Cynthia Kenyon: Experiments that hint of longer lives

95,542 views ・ 2011-11-17

TED


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Traducător: Dan Grecu Corector: Maria Tancu
00:15
Have you ever wanted to stay young a little longer
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Ai dorit vreodata sa ramai tanar inca putin?
00:18
and put off aging?
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si sa amani batrinetea?
00:20
This is a dream of the ages.
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Acesta este un vis din vechime.
00:23
But scientists have for a long time
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Dar oamenii de stiinta au crezut pentru mult timp
00:25
thought this just was never going to be possible.
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ca acest lucru nu va fi niciodata posibil
00:27
They thought you just wear out, there's nothing you can do about it --
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Au crezut ca pur si simplu ne uzam si ca nu avem ce face --
00:30
kind of like an old shoe.
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la fel ca in cazul unui pantof vechi
00:32
But if you look in nature,
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Dar daca te uiti in natura,
00:34
you see that different kinds of animals
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vei vedea ca diferite tipuri de animale
00:36
can have really different lifespans.
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pot avea sperante de viata foarte diferite.
00:38
Now these animals are different from one another,
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Aceste animale sunt diferite unele fata de altele,
00:40
because they have different genes.
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deoarece au gene diferite
00:42
So that suggests
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Aceasta sugereaza
00:44
that somewhere in these genes, somewhere in the DNA,
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ca, printre aceste gene, undeva in ADN-ul lor
00:46
are genes for aging,
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se gasesc genele responsabile cu imbatrinirea,
00:48
genes that allow them to have different lifespans.
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gene care determina ca speranta lor de viata sa fie diferita.
00:50
So if there are genes like that,
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Deci daca exista astfel de gene,
00:52
then you can imagine that,
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atunci iti poti imagina ca
00:54
if you could change one of the genes in an experiment,
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daca ai putea modifica o astfel de gena intr-un experiment,
00:56
an aging gene,
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o gena responsabila de imbatrinire,
00:58
maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan.
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poate ca atunci ai putea sa incetinesti imbatrinirea si ai putea mari speranta de viata.
01:01
And if you could do that, then you could find the genes for aging.
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Si daca ai putea face asta, atunci ai putea descoperi genele imbatranirii.
01:04
And if they exist and you can find them,
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Si daca acestea exista si le-ai putea gasi,
01:06
then maybe one could eventually do something about it.
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atunci poate ai putea face ceva in aceasta privinta.
01:09
So we've set out to look for genes that control aging.
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Astfel am inceput sa cautam genele care controleaza imbatrinirea.
01:12
And we didn't study any of these animals.
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Nu am studiat nici unul dintre aceste animale.
01:15
Instead, we studied a little, tiny, round worm called C. elegans,
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In schimb am studiat un mic vierme cilindric numit C. elegans,
01:18
which is just about the size of a comma in a sentence.
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care este de dimensiunea unei virgule.
01:21
And we were really optimistic that we could find something
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Eram foarte optimisti ca vom gasi ce cautam
01:24
because there had been a report of a long-lived mutant.
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deoarece exista un articol despre un mutant longeviv.
01:27
So we started to change genes at random,
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Astfel am inceput sa modificam gene la intamplare,
01:29
looking for long-lived animals.
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cautand exemplare longevive.
01:31
And we were very lucky to find
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Si am fost norocosi sa gasim ca,
01:33
that mutations that damage one single gene called daf-2
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mutatii care afectau o gena numita daf-2,
01:37
doubled the lifespan of the little worm.
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dublau speranta de viata a micutului vierme.
01:40
So you can see in black, after a month --
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Deci dupa cu vedeti cu negru, dupa o luna;
01:42
they're very short-lived; that's why we like to study them
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acesti viermi traiesc foarte putin si de aceea ne place
01:44
for studies of aging --
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sa-i folosim in studierea imbatranirii;
01:46
in black, after a month, the normal worms are all dead.
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cu negru, dupa o luna, viermii normali erau morti cu totii.
01:49
But at that time,
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Dar la acelasi moment,
01:51
most of the mutant worms are still alive.
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cei mai multi mutanti erau inca in viata.
01:53
And it isn't until twice as long
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Si doar dupa o perioada dubla de timp
01:55
that they're all dead.
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erau morti cu totii.
01:57
And now I want to show what they actually look like in this movie here.
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Iar acum vreau sa va arat in acest film cum arata acesti viermi.
02:00
So the first thing you're going to see
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Primul lucru pe care-l veti vedea
02:02
is the normal worm
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este viermele normal
02:04
when it's about college student age -- a young adult.
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in jurul varstei studentiei, un adult tanar.
