheimer's disease,
162
400260
2000
์•”์ด๋‚˜ ์น˜๋งค, ์‹ฌ์žฅ์งˆํ™˜,
06:42
heart disease, all sorts of diseases.
163
402260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:44
It turns out that these long-lived mutants
164
404260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋“ค์€
06:46
are more resistant to all these diseases.
165
406260
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ๋“  ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:48
They hardly get cancer,
166
408260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์•”์— ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ,
06:50
and when they do it's not as severe.
167
410260
2000
๊ฑธ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:52
So it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way,
168
412260
2000
์ด๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ
06:54
that they're still young,
169
414260
2000
๋ง์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:56
so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old?
170
416260
3000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์™œ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ์•ผ ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
07:00
So it suggests
171
420260
2000
์ฆ‰, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”,
07:02
that, if we could have a therapeutic or a pill to take
172
422260
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ
07:05
to replicate some of these effects in humans,
173
425260
2000
์žฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ์•Œ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:07
maybe we would have a way
174
427260
2000
์•„๋งˆ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ๋…ธํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ
07:09
of combating lots of different age-related diseases
175
429260
2000
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์งˆ๋ณ‘๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ์—
07:11
all at once.
176
431260
2000
๋งž์„ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์ƒ๊ธธ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:13
So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging?
177
433260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด ๋…ธํ™”์˜ ์†๋„์— ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น ๊นŒ์š”?
07:15
How could that work?
178
435260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
07:17
Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,
179
437260
3000
์ด๋Š” daf-2 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ์•ˆ์—์„œ,
07:20
a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
180
440260
3000
์„ธํฌ์™€ ์กฐ์ง์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ์†์ƒ์„ ๋ณต๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š”
07:23
that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,
181
443260
3000
๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” DNA์•ˆ์—
07:26
and repair damage.
182
446260
2000
์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ผœ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:28
And the way that they're switched on
183
448260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์Šค์œ„์น˜๋Š” FOXO๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
07:31
is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.
184
451260
3000
์œ ์ „์ž ์ œ์–ด ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:34
So in a daf-2 mutant --
185
454260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ daf-2 ๋ณ€์ด ์•ˆ์—,
07:36
you see that I have the X drawn here through the receptor.
186
456260
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ์— X ํ‘œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋†“์€ ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:38
The receptor isn't working as well.
187
458260
2000
์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๋œป์ด์ฃ 
07:40
Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue
188
460260
3000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜์—์„œ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋œ FOXO ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€
07:43
has gone into the nucleus --
189
463260
2000
์„ธํฌ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ทธ๋งˆํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ
07:45
that little compartment there in the middle of the cell --
190
465260
2000
์„ธํฌํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ,
07:47
and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it.
191
467260
2000
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์—ฎ์—ฌ์žˆ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์•ˆ์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:49
You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind on FOXO.
192
469260
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ•œ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์ด FOXO์— ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:51
And it's just sitting on one of them.
193
471260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
07:53
So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.
194
473260
2000
FOXO๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ๋งŽ์€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์„ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:55
And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes,
195
475260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์€ ํ•ญ์‚ฐํ™” ์œ ์ „์ž,
07:58
genes I call carrot-giver genes,
196
478260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋„๋ก,
08:00
whose protein products
197
480260
2000
์ฆ‰ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ธฐ๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”,
08:02
actually help other proteins to function well --
198
482260
2000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์บ๋กฏ-๊ธฐ๋ฒ„(carrot-giver)๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋„
08:04
to fold correctly and function correctly.
199
484260
2000
์†ํ•ด์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:06
And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell
200
486260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  FOXO๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์„ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ํœด์ง€ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„œ
08:09
and recycle them if they're damaged.
201
489260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์†์ƒ์„ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์žฌ์ƒ์„ ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:11
DNA repair genes
202
491260
2000
DNA ์žฌ์ƒ ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š”
08:13
are more active in these animals.
203
493260
2000
์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—์„œ ๋” ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:15
And the immune system is more active.
204
495260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฉด์—ญ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋„ ๋” ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜์ฃ 
08:17
And many of these different genes, we've shown,
205
497260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค ์ค‘ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด
08:20
actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant.
