Cynthia Kenyon: Experiments that hint of longer lives

95,361 views ・ 2011-11-17

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00:15
Have you ever wanted to stay young a little longer
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Jeste li ikada htjeli ostati mladi malo duže
00:18
and put off aging?
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i odgoditi starenje.
00:20
This is a dream of the ages.
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To je san našeg doba.
00:23
But scientists have for a long time
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Ali znanstvenici su dugo
00:25
thought this just was never going to be possible.
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smatrali da to nikada neće biti moguće.
00:27
They thought you just wear out, there's nothing you can do about it --
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Smatrali su kako se jednostavno potrošite, nema ništa što možete učiniti u vezi toga --
00:30
kind of like an old shoe.
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nekako poput stare cipele.
00:32
But if you look in nature,
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Ali ako pogledate u prirodu,
00:34
you see that different kinds of animals
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vidite da različite vrste životinja
00:36
can have really different lifespans.
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mogu imati zaista različite životne vijekove.
00:38
Now these animals are different from one another,
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A te se životinje razlikuju jedna od druge,
00:40
because they have different genes.
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zato jer imaju različite gene.
00:42
So that suggests
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To nam sugerira
00:44
that somewhere in these genes, somewhere in the DNA,
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da negdje u tim genima, negdje u DNK
00:46
are genes for aging,
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postoje geni za starenje,
00:48
genes that allow them to have different lifespans.
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geni koji im dopuštaju da imaju različite životne vijekove.
00:50
So if there are genes like that,
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Dakle, ako postoje geni poput tih,
00:52
then you can imagine that,
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onda možete zamisliti da
00:54
if you could change one of the genes in an experiment,
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ako možete promijeniti jedan od tih gena pomoću pokusa,
00:56
an aging gene,
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gen za starenje,
00:58
maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan.
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možda možete usporiti starenje i produžiti životni vijek.
01:01
And if you could do that, then you could find the genes for aging.
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A ako bi to mogli učiniti onda biste mogli pronaći gene za starenje.
01:04
And if they exist and you can find them,
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A ako oni postoje i možete ih pronaći,
01:06
then maybe one could eventually do something about it.
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onda bi možda netko s vremenom mogao nešto učiniti u vezi toga.
01:09
So we've set out to look for genes that control aging.
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Pa smo krenuli tražiti gene koji kontroliraju starenje.
01:12
And we didn't study any of these animals.
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I nismo proučavali nijednu od ovih životinja.
01:15
Instead, we studied a little, tiny, round worm called C. elegans,
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Umjesto toga, proučavali smo malenog, sićušnog, okruglog crva pod imenom C. elegans
01:18
which is just about the size of a comma in a sentence.
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koji je veličine zareza u rečenici.
01:21
And we were really optimistic that we could find something
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I bili smo zaista optimistični što bismo mogli pronaći
01:24
because there had been a report of a long-lived mutant.
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nešto jer je postojao izvještaj o dugovječnom mutantu.
01:27
So we started to change genes at random,
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Počeli smo mijenjati gene nasumično,
01:29
looking for long-lived animals.
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tražeći dugovječne životinje.
01:31
And we were very lucky to find
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I bili smo veoma sretni što smo pronašli
01:33
that mutations that damage one single gene called daf-2
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mutacije koje oštećuju jedan jedini gen zvan daf-2
01:37
doubled the lifespan of the little worm.
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koji je udvostručio životni vijek malenog crva.
01:40
So you can see in black, after a month --
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Dakle, možete u crnom vidjeti, nakon mjesec dana --
01:42
they're very short-lived; that's why we like to study them
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oni inače veoma kratko žive; zato ih volimo proučavati
01:44
for studies of aging --
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u studijama vezanim za starenje --
01:46
in black, after a month, the normal worms are all dead.
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u crnom, nakon mjesec dana, svi normalni crvi su mrtvi.
01:49
But at that time,
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Ali za to vrijeme,
01:51
most of the mutant worms are still alive.
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većina mutantnih crva još uvijek je živa.
01:53
And it isn't until twice as long
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I prošlo je dvostruko dulje
01:55
that they're all dead.
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dok svi nisu bili mrtvi.
01:57
And now I want to show what they actually look like in this movie here.
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I sada želim pokazati kako zapravo izgledaju u ovom ovdje filmu.
02:00
So the first thing you're going to see
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Prva stvar koju ćete vidjeti
02:02
is the normal worm
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je normalan crv
02:04
when it's about college student age -- a young adult.
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koji je u svojim studentskim godinama -- mlada osoba.