02:07
It's quite a cute little fellow.
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Este un micut destul de dragut.
02:10
And next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young.
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Iar acum veti vedea mutantul logeviv la tinerete.
02:13
So this animal is going to live twice as long.
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Deci acest exemplar va trai de doua ori mai mult.
02:15
Is it miserable? It doesn't seem to be.
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Este nefericit? Nu pare a fi.
02:17
It's active. You can't tell the difference really.
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Este activ. Nu poti face diferenta intre ei.
02:20
And they can be completely fertile --
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Si sunt la fel de fertili,
02:22
have the same number of progeny as the normal worms do.
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avand acelasi numar de urmasi ca si viermii normali.
02:24
Now get out your handkerchiefs here.
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Acum scoateti batistele.
02:26
You're going to see, in just two weeks,
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Veti vedea ca in doar doua saptamani,
02:28
the normal worms are old.
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viermii normali sunt batrani.
02:30
You can see the little head moving down at the bottom there.
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Ii puteti vedea caputul miscandu-se in partea de jos.
02:33
But everything else is just lying there.
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Dar restul corpului pur si simplu zace acolo.
02:35
The animal's clearly in the nursing home.
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Acest exemplar este clar la azil.
02:37
And if you look at the tissues of the animal, they're starting to deteriorate.
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De asemenea, puteti vedea ca tesuturile au inceput sa se deterioreze.
02:40
You know, even if you've never seen one of these little C. elegans --
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Chiar daca nu ati vazut niciodata un astfel de vierme,
02:42
which probably most of you haven't seen one --
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ceea ce este adevarat pentru majoritatea dintre voi,
02:44
you can tell they're old -- isn't that interesting?
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va puteti da seama ca sunt batrani; interesant nu-i asa?
02:47
So there's something about aging that's kind of universal.
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Deci imbatrinirea este ceva universal.
02:50
And now here is the daf-2 mutant.
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Iar acesta este cel gena daf-2 modificata.
02:53
One gene is changed out of 20,000, and look at it.
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O gena din 20,000 este modificata si uitati-va la el.
02:55
It's the same age, but it's not in the nursing home;
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Este la aceeasi varsta, dar nu este la azil,
02:58
it's going skiing.
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ci schiaza.
03:01
This is what's really cool: it's aging more slowly.
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Cu adevarat remarcabil este ca imbatraneste mai incet.
03:04
It takes this worm two days
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Ii ia acestui vierme doua zile
03:06
to age as much as the normal worm ages in one day.
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sa imbatraneasca la fel de mult ca celui normal intr-o zi.
03:08
And when I tell people about this,
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Iar cand le spun oamenilor despre acest lucru,
03:10
they tend to think of maybe an 80 or 90 year-old person
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ei se gandesc la un batran de 80 sau 90 de ani
03:14
who looks really good for being 90 or 80.
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care arata prea bine sa fie de 80 sau 90 de ani.
03:16
But it's really more like this:
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Dar este mai degraba asa:
03:18
let's say you're a 30 year-old guy -- or in your 30s --
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sa zicem ca esti un barbat de 30 sau de maxim 40 de ani
03:21
and you're a bachelor and you're dating people.
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si ca esti burlac si te duci la intalniri.
03:23
And you meet someone you really like, you get to know her.
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Si intalnesti pe cineva care-ti place cu adevarat si vrei sa o cunosti mai bine.
03:26
And you're in a restaurant, and you say, "Well how old are you?"
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Si esti intr-un restaurant si intrebi: "Ei bine, cati ani ai?"
03:29
She says, "I'm 60."
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Si ea spune: "am 60 de ani"
03:31
That's what it's like. And you would never know.
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Cam despre asta este vorba.
03:33
You would never know, until she told you.
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Nu nu ai putea sa stii,
03:35
(Laughter)
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pana nu ti-ar spune.
03:39
Okay.
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In regula.
03:41
So what is the daf-2 gene?
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Deci ce este gena daf-2?
03:43
Well as you know, genes, which are part of the DNA,
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Dupa cum stiti, genele sunt parte a ADN-ului
03:45
they're instructions to make a protein that does something.
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si reprezinta intructiuni de a fabrica o proteina cu o anumita functie.
03:48
And the daf-2 gene
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Iar gena daf-2
03:50
encodes a hormone receptor.
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codeaza un receptor hormonal.
03:52
So what you see in the picture there
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Deci ceea ce vedeti in imagine
03:54
is a cell with a hormone receptor in red
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este o celula cu un receptor hormonal, reprezentat cu rosu,
03:56
punching through the edge of the cell.
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care strapunge membrana celulara.