206
500260
3000
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ daf-2 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์˜ ๊ธด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:23
So it's really interesting.
207
503260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ฃ 
08:25
These animals have within them
208
505260
2000
์ด ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๋ณด๋‹ค
08:27
the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do.
209
507260
3000
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธด ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์ ์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค ์•ˆ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:30
They have the ability
210
510260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ
08:32
to protect themselves from many kinds of damage,
211
512260
2000
๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ,
08:34
which we think makes them live longer.
212
514260
3000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:37
So what about the normal worm?
213
517260
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๋Š” ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ์š”?
08:39
Well when the daf-2 receptor is active,
214
519260
3000
๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, daf-2 ์ˆ˜์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž‘๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด,
08:42
then it triggers a series of events
215
522260
2000
์ด๊ฒƒ์ด FOXO๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ DNA๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
08:44
that prevent FOXO
216
524260
2000
์„ธํฌํ•ต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
08:46
from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is.
217
526260
3000
์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ๋“ค์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:49
So it can't turn the genes on.
218
529260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ FOXO๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ผค ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
08:51
That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan,
219
531260
2000
์ด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด๊ณ , ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ daf-2 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋ฅผ
08:53
until we have the daf-2 mutant.
220
533260
2000
๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ๊ธด ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:55
But what good is this for the worm?
221
535260
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ถฉ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
08:57
Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones
222
537260
3000
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ๊ณผ IGF-1 ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด
09:00
are hormones that are particularly active
223
540260
2000
๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์ฃผ๋ณ€์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์€
09:02
under favorable conditions -- in the good times --
224
542260
2000
์ข‹์€ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜์„œ, ์ฆ‰ ์ข‹์€ ๋•Œ์—
09:04
when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.
225
544260
3000
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:07
Then they promote the uptake of nutrients.
226
547260
2000
๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ทธ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์ด ์˜์–‘์†Œ์˜ ์„ญ์ทจ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„์‹œํ‚ค์ฃ 
09:09
You can store the food, use it for energy,
227
549260
3000
์Œ์‹์„ ์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
09:12
grow, etc.
228
552260
2000
์„ฑ์žฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:14
But what we think is that, under conditions of stress,
229
554260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ,
09:17
the levels of these hormones drop --
230
557260
2000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ์Œ์‹์˜ ๊ณต๊ธ‰์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ผ ๋•Œ,
09:19
for example, having limited food supply.
231
559260
3000
์ด ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ธ‰๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:22
And that, we think,
232
562260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
09:24
is registered by the animal as a danger signal,
233
564260
2000
์œ„ํ—˜ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:26
a signal that things are not okay
234
566260
2000
์ฆ‰, ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ ,
09:28
and that it should roll out its protective capacity.
235
568260
3000
์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•ด์•ผํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
09:31
So it activates FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA,
236
571260
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๋™๋ฌผ์ด FOXO๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , FOXO๋Š” DNA๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ,
09:34
and that triggers the expression of these genes
237
574260
2000
์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์–ดํ•˜๊ณ 
09:36
that improves the ability of the cell
238
576260
2000
์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
09:38
to protect itself and repair itself.
239
578260
2000
ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:40
And that's why we think the animals live longer.
240
580260
2000
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:42
So you can think of FOXO
241
582260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” FOXO๋ฅผ
09:44
as being like a building superintendent.
242
584260
3000
๋นŒ๋”ฉ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ฏค์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:47
So maybe he's a little bit lazy,
243
587260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๊ฒŒ์œผ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
09:49
but he's there, he's taking care of the building.
244
589260
2000
ํ•ญ์ƒ ์˜†์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜์ฃ 
09:51
But it's deteriorating.
245
591260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด,
09:53
And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane.
246
593260
3000
๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์ด ๋ถˆ์–ด์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์˜ˆ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ 
09:56
So he doesn't actually do anything himself.