02:07
It's quite a cute little fellow.
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To je prilično simpatičan mladi momak.
02:10
And next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young.
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A sljedeće što ćete vidjeti je dugovječni mutant za vrijeme mladosti.
02:13
So this animal is going to live twice as long.
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Dakle, ova životinja će živjeti duplo duže.
02:15
Is it miserable? It doesn't seem to be.
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Je li to jadno? Ne čini se da je.
02:17
It's active. You can't tell the difference really.
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Aktivno je. Zapravo ne možete vidjeti razliku.
02:20
And they can be completely fertile --
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I mogu biti potpuno plodni --
02:22
have the same number of progeny as the normal worms do.
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imaju isti broj potomaka kao i normalni crvi.
02:24
Now get out your handkerchiefs here.
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Sad izvadite svoje rupčiće.
02:26
You're going to see, in just two weeks,
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Vidjet ćete, u samo dva tjedna,
02:28
the normal worms are old.
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normalni crvi su stari.
02:30
You can see the little head moving down at the bottom there.
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Možete vidjeti malu glavu kako se miče prema dnu ovdje.
02:33
But everything else is just lying there.
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Ali sve ostalo samo leži tamo.
02:35
The animal's clearly in the nursing home.
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Životinja je očigledno u staračkom domu.
02:37
And if you look at the tissues of the animal, they're starting to deteriorate.
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A ako pogledate tkivo životinje, počinje propadati.
02:40
You know, even if you've never seen one of these little C. elegans --
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Znate, čak i ako nikada niste vidjeli jednog od ovih C. elegansa --
02:42
which probably most of you haven't seen one --
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a vjerojatno većina vas nije vidjela --
02:44
you can tell they're old -- isn't that interesting?
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možete reći da su stari -- nije li to zanimljivo?
02:47
So there's something about aging that's kind of universal.
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Postoji nešto u vezi starenja što je nekako univerzalno.
02:50
And now here is the daf-2 mutant.
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A sada je ovdje daf-2 mutant.
02:53
One gene is changed out of 20,000, and look at it.
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Promijenjen je jedan gen od njih 20.000 i pogledajte ga.
02:55
It's the same age, but it's not in the nursing home;
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Istih je godina, ali nije u staračkom domu;
02:58
it's going skiing.
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ide na skijanje.
03:01
This is what's really cool: it's aging more slowly.
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Evo zašto je to stvarno cool: on stari mnogo sporije.
03:04
It takes this worm two days
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Ovom crvu trebaju dva dana
03:06
to age as much as the normal worm ages in one day.
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da ostari onoliko koliko normalan crv ostari u jednom danu.
03:08
And when I tell people about this,
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I kada ljudima pričam o tome,
03:10
they tend to think of maybe an 80 or 90 year-old person
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oni pomisle na možda 80 ili 90 godina staru osobu
03:14
who looks really good for being 90 or 80.
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koja izgleda zaista dobro s obzirom da ima 90 ili 80 godina.
03:16
But it's really more like this:
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Ali zapravo je to ovako:
03:18
let's say you're a 30 year-old guy -- or in your 30s --
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recimo da ste vi čovjek koji ima 30 godina -- ili ste u tridesetima --
03:21
and you're a bachelor and you're dating people.
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niste se još oženili i izlazite
03:23
And you meet someone you really like, you get to know her.
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s ljudima. I upoznate nekog tko vam se stvarno svidi, upoznate je.
03:26
And you're in a restaurant, and you say, "Well how old are you?"
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U restoranu ste i kažete, „Koliko godina imaš?“
03:29
She says, "I'm 60."
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Ona kaže, „Imam 60 godina.“
03:31
That's what it's like. And you would never know.
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Tako vam to izgleda. I nikada ne biste znali.
03:33
You would never know, until she told you.
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Ne biste znali sve dok vam ona ne bi rekla.
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:39
Okay.
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Ok.
03:41
So what is the daf-2 gene?
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Što je dakle daf-2 gen?
03:43
Well as you know, genes, which are part of the DNA,
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Pa, kao što znate, geni koji su dio DNK,
03:45
they're instructions to make a protein that does something.
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su upute kako napraviti protein koji nešto radi.
03:48
And the daf-2 gene
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A daf-2 gen
03:50
encodes a hormone receptor.
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kodira hormonski receptor.
03:52
So what you see in the picture there
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Dakle, ono što vidite na slici ovdje
03:54
is a cell with a hormone receptor in red
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je stanica s hormonskim receptorom u crvenom
03:56
punching through the edge of the cell.