03:58
So part of it is like a baseball glove.
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Deci o parte a lui este ca o manusa de baseball.
04:00
Part of it's on the outside,
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Aceasta parte a lui din exterior,
04:02
and it's catching the hormone as it comes by in green.
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prinde hormonul in trecere, reprezentat cu verde.
04:04
And the other part is on the inside
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Iar cealalta parte este in interior
04:06
where it sends signals into the cell.
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si transmite semnale in celula.
04:08
Okay, so what is the daf-2 receptor
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Deci ce anume spune receptorul daf-2
04:10
telling the inside of the cell?
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interiorului celulei?
04:12
I just told you that, if you make a mutation in the daf-2 gene cell,
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Tocmai v-am spus ca daca realizezi o mutatie in gena daf-2,
04:15
that you get a receptor that doesn't work as well;
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si obtii un receptor care nu functioneaza la fel de bine,
04:17
the animal lives longer.
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atunci animalul traieste mai mult.
04:19
So that means that the normal function of this hormone receptor
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Asta insemna ca functia normala a acestui receptor hormonal
04:22
is to speed up aging.
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este de a accelera imbatranirea.
04:24
That's what that arrow means.
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Aceasta este semnificatia sagetii.
04:26
It speeds up aging. It makes it go faster.
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Ca accelereaza imbatranirea. O grabeste.
04:28
So it's like the animal has the grim reaper inside of itself,
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Ceea ce este similar cu a avea in corp pe
04:30
speeding up aging.
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doamna cu coasa, graband imbatranirea.
04:32
So this is altogether really, really interesting.
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Aceasta concluzie este foarte, foarte interesanta.
04:35
It says that aging is subject to control by the genes,
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Si ne spune ca imbatranirea este in parte controlata de gene,
04:38
and specifically by hormones.
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mai exact de hormoni.
04:41
So what kind of hormones are these?
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Despre ce fel de hormoni este vorba?
04:43
There's lots of hormones. There's testosterone, adrenalin.
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Exista o multime de hormoni, printre care testosteronul si adrenalina.
04:45
You know about a lot of them.
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Cunoasteti multi astfel de hormoni.
04:47
These hormones are similar
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Acesti hormoni sunt similari
04:49
to hormones that we have in our bodies.
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cu cei pe care-i gasim in corpul omenesc.
04:51
The daf-2 hormone receptor
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Receptorul hormonal daf-2
04:53
is very similar to the receptor
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este foarte similar cu receptorul
04:55
for the hormone insulin and IGF-1.
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pentru insulina si IGF-1.
04:58
Now you've all heard of at least insulin.
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Cu totii am auzit cel putin de insulina.
05:00
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients
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Insulina este un hormon care stimuleaza asimilarea
05:03
into your tissues after you eat a meal.
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nutrientilor in tesuturi dupa masa.
05:05
And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth.
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Iar hormonul IGF-1 stimuleaza cresterea.
05:08
So these functions were known for these hormones for a long time,
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Aceste functii erau cunoscute de mult,
05:11
but our studies suggested
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dar studiile noastre au sugerat
05:13
that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about --
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ca acestia ar putea avea si o a treia functie,
05:15
maybe they also affect aging.
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legata de procesul de imbatranire.
05:17
And it's looking like that's the case.
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Si se pare ca asa este.
05:19
So after we made our discoveries with little C. elegans,
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Deci dupa ce am facut descoperirile noastre pe micul C. elegans,
05:22
people who worked on other kinds of animals
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cercetatori lucrand cu alte tipuri de animale
05:24
started asking, if we made the same daf-2 mutation,
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au inceput sa se intrebe daca nu cumva, realizand aceeasi mutatie
05:27
the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals,
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a receptorului hormonal daf-2 la alte animale,
05:30
will they live longer?
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acestea vor trai mai mult?
05:32
And that is the case in flies.
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Si s-a dovedit ca este valabil in cazul mustelor.
05:34
If you change this hormone pathway in flies, they live longer.
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Daca modifici acest traseu hormonal la muste, acestea traiesc mai mult.
05:37
And also in mice -- and mice are mammals like us.
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Si de asemenea la soareci, iar soarecii sunt mamifere ca si noi.
05:40
So it's an ancient pathway,
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Deci este vorba de un traseu foarte vechi,
05:42
because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution
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care trebuie sa se fi manifestat acum foarte mult timp in evolutie
05:44
such that it still works in all these animals.
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ca sa fie inca activ in toate aceste animale.
05:47
And also, the common precursor also gave rise to people.
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De asemenea, acest stramos comun a dat nastere si oamenilor.
05:50
So maybe it's working in people the same way.