247
596260
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ทธ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:58
He gets on the telephone --
248
598260
2000
๋งˆ์น˜ FOXO๊ฐ€ DNA์— ๋ถ™๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
10:00
just like FOXO gets on the DNA --
249
600260
2000
์ „ํ™”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๊ณ 
10:02
and he calls up
250
602260
2000
์ง€๋ถ• ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ,
10:04
the roofer, the window person,
251
604260
2000
์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ๋„์ƒ‰๊ณต,
10:06
the painter, the floor person.
252
606260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ๊ณ ์น˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ 
10:09
And they all come and they fortify the house.
253
609260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‹ค ์™€์„œ ์ง‘์„ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:11
And then the hurricane comes through,
254
611260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ ,
10:13
and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in.
255
613260
2000
๊ทธ ์ง‘์€ ํ‰์†Œ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:15
And not only that, it can also just last longer,
256
615260
3000
๊ทธ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ธ์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
10:18
even if there isn't a hurricane.
257
618260
2000
๋” ๊ธด ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:20
So that's the concept here
258
620260
2000
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด ์ˆ˜๋ช… ์—ฐ์žฅ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด
10:22
for how we think this life extension ability exists.
259
622260
4000
์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:26
Now the really cool thing about FOXO
260
626260
2000
FOXO์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋ฉ‹์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์€
10:28
is that there are different forms of it.
261
628260
2000
๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:30
We all have FOXO genes,
262
630260
3000
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ FOXO ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:33
but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene.
263
633260
3000
๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๋™์ผํ•œ FOXO ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง„ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:36
Just like we all have eyes,
264
636260
2000
๋งˆ์น˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—๊ฒ ์•ˆ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
10:38
but some of us have blue eyes and some of us have brown eyes.
265
638260
3000
๋ช‡ ๋ช…์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰, ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์€ ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ์š”
10:41
And there are certain forms of the FOXO gene
266
641260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  90~100์„ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
10:44
that have found to be more frequently present
267
644260
2000
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”
10:46
in people who live to be 90 or 100.
268
646260
2000
ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ FOXO ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:48
And that's the case all over the world,
269
648260
2000
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณ„ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ํ‘œ์‹์—์„œ ๋ณด์‹œ๋‹ค์‹œํ”ผ,
10:50
as you can see from these stars.
270
650260
2000
์ด๋Š” ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ง„์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:52
And each one of these stars represents a population
271
652260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋“ค์ด
10:54
where scientists have asked,
272
654260
2000
"๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
10:56
"Okay, are there differences in the type of FOXO genes
273
656260
2000
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ FOXO ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ๊ฐ€?"๋ผ๊ณ 
10:58
among people who live a really long time?" and there are.
274
658260
3000
์งˆ๋ฌธํ•œ ๋ชจ์ง‘๋‹จ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์กด์žฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:01
We don't know the details of how this works,
275
661260
2000
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž์„ธํžˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:03
but we do know then
276
663260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ FOXO ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
11:05
that FOXO genes can impact
277
665260
2000
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
11:07
the lifespan of people.
278
667260
2000
ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:09
And that means that, maybe if we tweak it a little bit,
279
669260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์†์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
11:12
we can increase the health and longevity of people.
280
672260
4000
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:16
So this is really exciting to me.
281
676260
2000
์ „ ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„์ฃผ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:18
A FOXO is a protein that we found in these little, round worms
282
678260
2000
FOXO๋Š” ์ด ์ž‘๊ณ  ๋™๊ทธ๋ž€ ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ
11:20
to affect lifespan,
283
680260
2000
์ˆ˜๋ช…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์ธ๋ฐ,
11:22
and here it affects lifespan in people.
284
682260
2000
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์—๋„ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:24
So we've been trying in our lab now
285
684260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
11:26
to develop drugs
286
686260
2000
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
11:28
that will activate this FOXO cell
287
688260
2000
๋…ธํ™”์™€ ์ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์งˆ๋ณ‘์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ”๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
11:30
using human cells now
288
690260
2000
FOXO ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ
11:32
in order to try and come up with drugs
289
692260
2000
ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์•ฝ์„
11:34
that will delay aging and age-related diseases.