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koja perforira kroz rub stanice.
03:58
So part of it is like a baseball glove.
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Dio nje je poput bejzbolske rukavice.
04:00
Part of it's on the outside,
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Dio je izvana
04:02
and it's catching the hormone as it comes by in green.
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i hvata hormon koji nailazi u zelenom.
04:04
And the other part is on the inside
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A drugi dio je u unutrašnjosti
04:06
where it sends signals into the cell.
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gdje šalje signale u stanicu.
04:08
Okay, so what is the daf-2 receptor
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U redu, što daf-2 receptor
04:10
telling the inside of the cell?
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govori unutrašnjosti stanice?
04:12
I just told you that, if you make a mutation in the daf-2 gene cell,
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Upravo sam vam rekao da ako napravite mutaciju u daf-2 stanici,
04:15
that you get a receptor that doesn't work as well;
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dobit ćete receptor koji ne radi kako bi trebao;
04:17
the animal lives longer.
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životinje žive duže.
04:19
So that means that the normal function of this hormone receptor
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To znači da je normalna funkcija ovog hormonskog receptora
04:22
is to speed up aging.
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da ubrza starenje.
04:24
That's what that arrow means.
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To znači ta strelica.
04:26
It speeds up aging. It makes it go faster.
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Ubrzava starenje. Čini ga bržim.
04:28
So it's like the animal has the grim reaper inside of itself,
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To je kao da životinja ima razjarenog žeteoca unutar sebe
04:30
speeding up aging.
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koji ubrzava starenje.
04:32
So this is altogether really, really interesting.
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Dakle, sve je ovo skupa veoma veoma zanimljivo.
04:35
It says that aging is subject to control by the genes,
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Govori nam da geni, odnosno osobito hormoni
04:38
and specifically by hormones.
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kontroliraju starenje.
04:41
So what kind of hormones are these?
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Dakle, kakva vrsta hormona je to?
04:43
There's lots of hormones. There's testosterone, adrenalin.
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Postoji mnogo hormona. Imamo testosteron, adrenalin.
04:45
You know about a lot of them.
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Znate ih mnogo.
04:47
These hormones are similar
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Ovi hormoni su slični
04:49
to hormones that we have in our bodies.
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hormonima koje imamo u svojim tijelima.
04:51
The daf-2 hormone receptor
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Daf-2 hormonski receptor
04:53
is very similar to the receptor
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je veoma sličan receptoru
04:55
for the hormone insulin and IGF-1.
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za hormon inzulin i IGF-1.
04:58
Now you've all heard of at least insulin.
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Svi ste čuli barem za inzulin.
05:00
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients
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Inzulin je hormon koji unaprijeđuje unos hranjivih tvari
05:03
into your tissues after you eat a meal.
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u naša tkiva nakon što pojedete obrok.
05:05
And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth.
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A hormon IGF-1 unaprijeđuje rast.
05:08
So these functions were known for these hormones for a long time,
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Ove funkcije su poznate po tim hormonima već jako dugo,
05:11
but our studies suggested
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ali naše su nas studije navele na to
05:13
that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about --
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da možda imaju i treću funkciju za koju nitko nije znao --
05:15
maybe they also affect aging.
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možda oni također utječu na starenje.
05:17
And it's looking like that's the case.
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I izgleda da je to ovdje slučaj.
05:19
So after we made our discoveries with little C. elegans,
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Nakon otkrića s malim C. elegansom,
05:22
people who worked on other kinds of animals
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ljudi koji su radili na drugim vrstama životinja
05:24
started asking, if we made the same daf-2 mutation,
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počeli su ispitivati: ako napravimo istu daf-2 mutaciju,
05:27
the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals,
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mutaciju hormonskog receptora, na drugim životinjama,
05:30
will they live longer?
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hoće li one živjeti duže?
05:32
And that is the case in flies.
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A to je slučaj s muhama.
05:34
If you change this hormone pathway in flies, they live longer.
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Ako promijenite put ovog hormona kod muha, one žive dulje.
05:37
And also in mice -- and mice are mammals like us.
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Isto je i kod miševa -- a miševi su sisavci poput nas.
05:40
So it's an ancient pathway,
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Dakle, to je drevan put,
05:42
because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution
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jer je dugo vremena morao nastajati tijekom evolucije
05:44
such that it still works in all these animals.
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da bi još uvijek radio u svim životinjama.
05:47
And also, the common precursor also gave rise to people.
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I također, zajednički prekusor je doveo do ljudi.
05:50
So maybe it's working in people the same way.
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Možda i kod ljudi radi na isti način.