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Deci este posibil sa functioneze si la oameni in acelasi mod.
05:52
And there are hints of this.
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Exista indicii in acest sens.
05:54
So for example, there was one study that was done
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De exemplu, exista un studiu facut
05:56
in a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City.
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pe o populatie de evrei Ashkenazi din New York.
05:59
And just like any population,
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Si ca in orice alta populatie,
06:01
most of the people live to be about 70 or 80,
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cei mai multi traiesc pana la 70 - 80 de ani,
06:04
but some live to be 90 or 100.
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dar sunt unii care traiesc pana la 90 sau 100 de ani.
06:06
And what they found
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Si au descoperit
06:08
was that people who lived to 90 or 100
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ca oamenii care traiau pana la 90 - 100 de ani
06:11
were more likely to have daf-2 mutations --
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erau mai predispusi la mutatia genei daf-2,
06:14
that is, changes in the gene
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adica modificarea genei
06:16
that encodes the receptor for IGF-1.
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care codifica receptorul pentru IGF-1.
06:18
And these changes made the gene not act as well
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Iar aceste modificari faceau ca gena sa nu functioneze
06:23
as the normal gene would have acted.
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la fel de bine ca gena normala.
06:25
It damaged the gene.
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Avem de-a face cu o gena defecta.
06:27
So those are hints
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Deci aceste indicii
06:29
suggesting that humans are susceptible
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sugereaza ca oameni sunt susceptibili
06:31
to the effects of the hormones for aging.
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la efectele hormonilor asupra imbatranirii.
06:33
So the next question, of course, is:
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Deci urmatoarea intrebare este bineinteles:
06:35
Is there any effect on age-related disease?
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exista efecte asupra bolilor batranetii?
06:38
As you age, you're much more likely
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Odata cu anii, este mai probabil
06:40
to get cancer, Alzheimer's disease,
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sa faci cancer, Alzheimer,
06:42
heart disease, all sorts of diseases.
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boli ce inima, tot felul de boli.
06:44
It turns out that these long-lived mutants
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S-a dovedit ca acest mutanti longevivi
06:46
are more resistant to all these diseases.
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sunt mai rezistenti fata de toate aceste boli.
06:48
They hardly get cancer,
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Fac cancer in numar foarte mic,
06:50
and when they do it's not as severe.
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iar cand il fac nu este la fel de agresiv
06:52
So it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way,
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Este foarte interesant si logic pana la urma,
06:54
that they're still young,
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avand in vedere ca sunt inca tineri,
06:56
so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old?
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de ce sa sufere deja de bolile batranetii?
07:00
So it suggests
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Asta sugereaza
07:02
that, if we could have a therapeutic or a pill to take
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ca daca am avea un tratament sau o pastila
07:05
to replicate some of these effects in humans,
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care sa replice aceste efecte la oameni,
07:07
maybe we would have a way
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poate ca atunci am avea o cale
07:09
of combating lots of different age-related diseases
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de a combate o multime de afectiuni ale batranetii,
07:11
all at once.
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dintr-o data.
07:13
So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging?
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Cum ar putea un hormon sa afecteze imbatranirea?
07:15
How could that work?
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Care ar fi mecanismul?
07:17
Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,
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Ei bine, se pare ca la mutantii daf-2,
07:20
a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
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sunt activate in ADN foarte multe gene
07:23
that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,
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care codifica proteine care protejeaza celulele, tesuturile
07:26
and repair damage.
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si care repara defectele.
07:28
And the way that they're switched on
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Iar activarea acestora
07:31
is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.
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se face printr-un regulator proteic al genelor numit FOXO.
07:34
So in a daf-2 mutant --
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Deci la un mutant daf-2;
07:36
you see that I have the X drawn here through the receptor.
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dupa cum vedeti am taiat receptorul;
07:38
The receptor isn't working as well.
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receptorul nu functioneaza la fel de bine.
07:40
Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue
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In aceste conditii, FOXO proteina colorata cu albastru
07:43
has gone into the nucleus --
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a intrat in nucleul celulei,
07:45
that little compartment there in the middle of the cell --
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acel mic compartiment din mijlocul celulei,
07:47
and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it.
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si s-a legat de gena.
07:49
You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind on FOXO.
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Vedeti o singura gena. Sunt multe gene care se leaga de FOXO.
07:51
And it's just sitting on one of them.
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Iar aceasta sta pe una dintre ele.
07:53
So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.
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Deci FOXO activeaza multe gene.