290
694260
3000
๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ์ค‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:37
And I'm really optimistic that this is going to work.
291
697260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:40
There are lots of different proteins that are known to affect aging.
292
700260
3000
๋…ธํ™”์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:43
And for at least one of them, there is a drug.
293
703260
3000
๊ทธ ์ค‘์— ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ์•ฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:46
There's one called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor,
294
706260
2000
๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์–‘๋ถ„ ์„ผ์„œ์ธ TOR๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
11:48
like the insulin pathway.
295
708260
2000
์ด๋Š” ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์˜ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:50
And mutations that damage the TOR gene --
296
710260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  daf-2 ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
11:52
just like the daf-2 mutations --
297
712260
2000
TOR ์œ ์ „์ž์— ์†์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณ€์ด๋Š”
11:54
extend lifespan in worms
298
714260
2000
๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ์™€ ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ฅ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„
11:56
and flies and mice.
299
716260
3000
์—ฐ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:59
But in this case, there's already a drug called rapamycin
300
719260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, TOR ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ๋“ค๋Ÿฌ ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ
12:01
that binds to the TOR protein
301
721260
2000
๊ทธ ํ™œ๋™์„ ๋ฐฉํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”
12:03
and inhibits its activity.
302
723260
2000
๋ผํŒŒ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:05
And you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse --
303
725260
3000
๊ทธ ๋ผ๋ฏธํ”ผ์‹ ์„ ์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ๋ฉด,
12:08
even when it's pretty old, like age 60 for a human,
304
728260
2000
์„ค์‚ฌ ๊ทธ ์ฅ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฉด
12:10
that old for a mouse --
305
730260
2000
60์„ธ ์ •๋„ ๋  ์ •๋„๋กœ
12:12
if you give the mouse rapamycin,
306
732260
2000
์•„์ฃผ ๋Š™์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„,
12:14
it will live longer.
307
734260
2000
๊ทธ ์ฅ๋Š” ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:16
Now I don't want you all to go out taking rapamycin.
308
736260
2000
๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ผ๋ฏธํ”ผ์‹ ์„ ๋“œ์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—์š”
12:18
It is a drug for people,
309
738260
2000
๋ผ๋ฏธํ”ผ์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ฝ์ด๊ธด ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ,
12:20
but the reason is it suppresses the immune system.
310
740260
3000
๋ฉด์—ญ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์šฉ๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:23
So people take it to prevent organ transplants from being rejected.
311
743260
4000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ ์ด์‹์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ€๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จน๋Š” ์•ฝ์ด์ฃ 
12:27
So this may not be the perfect drug
312
747260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ด ์•ฝ์€
12:29
for staying young longer.
313
749260
2000
์ Š์Œ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋จน์„ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์•ฝ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์ฃ 
12:31
But still, here in the year 2011,
314
751260
3000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ, ์ง€๊ธˆ 2011๋…„์—๋„, ์•„์ฃผ ๋Š™์€ ์ฅ์—๊ฒŒ
12:34
there's a drug that you can give to mice at a pretty old age
315
754260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋Š˜๋ ค ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
12:36
that will extend their lifespan,
316
756260
2000
์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:38
which comes out of this science
317
758260
2000
์ด ์•ฝ์€ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
12:40
that's been done in all these different animals.
318
760260
2000
์‹œํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
12:42
So I'm really optimistic,
319
762260
2000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ „ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‚™๊ด€์ ์ด๊ณ ,
12:44
and I think it won't be too long, I hope,
320
764260
2000
์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฟˆ์ด ์‹คํ˜„๋˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€
12:46
before this age-old dream begins to come true.
321
766260
3000
๊ธธ์ง„ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:49
Thank you.
322
769260
2000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:51
(Applause)
323
771260
9000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
13:00
Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
324
780260
3000
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค ์‹ ์‹œ์•„์”จ
13:03
Let me get this straight.