05:52
And there are hints of this.
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I postoje naznake za to.
05:54
So for example, there was one study that was done
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Kao primjer postojala je jedna studija koja je provedena
05:56
in a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City.
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u populaciji Ashkenazi židova u New Yorku.
05:59
And just like any population,
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I kao i svaka populacija,
06:01
most of the people live to be about 70 or 80,
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većina ljudi doživi 70 ili 80,
06:04
but some live to be 90 or 100.
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ali neki dožive i 90 ili 100 godina.
06:06
And what they found
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Ono što su pronašli je
06:08
was that people who lived to 90 or 100
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da su ljudi koji su doživjeli 90 ili 100 godina
06:11
were more likely to have daf-2 mutations --
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vjerojatno imali daf-2 mutacije --
06:14
that is, changes in the gene
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odnosno, promjene u genu
06:16
that encodes the receptor for IGF-1.
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koje kodiraju receptor za IGF-1.
06:18
And these changes made the gene not act as well
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I te su promjene natjerale gen da se ne ponaša jednako
06:23
as the normal gene would have acted.
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kao i normalan gen.
06:25
It damaged the gene.
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Oštetilo je gen.
06:27
So those are hints
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To su naznake
06:29
suggesting that humans are susceptible
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koje nas navode da su ljudi podložni
06:31
to the effects of the hormones for aging.
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efektima hormona za starenje.
06:33
So the next question, of course, is:
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Naravno, sljedeće je pitanje:
06:35
Is there any effect on age-related disease?
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Postoji li kakva posljedica na bolesti povezane sa starenjem?
06:38
As you age, you're much more likely
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Kako starite, veća vam je šansa
06:40
to get cancer, Alzheimer's disease,
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da dobijete rak, Alzheimerovu bolest,
06:42
heart disease, all sorts of diseases.
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srčanu bolest, razne vrste bolesti.
06:44
It turns out that these long-lived mutants
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Ispada da su ovi dugovječni mutanti
06:46
are more resistant to all these diseases.
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otporniji na sve ove bolesti.
06:48
They hardly get cancer,
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Teško dobivaju rak,
06:50
and when they do it's not as severe.
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a kada i dobiju nije tako težak.
06:52
So it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way,
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Dakle, zaista je zanimljivo i ima smisla na neki način,
06:54
that they're still young,
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jer su još uvijek mladi,
06:56
so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old?
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zašto bi onda dobivali bolesti starenja sve dok ne budu stari?
07:00
So it suggests
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To nas navodi
07:02
that, if we could have a therapeutic or a pill to take
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da kada bismo mogli imati lijek ili pilulu koju bismo uzeli
07:05
to replicate some of these effects in humans,
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kako bismo napravili kopiju nekih od ovih efekata na ljudima,
07:07
maybe we would have a way
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možda bismo imali način
07:09
of combating lots of different age-related diseases
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kako se boriti s mnoštvom različitih bolesti povezanih s godinama,
07:11
all at once.
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odjednom.
07:13
So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging?
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Kako dakle hormon može naposljetku utjecati na brzinu starenja?
07:15
How could that work?
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Kako bi to moglo uspijevati?
07:17
Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,
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Ispada da je kod daf-2 mutanata,
07:20
a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
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velika količina gena zamijenjena na DNK
07:23
that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,
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kako bi kodirala proteine koji štite stanice i tkiva
07:26
and repair damage.
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i popravljaju štetu.
07:28
And the way that they're switched on
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A način na koji su zamijenjeni
07:31
is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.
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je pomoću genskog proteinskog regulatora zvanog FOXO.
07:34
So in a daf-2 mutant --
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Dakle, kod daf-2 mutanata --
07:36
you see that I have the X drawn here through the receptor.
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vidite da sam stavio X ovdje kroz receptor.
07:38
The receptor isn't working as well.
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Receptor ne radi kako bi trebao.
07:40
Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue
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Pod tim uvjetima, FOXO protein u plavom
07:43
has gone into the nucleus --
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je nestao u jezgru --
07:45
that little compartment there in the middle of the cell --
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ovaj mali odjeljak ovdje u sredini stanice --
07:47
and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it.
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i sjedi na genu koji se privezao za njega.
07:49
You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind on FOXO.
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Vidite jedan gen. Zapravo postoji mnogo gena koji se vežu na FOXO.
07:51
And it's just sitting on one of them.
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I samo sjedi na jednom od njih.
07:53
So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.
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Dakle, FOXO pokreće mnogo gena.