07:55
And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes,
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Printre care si genele antioxidante,
07:58
genes I call carrot-giver genes,
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gene pe care le numesc "datatoare de caroten",
08:00
whose protein products
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ale caror proteine
08:02
actually help other proteins to function well --
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ajuta alte proteine sa functioneze bine,
08:04
to fold correctly and function correctly.
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sa se asambleze corect si sa functioneze bine.
08:06
And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell
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De asemenea le pot escorta la cosul de gunoi al celulei
08:09
and recycle them if they're damaged.
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pentru reciclare daca sunt defecte.
08:11
DNA repair genes
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Genele cu functie de reparare a ADN-ului
08:13
are more active in these animals.
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sunt mai active la aceste animale.
08:15
And the immune system is more active.
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Si sistemul imunitar este mai activ.
08:17
And many of these different genes, we've shown,
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Am aratat ca multe dintre aceste gene,
08:20
actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant.
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contribuie la speranta de viata crescuta a mutantilor daf-2.
08:23
So it's really interesting.
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Este cu adevarat interesant ca,
08:25
These animals have within them
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aceste animale au in interiorul lor
08:27
the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do.
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capacitatea latenta de a trai mult mai mult decat o fac de obicei.
08:30
They have the ability
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Au capacitatea de a se proteja
08:32
to protect themselves from many kinds of damage,
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de multe feluri de vatamari, ceea ce
08:34
which we think makes them live longer.
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ne face sa credem ca le ajuta sa traiasca mai mult.
08:37
So what about the normal worm?
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Ce se intampla la viermele normal?
08:39
Well when the daf-2 receptor is active,
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Ei bine, cand receptorul daf-2 este activ,
08:42
then it triggers a series of events
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declanseaza o succesiune de evenimente
08:44
that prevent FOXO
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care impiedica FOXO
08:46
from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is.
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sa intre in nucleu, acolo unde se afla ADN-ul.
08:49
So it can't turn the genes on.
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Deci acesta nu poate activa gene.
08:51
That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan,
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Asa functioneaza. De aceea nu vedem o speranta de viata crescuta,
08:53
until we have the daf-2 mutant.
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pana nu avem mutatia daf-2.
08:55
But what good is this for the worm?
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Dar cu ce ajuta asta pe vierme?
08:57
Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones
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Noi credem ca insulina si IGF-1
09:00
are hormones that are particularly active
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sunt hormoni care sunt activi in mod special
09:02
under favorable conditions -- in the good times --
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in conditii favorabile, in vremuri bune,
09:04
when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.
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cand mancarea este foarte disponibila si cand mediul nu este stresant.
09:07
Then they promote the uptake of nutrients.
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Atunci ei incurajeaza absorptia de nutrienti.
09:09
You can store the food, use it for energy,
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Poti stoca nutrientii si folosii pentru
09:12
grow, etc.
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energie, pentru crestere, etc.
09:14
But what we think is that, under conditions of stress,
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Iar noi credem ca in conditii de stres,
09:17
the levels of these hormones drop --
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nivelul acestor hormoni scade,
09:19
for example, having limited food supply.
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de exemplu cand mancarea este limitata.
09:22
And that, we think,
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Iar acest lucru, credem noi,
09:24
is registered by the animal as a danger signal,
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este interpretat de animal ca un semnal de alarma,
09:26
a signal that things are not okay
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un semnal ca lucrurile nu sunt in ordine
09:28
and that it should roll out its protective capacity.
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si ca trebuie sa activeze functiunile de conservare.
09:31
So it activates FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA,
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Deci acesta activeaza FOXO, FOXO acceseaza ADN-ul,
09:34
and that triggers the expression of these genes
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si declanseaza exprimarea acelor gene
09:36
that improves the ability of the cell
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care imbunatatesc capacitatea celulei
09:38
to protect itself and repair itself.
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de a se proteja si repara.
09:40
And that's why we think the animals live longer.
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Si de aceea, credem noi, aceste animale traiesc mai mult.
09:42
So you can think of FOXO
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Deci te poti gandi la FOXO
09:44
as being like a building superintendent.
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ca la administratorul unei cladiri.
09:47
So maybe he's a little bit lazy,
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Poate ca este putin lenes,
09:49
but he's there, he's taking care of the building.
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dar este prezent si are grija de cladire.
09:51
But it's deteriorating.
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Aceasta se deterioreaza.
09:53
And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane.
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Si deodata, afla ca se pregateste un uragan.
09:56
So he doesn't actually do anything himself.
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El nu face nimic cu mana lui.
09:58
He gets on the telephone --
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Pune mana pe telefon,
10:00
just like FOXO gets on the DNA --
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la fel cum FOXO acceseaza ADN-ul,
10:02
and he calls up
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si suna diversi specialisti,
10:04
the roofer, the window person,
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pe cel care repara acoperisuri, cel cu ferestrele,
10:06
the painter, the floor person.