325
783260
2000
์ด๊ฑด ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•ด๋‘์ฃ 
13:05
Although you're looking for a drug
326
785260
2000
๋น„๋ก ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ
13:07
that can solve aging
327
787260
2000
์ € ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜
13:09
in old men like me,
328
789260
3000
๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•ฝ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹œ์ง€๋งŒ,
13:12
what you could do now pretty well in the lab,
329
792260
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฉ์ธ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด,
13:15
if you were allowed ethically,
330
795260
2000
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์„œ
13:17
is start a human life from scratch
331
797260
3000
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋” ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š”
13:20
with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer?
332
800260
3000
์‹คํ—˜์„ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„  ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
13:23
CK: Ah, so the kinds of drugs I was talking about
333
803260
3000
์•„, ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์•ฝ๋“ค์€
13:26
would not change the genes,
334
806260
2000
์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง„ ์•Š์•„์š”
13:28
they would just bind to the protein itself
335
808260
3000
๋‹จ์ง€ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ž์ฒด์— ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ
13:31
and change its activity.
336
811260
2000
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๋งŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์—์š”
13:33
So if you stop taking the drug, the protein would go back to normal.
337
813260
3000
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณต์šฉ์„ ์ค‘์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด, ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ฃ 
13:36
You could change the genes in principle.
338
816260
3000
์›๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋„ ์กฐ์ž‘์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
13:39
There isn't the technology to do that.
339
819260
2000
๋‹จ์ง€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์—†์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ 
13:41
But I don't think that's a good idea.
340
821260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ „ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ ๊ฐ™์ง„ ์•Š๋„ค์š”
13:43
And the reason is
341
823260
2000
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์ด๋‚˜
13:45
that these hormones,
342
825260
2000
IGF ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ,
13:47
like the insulin and the IGF hormones and the TOR pathway,
343
827260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  TOR ๊ฒฝ๋กœ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ๋“ค์€
13:50
they're essential.
344
830260
2000
ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—์š”
13:52
If you knock them out completely, then you're very sick.
345
832260
3000
๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์ง€์‹œ์ผœ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์•„ํ”Œ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”
13:55
So it might be that you would just have to fine tune it very carefully
346
835260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
13:58
to get the benefits without getting any problems.
347
838260
3000
์ด๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์ ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”
14:01
And I think that's much better,
348
841260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์กฐ์ ˆ์€
14:03
that kind of control would be much better as a drug.
349
843260
2000
์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—์š”
14:05
And also, there are other ways of activating FOXO
350
845260
3000
๋˜, FOXO๋ฅผ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
14:08
that don't even involve insulin or IGF-1
351
848260
2000
์ธ์Š๋ฆฐ์ด๋‚˜ IGF-1๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์—†๋Š”
14:10
that might even be safer.
352
850260
2000
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
14:12
MR: I wasn't suggesting that I was going to go and do it, but ...
353
852260
3000
์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ...
14:15
(Laughter)
354
855260
2000
(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:19
There's a phenomenon which you have written about and spoken about,
355
859260
4000
๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ด๋„ ๋  ์ •๋„์˜ ๋…ธ๋…„๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ 
14:23
which is a negligible senescence.
356
863260
3000
์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜์…จ๋˜ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:26
There are some creatures on this planet already
357
866260
2000
์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋“ค์€
14:28
that don't really do aging.
358
868260
3000
์ด๋ฏธ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์ฃ 
14:31
Just move to one side for us, if you would.
359
871260
3000
์˜† ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์˜ฎ๊ธธ๊นŒ์š”?
14:34
CK: There are. There are some animals that don't seem to age.
360
874260
3000
๋„ค, ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋จน์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”
14:37
For example, there are some tortoises called Blanding's turtles.
361
877260
4000
์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด, ์ž”์ ์—ฐ๋ชป๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋“ค์ด์ฃ 
14:41
And they grow to be about this size.
362
881260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ด๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž๋ผ์š”
14:43
And they've been tagged, and they've been found to be 70 years old.
363
883260
3000
๊ผฌ๋ฆฌํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์˜€์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, 70์‚ด ์ •๋„ ๋œ ๊ฑธ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์—ˆ์ฃ 
14:46
And when you look at these 70 year-old turtles,
364
886260
2000
๋˜ ์ด 70์‚ด ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ,
14:48
you can't tell the difference, just by looking,
365
888260
3000
์œก์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” 20์‚ด ์งœ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑฐ๋ถ์ด์™€
14:51
between those turtles and 20 year-old turtles.