07:55
And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes,
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A geni koje pokreće, uključuju gene antioksidante,
07:58
genes I call carrot-giver genes,
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gene koje zovem "geni koji daju mrkvu",
08:00
whose protein products
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čiji proteinski proizvodi
08:02
actually help other proteins to function well --
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zapravo pomažu drugim proteinima da dobro funkcioniraju --
08:04
to fold correctly and function correctly.
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da se ispravno smotaju i ispravno rade.
08:06
And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell
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I također ih mogu pratiti do kanti za smeće u stanici
08:09
and recycle them if they're damaged.
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i reciklirati ih ako su oštećeni.
08:11
DNA repair genes
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DNK popravljajući geni
08:13
are more active in these animals.
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su aktivniji kod ovih životinja.
08:15
And the immune system is more active.
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I imunološki sustav je aktivniji.
08:17
And many of these different genes, we've shown,
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I mnogo od tih različitih gena koje smo pokazali,
08:20
actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant.
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zapravo sudjeluju u dugom životnom vijeku daf-2 mutanata.
08:23
So it's really interesting.
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To je zaista zanimljivo.
08:25
These animals have within them
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Ove životinje unutar sebe imaju
08:27
the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do.
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skriven kapacitet da žive mnogo dulje no što inače žive.
08:30
They have the ability
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Imaju sposobnost
08:32
to protect themselves from many kinds of damage,
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da same sebe zaštite od raznih vrsta oštećenja
08:34
which we think makes them live longer.
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za koje smatramo da zbog njih žive dulje.
08:37
So what about the normal worm?
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Što je s normalnim crvom?
08:39
Well when the daf-2 receptor is active,
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Kada je daf-2 receptor aktivan,
08:42
then it triggers a series of events
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onda aktivira seriju događaja
08:44
that prevent FOXO
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koji sprječavaju FOXO
08:46
from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is.
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od ulaska u jezgru gdje je DNK.
08:49
So it can't turn the genes on.
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Pa ne može pokrenuti gene.
08:51
That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan,
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Tako se to odvija. Zato ne vidimo dug životni vijek,
08:53
until we have the daf-2 mutant.
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sve dok nemamo daf-2 mutanta.
08:55
But what good is this for the worm?
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Ali što je tu dobro za crva?
08:57
Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones
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Pa, mislimo kako su inzulin i IGF-1 hormoni,
09:00
are hormones that are particularly active
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hormoni koji su naročito aktivni
09:02
under favorable conditions -- in the good times --
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pod povoljnim uvjetima -- u dobrim vremenima --
09:04
when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.
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kada postoji obilje hrane i nema mnogo stresa u okolini.
09:07
Then they promote the uptake of nutrients.
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Onda oni unaprijeđuju unos hranjivih tvari.
09:09
You can store the food, use it for energy,
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Možete pohraniti hranu, upotrijebiti je za energiju,
09:12
grow, etc.
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rast i tako dalje.
09:14
But what we think is that, under conditions of stress,
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Ali mi smatramo da pod stresnim uvjetima
09:17
the levels of these hormones drop --
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razina hormona pada --
09:19
for example, having limited food supply.
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na primjer kada imate ograničenu zalihu hrane.
09:22
And that, we think,
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I smatramo da je i to
09:24
is registered by the animal as a danger signal,
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registrirano kod životinja kao signal opasnosti,
09:26
a signal that things are not okay
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signal da stvari nisu u redu
09:28
and that it should roll out its protective capacity.
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i da bi trebalo smanjiti zaštitni kapacitet.
09:31
So it activates FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA,
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To aktivira FOXO, FOXO ulazi u DNK
09:34
and that triggers the expression of these genes
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i to pokreće ekspresiju gena
09:36
that improves the ability of the cell
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koji poboljšavaju sposobnost stanice
09:38
to protect itself and repair itself.
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da štiti samu sebe i da se popravlja.
09:40
And that's why we think the animals live longer.
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I zato mislimo da životinje žive dulje.
09:42
So you can think of FOXO
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Dakle, možete si predočiti da je FOXO
09:44
as being like a building superintendent.
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nešto poput upravitelja gradnje.
09:47
So maybe he's a little bit lazy,
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Možda je malo lijen,
09:49
but he's there, he's taking care of the building.
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ali tamo je, brine se za zgradu.
09:51
But it's deteriorating.
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Ali zgrada propada.
09:53
And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane.
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I onda, odjednom, shvaća da će doći uragan.
09:56
So he doesn't actually do anything himself.
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Pa ništa ne radi sam.