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zugravul, cel cu podelele.
10:09
And they all come and they fortify the house.
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Iar acestia vin si consolideaza cladirea.
10:11
And then the hurricane comes through,
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Astfel incat atunci cand vine uraganul,
10:13
and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in.
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cladirea este intr-o stare mult mai buna decat ar fi fost in mod normal.
10:15
And not only that, it can also just last longer,
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Si pe langa asta, cladirea poate rezista mai mult
10:18
even if there isn't a hurricane.
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chiar daca nu vine uraganul.
10:20
So that's the concept here
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Deci acesta este modul in care credem ca
10:22
for how we think this life extension ability exists.
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functioneaza aceasta abilitate de marire a longevitatii.
10:26
Now the really cool thing about FOXO
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Iar lucrul cel mai fain referitor la FOXO
10:28
is that there are different forms of it.
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este ca exista mai multe forme ale sale.
10:30
We all have FOXO genes,
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Cu totii avem gene FOXO,
10:33
but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene.
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dar nu avem toti fix aceeasi forma a genei FOXO.
10:36
Just like we all have eyes,
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La fel cum toti avem ochi,
10:38
but some of us have blue eyes and some of us have brown eyes.
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dar unii dintre noi avem ochi albastrii iar altii ii au caprui.
10:41
And there are certain forms of the FOXO gene
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Si sunt anumite forme ale genei FOXO
10:44
that have found to be more frequently present
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care au fost mai des gasite
10:46
in people who live to be 90 or 100.
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la oamenii care traiesc 90 sau 100 ani.
10:48
And that's the case all over the world,
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Iar acest lucru este valabil in toata lumea,
10:50
as you can see from these stars.
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dupa cum vedeti cu ajutorul acestor stele.
10:52
And each one of these stars represents a population
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Fiecare stea reprezinta o populatie
10:54
where scientists have asked,
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unde oamenii de stiinta au intrebat:
10:56
"Okay, are there differences in the type of FOXO genes
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"Exista pana la urma diferite tipuri de gene FOXO
10:58
among people who live a really long time?" and there are.
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printre oamenii foarte longevivi?". Si se pare ca sunt.
11:01
We don't know the details of how this works,
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Nu avem detalii despre mecanismul implicat,
11:03
but we do know then
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dar stim ca
11:05
that FOXO genes can impact
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genele FOXO influenteaza
11:07
the lifespan of people.
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speranta de viata a oamenilor.
11:09
And that means that, maybe if we tweak it a little bit,
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Iar asta inseamna ca, daca am putea-o regla,
11:12
we can increase the health and longevity of people.
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atunci am putea imbunatatii sanatatea si longevitatea oamenilor.
11:16
So this is really exciting to me.
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Pentru mine acest lucru este cu adevarat incitant.
11:18
A FOXO is a protein that we found in these little, round worms
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Am descoperit ca FOXO influenteaza speranta de viata
11:20
to affect lifespan,
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in acesti viermi cilindrici
11:22
and here it affects lifespan in people.
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si iata ca influenteaza speranta de viata si la oameni.
11:24
So we've been trying in our lab now
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Deci acum incercam sa dezvoltam,
11:26
to develop drugs
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in laboratorul nostru, compusi
11:28
that will activate this FOXO cell
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care sa activeze FOXO
11:30
using human cells now
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in celulele umane,
11:32
in order to try and come up with drugs
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astfel incat sa putem descoperii medicamente
11:34
that will delay aging and age-related diseases.
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care sa amane imbatranirea si bolile batranetii.
11:37
And I'm really optimistic that this is going to work.
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Si sunt foarte optimista ca va functiona.
11:40
There are lots of different proteins that are known to affect aging.
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Sunt multe proteine despre care se cunoaste ca afecteaza imbatranirea.
11:43
And for at least one of them, there is a drug.
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Si pentru cel putin una dintre ele exista un medicament.
11:46
There's one called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor,
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Exista una numita TOR, care este tot un senzor de nutrienti,
11:48
like the insulin pathway.
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la fel ca si insulina.
11:50
And mutations that damage the TOR gene --
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Iar mutatii care afecteaza gena TOR,
11:52
just like the daf-2 mutations --
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la fel ca in cazul mutatiilor daf-2,
11:54
extend lifespan in worms
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maresc speranta de viata a viermilor,
11:56
and flies and mice.
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mustelor si soarecilor.
11:59
But in this case, there's already a drug called rapamycin
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Exista deja un medicament numit rapamycin
12:01
that binds to the TOR protein
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care se leaga de proteina TOR
12:03
and inhibits its activity.