366
891260
2000
์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”
14:53
And the 70 year-old ones,
367
893260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด 70์‚ด ์งœ๋ฆฌ๋“ค์€
14:55
actually they're better at scouting out the good nesting places,
368
895260
3000
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•Œ ๋‚ณ๊ธฐ ์ข‹์€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ ,
14:58
and they also have more progeny every year.
369
898260
3000
๋งค๋…„ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์•Œ์„ ๋‚ณ์•„์š”
15:01
And there are other examples of these kinds of animals,
370
901260
3000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
15:04
like turns, certain kinds of birds are like this.
371
904260
3000
ํŠน์ • ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒˆ๋“ค ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ˆ๋“ค๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
15:07
And nobody knows if they really can live forever,
372
907260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์˜์›ํžˆ ์‚ฌ๋Š”์ง€, ํ˜น์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„
15:09
or what keeps them from aging.
373
909260
2000
๋…ธํ™”๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•ด์ฃผ๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ 
15:11
It's not clear.
374
911260
2000
ํ™•์‹ค์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•Š์•„์š”
15:13
If you look at birds, which live a long time,
375
913260
3000
์žฅ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋“ค์„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด,
15:16
cells from the birds tend to be more resistant
376
916260
3000
์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€
15:19
to a lot of different environmental stresses
377
919260
2000
๋†’์€ ์˜จ๋„๋‚˜ ๊ณผ์‚ฐํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
15:21
like high temperature
378
921260
2000
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์—
15:23
or hydrogen peroxide, things like that.
379
923260
2000
ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ํฐ ์ €ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์–ด์š”
15:25
And our long-lived mutants are too.
380
925260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €ํฌ์˜ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด๋“ค๋„์š”
15:27
They're more resistant to these kinds of stresses.
381
927260
2000
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋” ์ž˜ ๊ฒฌ๋ŽŒ๋‚ด์ฃ 
15:29
So it could be that the pathways that I've been talking about,
382
929260
3000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์„ ์ถฉ์—์„œ
15:32
which are set to run really quickly in the worm,
383
932260
3000
์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋†“์ธ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ(pathway)๊ฐ€
15:35
have a different normal set point
384
935260
3000
์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋™๋ฌผ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
15:38
in something like a bird, so that a bird can live a lot longer.
385
938260
3000
์ด๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ด ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๊ธธ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ผ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
15:41
And maybe they're even set really differently
386
941260
2000
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•œ ๋…ธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€
15:43
in animals with no senescence at all -- but we don't know.
387
943260
3000
์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:46
MR: But what you're talking about here
388
946260
2000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ•˜์‹  ๊ฒƒ์€
15:48
is not extending human lifespan
389
948260
3000
์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
15:51
by preventing death,
390
951260
2000
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š”
15:53
so much as extending human youthspan.
391
953260
2000
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ Š์Œ์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
15:55
CK: Yes, that's right.
392
955260
2000
๋„ค, ๋งž์•„์š”
15:57
It's more like, say, if you were a dog.
393
957260
2000
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •์„ ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ 
15:59
You notice that you're getting old, and you look at your human
394
959260
2000
์ž์‹ ์ด ๋Š™์–ด๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
16:01
and you think, "Why isn't this human getting old?"
395
961260
2000
"์™œ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์•ˆ ๋Š™๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ง€?" ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
16:03
They're not getting old in the dog's lifespan.
396
963260
2000
๊ฐœ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€ ๋Š™์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
16:05
It's more like that.
397
965260
2000
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์…ˆ์ด์—์š”
16:07
But now we're the human looking out and imagining a different human.
398
967260
4000
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์ œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ์ƒ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ 
16:11
MR: Thank you very much indeed, Cynthia Kenyon.
399
971260
3000
์‹ ์‹œ์•„ ์ผ€๋…„์”จ, ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:14
(Applause)
400
974260
3000
(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7