09:58
He gets on the telephone --
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Primi se telefona --
10:00
just like FOXO gets on the DNA --
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kao što se FOXO prima na DNK --
10:02
and he calls up
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i zove
10:04
the roofer, the window person,
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krovopokrivača, stolara,
10:06
the painter, the floor person.
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soboslikara, osobu zaduženu za podove.
10:09
And they all come and they fortify the house.
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I svi dođu i ojačaju kuću.
10:11
And then the hurricane comes through,
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A onda kada uragan prođe
10:13
and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in.
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i kuća je u mnogo boljem stanju nego što bi inače bila.
10:15
And not only that, it can also just last longer,
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I ne samo to, također može duže trajati,
10:18
even if there isn't a hurricane.
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čak i ako nema uragana.
10:20
So that's the concept here
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To je koncept ovdje
10:22
for how we think this life extension ability exists.
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za to kako mislimo da ova sposobnost produženja života postoji.
10:26
Now the really cool thing about FOXO
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Odlična stvar u vezi FOXO-a
10:28
is that there are different forms of it.
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je ta da postoje različiti oblici.
10:30
We all have FOXO genes,
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Svi imamo FOXO gene,
10:33
but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene.
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ali nemamo svi točno iste oblike FOXO gena.
10:36
Just like we all have eyes,
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Kao što svi imamo oči,
10:38
but some of us have blue eyes and some of us have brown eyes.
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ali neki od nas imaju plave oči, a neki od nas smeđe oči.
10:41
And there are certain forms of the FOXO gene
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I postoje određeni oblici FOXO gena
10:44
that have found to be more frequently present
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koji su češće pronađeni
10:46
in people who live to be 90 or 100.
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u ljudima koji dožive 90 ili 100 godina.
10:48
And that's the case all over the world,
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I tako je u cijelom svijetu,
10:50
as you can see from these stars.
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što možete vidjeti po ovim zvijezdama.
10:52
And each one of these stars represents a population
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I svaka od ovih zvijezda predstavlja populaciju
10:54
where scientists have asked,
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gdje su znanstvenici pitali,
10:56
"Okay, are there differences in the type of FOXO genes
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„U redu, jesu li ove različitosti u tipu FOXO gena
10:58
among people who live a really long time?" and there are.
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među ljudima koji zaista dugo žive?“ i jesu.
11:01
We don't know the details of how this works,
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Ne znamo pojedinosti toga kako to funkcionira,
11:03
but we do know then
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ali znamo da
11:05
that FOXO genes can impact
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FOXO geni mogu utjecati na
11:07
the lifespan of people.
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životni vijek ljudi.
11:09
And that means that, maybe if we tweak it a little bit,
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I to znači da, možda ako se malo prilagodimo,
11:12
we can increase the health and longevity of people.
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možemo povećati zdravlje i dugovječnost ljudi.
11:16
So this is really exciting to me.
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Ovo je veomo uzbudljivo za mene.
11:18
A FOXO is a protein that we found in these little, round worms
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FOXO je protein kojeg smo pronašli u tim malim, okruglim crvima,
11:20
to affect lifespan,
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a utječe na životni vijek,
11:22
and here it affects lifespan in people.
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a ovdje utječe na životni vijek kod ljudi.
11:24
So we've been trying in our lab now
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Pokušavali smo u svom laboratoriju
11:26
to develop drugs
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razviti lijek
11:28
that will activate this FOXO cell
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koji će aktivirati tu FOXO stanicu
11:30
using human cells now
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koristeći ljudske stanice
11:32
in order to try and come up with drugs
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kako bismo isprobali i smislili još lijekova
11:34
that will delay aging and age-related diseases.
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koji će odgoditi starenje i bolesti povezane sa starenjem.
11:37
And I'm really optimistic that this is going to work.
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I zaista sam optimistična da će to uspjeti.
11:40
There are lots of different proteins that are known to affect aging.
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Postoji mnogo različitih proteina koji su poznati po tom da utječu na starenje.
11:43
And for at least one of them, there is a drug.
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I barem za jednog od njih postoji lijek.
11:46
There's one called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor,
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Tu je jedan koji se zove TOR, on je senzor hranjivih tvari,
11:48
like the insulin pathway.
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poput puta inzulina.
11:50
And mutations that damage the TOR gene --
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I mutacije koje uništavaju TOR gen --
11:52
just like the daf-2 mutations --
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kao i daf-2 mutacije --
11:54
extend lifespan in worms
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produžuju životni vijek kod crva,
11:56
and flies and mice.
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muha i miševa.