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si ii inhiba activitatea.
12:05
And you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse --
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Si poti da rapamycin unui soarece
12:08
even when it's pretty old, like age 60 for a human,
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destul de batran, cam la 60 de ani pentru un om,
12:10
that old for a mouse --
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atat de batran,
12:12
if you give the mouse rapamycin,
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si daca dai rapamycin soarecelui,
12:14
it will live longer.
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acesta va trai mai mult.
12:16
Now I don't want you all to go out taking rapamycin.
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Ce-i drept, nu as vrea sa va apucati sa luati rapamycin.
12:18
It is a drug for people,
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Este intradevar un medicament pentru oameni,
12:20
but the reason is it suppresses the immune system.
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dar este folosit pentru suprimarea sistemului imunitar.
12:23
So people take it to prevent organ transplants from being rejected.
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Iar oamenii il iau pentru a preveni respingerea transplantului de organe.
12:27
So this may not be the perfect drug
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Deci nu este medicamentul perfect
12:29
for staying young longer.
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pentru a ramane tanar.
12:31
But still, here in the year 2011,
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Dar totusi, acum in anul 2011,
12:34
there's a drug that you can give to mice at a pretty old age
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exista un medicament pe care-l poti da soarecilor in varsta
12:36
that will extend their lifespan,
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marindu-le astfel speranta de viata,
12:38
which comes out of this science
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medicament care provine din cercetarile
12:40
that's been done in all these different animals.
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care au fost realizate pe toate aceste animale.
12:42
So I'm really optimistic,
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Deci sunt cu adevarat optimista,
12:44
and I think it won't be too long, I hope,
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si sper ca nu va mai dura mult,
12:46
before this age-old dream begins to come true.
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pana cand aceast vis din vechime se va indeplini.
12:49
Thank you.
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Va multumesc.
12:51
(Applause)
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_
13:00
Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
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Matt Ridley: Multumim Cynthia.
13:03
Let me get this straight.
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Permite-mi sa clarific.
13:05
Although you're looking for a drug
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Desi voi cautati un medicament
13:07
that can solve aging
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care sa rezolve problema imbatranirii,
13:09
in old men like me,
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la batrani ca mine,
13:12
what you could do now pretty well in the lab,
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ati putea chiar acum in laborator,
13:15
if you were allowed ethically,
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daca v-ar permite etica,
13:17
is start a human life from scratch
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sa porniti de la zero viata unui om
13:20
with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer?
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cu genele modificate, ceea ce i-ar permite sa traiasca foarte mult?
13:23
CK: Ah, so the kinds of drugs I was talking about
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CK: Deci, tipul de medicamente despre care vorbeam
13:26
would not change the genes,
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nu ar modifica genele,
13:28
they would just bind to the protein itself
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doar s-ar lega de proteine
13:31
and change its activity.
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si le-ar modifica functionarea.
13:33
So if you stop taking the drug, the protein would go back to normal.
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Iar daca nu le-ai mai lua, atunci proteinele ar reveni la normal.
13:36
You could change the genes in principle.
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Ai putea in principiu sa modifici genele.
13:39
There isn't the technology to do that.
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Nu avem tehnologia care sa ne permita acest lucru.
13:41
But I don't think that's a good idea.
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Dar nu cred ca ar fi o ideea buna.
13:43
And the reason is
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Iar motivul este
13:45
that these hormones,
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ca acesti hormoni,
13:47
like the insulin and the IGF hormones and the TOR pathway,
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cum ar fi insulina, IGF si TOR,
13:50
they're essential.
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sunt esentiali.
13:52
If you knock them out completely, then you're very sick.
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Daca ii elimini complet, atunci ai deveni foarte bolnav.
13:55
So it might be that you would just have to fine tune it very carefully
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Deci este posibil sa fie nevoie sa reglezi foarte bine lucrurile
13:58
to get the benefits without getting any problems.
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pentru a te bucura de avantaje fara a avea probleme.
14:01
And I think that's much better,
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Si cred ca este mult mai bine
14:03
that kind of control would be much better as a drug.
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ca acest tip de control sa fie obtinut printr-un medicament.
14:05
And also, there are other ways of activating FOXO
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De asemenea, exista alte moduri de activare a FOXO
14:08
that don't even involve insulin or IGF-1
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care nu implica insulina sau IGF-1
14:10
that might even be safer.
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care s-ar putea dovedi mai sigure.
14:12
MR: I wasn't suggesting that I was going to go and do it, but ...
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MR: Nu sugeram ca m-as fi apucat sa o fac, dar...