11:59
But in this case, there's already a drug called rapamycin
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Ali u ovom slučaju već postoji lijek pod imenom rapamycin
12:01
that binds to the TOR protein
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koji se veže na TOR protein
12:03
and inhibits its activity.
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i potiče njegovu aktivnost.
12:05
And you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse --
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I možete uzeti rapamycin i dati ga mišu
12:08
even when it's pretty old, like age 60 for a human,
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čak i kad je relativno star, recimo kao 60 ljudskih godina,
12:10
that old for a mouse --
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to je staro za miša --
12:12
if you give the mouse rapamycin,
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ako mišu date rapamycin,
12:14
it will live longer.
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živjet će dulje.
12:16
Now I don't want you all to go out taking rapamycin.
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Ne želim da sad svi krenete uzimati rapamycin.
12:18
It is a drug for people,
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To je lijek za ljude,
12:20
but the reason is it suppresses the immune system.
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a razlog je što uništava imunološki sustav.
12:23
So people take it to prevent organ transplants from being rejected.
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Ljudi ga uzimaju kako bi spriječili transplantirane organe od odbacivanja.
12:27
So this may not be the perfect drug
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Ovo možda nije savršen lijek
12:29
for staying young longer.
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za produženje mladosti.
12:31
But still, here in the year 2011,
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Ali ipak, sada u 2011. godini,
12:34
there's a drug that you can give to mice at a pretty old age
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postoji lijek koji možete dati mišu koji je relativno star
12:36
that will extend their lifespan,
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i to će produžiti njegov životni vijek,
12:38
which comes out of this science
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pri čemu dolazimo do znanosti
12:40
that's been done in all these different animals.
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koja je napravljena na svim tim ostalim životinjama.
12:42
So I'm really optimistic,
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Zato sam veoma optimistična
12:44
and I think it won't be too long, I hope,
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i smatram da neće proći još mnogo vremena, nadam se,
12:46
before this age-old dream begins to come true.
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prije no što se ovaj san o starenju krene ostvarivati.
12:49
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:51
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
13:00
Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
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Matt Ridley: Hvala vam, Cynthia.
13:03
Let me get this straight.
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Da razjasnimo.
13:05
Although you're looking for a drug
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Iako tražite lijek
13:07
that can solve aging
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koji može razriješiti starenje
13:09
in old men like me,
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kod starih ljudi poput mene,
13:12
what you could do now pretty well in the lab,
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ono što biste sada mogli započeti u laboratoriju,
13:15
if you were allowed ethically,
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da vam je etički dozvoljeno,
13:17
is start a human life from scratch
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bi bilo započinjanje ljudskog života od početka
13:20
with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer?
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s promijenjenim genima koji bi učinili da živi mnogo dulje?
13:23
CK: Ah, so the kinds of drugs I was talking about
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CK: Vrsta lijekova o kojima sam govorila
13:26
would not change the genes,
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ne bi promijenili gene,
13:28
they would just bind to the protein itself
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oni bi se samo vezali na protein
13:31
and change its activity.
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i promijenili njegovu aktivnost.
13:33
So if you stop taking the drug, the protein would go back to normal.
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Dakle, ako prestanete uzimati lijek, protein će se vratiti u normalu.
13:36
You could change the genes in principle.
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U principu bi mogli promijeniti gene.
13:39
There isn't the technology to do that.
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Ne postoji tehnologija kojom se to može učiniti.
13:41
But I don't think that's a good idea.
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Ali mislim da to nije dobra ideja.
13:43
And the reason is
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A razlog je to
13:45
that these hormones,
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što su ovi hormoni,
13:47
like the insulin and the IGF hormones and the TOR pathway,
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poput inzulina i IGF hormona i TOR ciklusa,
13:50
they're essential.
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temeljni.
13:52
If you knock them out completely, then you're very sick.
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Ako ih u potpunosti izbacite, onda ste veoma bolesni.
13:55
So it might be that you would just have to fine tune it very carefully
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Dakle, može biti da biste ih samo morali fino podesiti veoma oprezno
13:58
to get the benefits without getting any problems.
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da bi dobili korist od toga bez da zadobijete ikakve probleme.
14:01
And I think that's much better,
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I smatram da je to mnogo bolje,
14:03
that kind of control would be much better as a drug.
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takva vrsta kontrole bi bila mnogo bolja kao lijek.
14:05
And also, there are other ways of activating FOXO
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I također, postoje drugi načini za aktivaciju FOXO-a
14:08
that don't even involve insulin or IGF-1
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koji čak i ne uključuju inzulin ili IGF-1
14:10
that might even be safer.
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koji su možda i sigurniji.
14:12
MR: I wasn't suggesting that I was going to go and do it, but ...
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MR: Nisam vas navodio da ću otići i učiniti to, ali ...
14:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:19
There's a phenomenon which you have written about and spoken about,
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Postoji fenomen o kojem ste pisali i pričali,
14:23
which is a negligible senescence.
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a to je zanemarivo starenje.
14:26
There are some creatures on this planet already
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Postoje stvorenja na ovom planetu
14:28
that don't really do aging.
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koja zapravo ne stare.
14:31
Just move to one side for us, if you would.
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Samo to pomaknite na našu stranu, ako možete.
14:34
CK: There are. There are some animals that don't seem to age.
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CK: Postoje. Postoje neke životinje za koje se čini da ne stare.
14:37
For example, there are some tortoises called Blanding's turtles.
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Na primjer, ovo su kornjače zvane Blandingove kornjače.
14:41
And they grow to be about this size.
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I narastu do ove veličine.
14:43
And they've been tagged, and they've been found to be 70 years old.
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Označene su i pronađene neke koje imaju 70 godina.
14:46
And when you look at these 70 year-old turtles,
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I kada pogledate ovu 70 godina staru kornjaču,
14:48
you can't tell the difference, just by looking,
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ne možete vidjeti razliku,
14:51
between those turtles and 20 year-old turtles.
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između tih kornjača i 20-godišnjih kornjača.
14:53
And the 70 year-old ones,
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I sedamdesetogodišnjakinje
14:55
actually they're better at scouting out the good nesting places,
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zapravo su bolje u izviđanju dobrih gnijezda
14:58
and they also have more progeny every year.
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i također imaju više potomaka svake godine.
15:01
And there are other examples of these kinds of animals,
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I imamo druge primjere ove vrste životinja,
15:04
like turns, certain kinds of birds are like this.
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poput zaokreta, određene vrste ptica poput ovih.
15:07
And nobody knows if they really can live forever,
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I nitko ne zna mogu li one stvarno živjeti zauvijek
15:09
or what keeps them from aging.
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ili što je to što ih sprječava od starenja.
15:11
It's not clear.
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Nije jasno.
15:13
If you look at birds, which live a long time,
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Ako pogledate ptice koje žive dugo,
15:16
cells from the birds tend to be more resistant
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stanice iz ptica su otpornije
15:19
to a lot of different environmental stresses
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na mnogo različitih stresova iz okoliša
15:21
like high temperature
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poput visoke temperature
15:23
or hydrogen peroxide, things like that.
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ili hidrogen peroksida, stvari poput tih.
15:25
And our long-lived mutants are too.
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I naši dugovječni mutanti također.
15:27
They're more resistant to these kinds of stresses.
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Otporniji su na ovakvu vrstu stresova.
15:29
So it could be that the pathways that I've been talking about,
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Može biti da ciklusi o kojima sam pričala,
15:32
which are set to run really quickly in the worm,
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a odvijali su se brzo u crvu,
15:35
have a different normal set point
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imaju različite normalne odredišne točke
15:38
in something like a bird, so that a bird can live a lot longer.
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u nečemu poput ptice, tako da ptice mogu dulje živjeti.
15:41
And maybe they're even set really differently
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I možda su čak različito postavljeni
15:43
in animals with no senescence at all -- but we don't know.
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kod životinja bez starenja -- no to ne znamo.
15:46
MR: But what you're talking about here
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MR: Ali to što govorite ovdje
15:48
is not extending human lifespan
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nije produljenje ljudskog životnog vijeka
15:51
by preventing death,
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pomoću prevencije smrti,
15:53
so much as extending human youthspan.
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već produljenje ljudske mladosti.
15:55
CK: Yes, that's right.
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CK: Da, to je točno.
15:57
It's more like, say, if you were a dog.
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To je više poput toga da ste recimo pas.
15:59
You notice that you're getting old, and you look at your human
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Primjećujete da starite, gledate svog čovjeka
16:01
and you think, "Why isn't this human getting old?"
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i mislite, „Zašto ovaj čovjek ne stari?“
16:03
They're not getting old in the dog's lifespan.
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Ne stare u psećem životnom vijeku.
16:05
It's more like that.
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To je više poput toga.
16:07
But now we're the human looking out and imagining a different human.
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Ali sada smo ljudi koji gledaju i zamišljaju drugačijeg čovjeka.
16:11
MR: Thank you very much indeed, Cynthia Kenyon.
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MR: Veoma vam hvala, Cynthia Kenyon.
16:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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