14:15
(Laughter)
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_
14:19
There's a phenomenon which you have written about and spoken about,
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Exista un fenomen despre care ai scris si vorbit,
14:23
which is a negligible senescence.
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care se numeste imbatranire neglijabila.
14:26
There are some creatures on this planet already
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Exista deja anumite creaturi pe acest pamant
14:28
that don't really do aging.
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care nu imbatranesc.
14:31
Just move to one side for us, if you would.
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Muta-te pe partea noastra te rog.
14:34
CK: There are. There are some animals that don't seem to age.
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CK: Intradevar, exista anumite animale care par sa nu imbatraneasca.
14:37
For example, there are some tortoises called Blanding's turtles.
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De exemplu, anumite testoasele Emydoidea blandingii.
14:41
And they grow to be about this size.
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Iar acestea cresc de marimea aceasta.
14:43
And they've been tagged, and they've been found to be 70 years old.
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Si au fost marcate si s-a descoperit ca sunt in varsta de 70 de ani.
14:46
And when you look at these 70 year-old turtles,
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Si cand te uiti la aceste testoase de 70 de ani,
14:48
you can't tell the difference, just by looking,
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nu poti sa faci diferenta vizual
14:51
between those turtles and 20 year-old turtles.
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intre aceste testoase si unele de 20 de ani.
14:53
And the 70 year-old ones,
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Iar acestea de 70 de ani,
14:55
actually they're better at scouting out the good nesting places,
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sunt mai pricepute sa descopere zonele bune de depus ouale,
14:58
and they also have more progeny every year.
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astfel incat au mai multi urmasi in fiecare an.
15:01
And there are other examples of these kinds of animals,
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Exista si alte exemple de astfel de animale,
15:04
like turns, certain kinds of birds are like this.
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cum ar fi anumite specii de pasari.
15:07
And nobody knows if they really can live forever,
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Nimeni nu stie daca sunt cu adevarat nemuritoare,
15:09
or what keeps them from aging.
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sau ce le face sa nu imbatraneasca.
15:11
It's not clear.
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Nu este clar.
15:13
If you look at birds, which live a long time,
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Daca studiezi pasarile, care sunt longevive,
15:16
cells from the birds tend to be more resistant
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celulele pasarilor tind sa fie mai rezistente
15:19
to a lot of different environmental stresses
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la o multime de factori de stres de mediu,
15:21
like high temperature
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cum ar fi temperatura ridicata,
15:23
or hydrogen peroxide, things like that.
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sau apa oxigenata (perhidrol), lucruri de acest gen.
15:25
And our long-lived mutants are too.
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Si mutantii nostri longevivi sunt rezistenti.
15:27
They're more resistant to these kinds of stresses.
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Sunt mai rezistenti la aceste tipuri de stres.
15:29
So it could be that the pathways that I've been talking about,
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Deci s-ar putea ca mecanismele despre care am vorbit,
15:32
which are set to run really quickly in the worm,
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care sunt setate la o viteza foarte mare la viermi,
15:35
have a different normal set point
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sa fie reglate la alt nivel
15:38
in something like a bird, so that a bird can live a lot longer.
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in cazul pasarilor, ceea ce le permite acestora sa fie mai longevive.
15:41
And maybe they're even set really differently
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Si ar putea fi reglate complet diferit
15:43
in animals with no senescence at all -- but we don't know.
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la animalele care nu imbatranesc, dar nu stim.
15:46
MR: But what you're talking about here
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MR: Dar tu nu ai vorbit aici despre
15:48
is not extending human lifespan
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despre marirea sperantei de viata a oamenilor
15:51
by preventing death,
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prin prevenirea mortii, ci mai degraba
15:53
so much as extending human youthspan.
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prin extinterea tineretii oamenilor.
15:55
CK: Yes, that's right.
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CK: Intradevar, asa este.
15:57
It's more like, say, if you were a dog.
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Ca sa facem o comparatie cu un caine,
15:59
You notice that you're getting old, and you look at your human
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realizezi ca imbatranesti si te uiti la stapan
16:01
and you think, "Why isn't this human getting old?"
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si te intrebi: "De ce nu imbatraneste acest om?"
16:03
They're not getting old in the dog's lifespan.
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Ei nu imbatranesc in timpul vietii cainelui.
16:05
It's more like that.
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Cam asa este.
16:07
But now we're the human looking out and imagining a different human.
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Dar acum suntem oameni si ne imaginam altfel de oameni.
16:11
MR: Thank you very much indeed, Cynthia Kenyon.
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MR: Iti multumim foarte mult Cynthia Kenyon.
16:14
(Applause)
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_
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