Jessica Green: Good germs make healthy buildings

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

Everything is covered in invisible ecosystems

Sve je pokriveno nevidljivim ekosistemima

made of tiny lifeforms: bacteria, viruses and fungi.

sačinjenim od sićušnih oblika života: bakterija, virusa i gljivica.

Our desks, our computers, our pencils, our buildings

Naši stolovi, kompjuteri, olovke, zgrade

all harbor resident microbial landscapes.

svi imaju lokalne mikrobijalne pejzaže.

As we design these things, we could be thinking

Dok dizajniramo ove stvari, možemo razmišljati

about designing these invisible worlds,

o dizajniranju ovih nevidljivih svetova

and also thinking about how they interact

i o tome kako uzajamno deluju

with our personal ecosystems.

sa našim ličnim ekosistemima.

Our bodies are home to trillions of microbes,

Naša tela su dom bilionima mikroba

and these creatures define who we are.

i ova stvorenja određuju ko smo.

The microbes in your gut can influence your weight and your moods.

Mikrobi u vašim crevima mogu da utiču na vašu težinu i raspoloženje.

The microbes on your skin can help boost your immune system.

Mikrobi na vašoj koži mogu da pomognu u poboljšanju vašeg imunog sistema.

The microbes in your mouth can freshen your breath,

Mikrobi u vašim ustima mogu da vam osveže dah,

or not,

ili ne,

and the key thing is that our personal ecosystems

i ključno je to da naši lični ekosistemi

interact with ecosystems on everything we touch.

međusobno deluju sa ekosistemima svega što dodirnemo.

So, for example, when you touch a pencil,

Tako kada na primer dodirnete olovku,

microbial exchange happens.

desi se razmena mikroba.

If we can design the invisible ecosystems in our surroundings,

Ako možemo da dizajniramo nevidljive ekosisteme naše okoline

this opens a path to influencing

ovo otvara put uticaju

our health in unprecedented ways.

na naše zdravlje na jedinstven način.

I get asked all of the time from people,

Ljudi me stalno pitaju:

"Is it possible to really design microbial ecosystems?"

"Da li je zaista moguće dizajnirati mikrobne ekosisteme?"

And I believe the answer is yes.

Verujem da jeste.

I think we're doing it right now,

Mislim da to radimo sada,

but we're doing it unconsciously.

ali da je to nesvesno.

I'm going to share data with you

Podeliću s vama podatke

from one aspect of my research focused on architecture

iz jednog aspekta mog istraživanja koje je usmereno na arhitekturu

that demonstrates how, through both conscious

i koji pokazuju kako kroz svestan

and unconscious design,

i nesvestan dizajn,

we're impacting these invisible worlds.

utičemo na ove nevidljive svetove.

This is the Lillis Business Complex at the University of Oregon,

Ovo je poslovni kompleks Lilis na Univerzitetu Oregona

and I worked with a team of architects and biologists

i radila sam s timom arhitekata i biologa

to sample over 300 rooms in this building.

kako bi uzeli uzorke iz 300 prostorija u ovoj zgradi.

We wanted to get something like a fossil record of the building,

Hteli smo da dobijemo nešto poput fosilnog zapisa zgrade

and to do this, we sampled dust.

i kako bismo ovo dobili, uzimali smo uzorke prašine.

From the dust, we pulled out bacterial cells,

Iz prašine smo uzeli ćelije bakterija,

broke them open, and compared their gene sequences.

rasporili ih i uporedili sekvence gena.

This means that people in my group

Ovo znači da su ljudi iz moje grupe

were doing a lot of vacuuming during this project.

tokom ovog projekta puno usisavali.

This is a picture of Tim, who,

Ovo na slici je Tim,

right when I snapped this picture, reminded me,

koji me je pre ove slike podsetio i rekao:

he said, "Jessica, the last lab group I worked in

"Džesika, u poslednjoj laboratorijskoj grupi u kojoj sam radio

I was doing fieldwork in the Costa Rican rainforest,

bio sam na terenskom radu u kišnim šumama Kostarike

and things have changed dramatically for me."

i stvari su se za mene ozbiljno promenile."

So I'm going to show you now first what we found in the offices,

Prvo ću vam pokazati šta smo našli u kancelarijama

and we're going to look at the data through a visualization tool

i pogledaćemo podatke kroz alat za vizualizaciju

that I've been working on in partnership with Autodesk.

na kojem radim u saradnji sa Autodeskom.

The way that you look at this data is,

Na ove podatke gledate ovako -

first, look around the outside of the circle.

prvo gledate spoljašnjost kruga.

You'll see broad bacterial groups,

Vidite široke grupe bakterija

and if you look at the shape of this pink lobe,

i ako pogledate oblik ove roze školjke,

it tells you something about the relative abundance of each group.

on vam govori nešto o relativnom izobilju svake grupe.

So at 12 o'clock, you'll see that offices have a lot of

Na 12 sati vidite da kancelarije imaju dosta

alphaproteobacteria, and at one o'clock

alfa-proteobakterija, a na 1 sat

you'll see that bacilli are relatively rare.

vidite da ima relativno malo bacila.

Let's take a look at what's going on in different space types in this building.

Hajde da pogledamo šta se dešava u različitim tipovima prostora u ovoj zgradi.

If you look inside the restrooms,

Ako pogledate u toalete,

they all have really similar ecosystems,

svi imaju slične ekosisteme,

and if you were to look inside the classrooms,

a ako pogledate unutar učionica

those also have similar ecosystems.

i one imaju lične ekosisteme.

But if you look across these space types,

Ali ako pogledate kroz te tipove prostora,

you can see that they're fundamentally different

videćete da se bitno razlikuju

from one another.

jedan od drugog.

I like to think of bathrooms like a tropical rainforest.

O kupatilima razmišljam kao o tropskim kišnim šumama.

I told Tim, "If you could just see the microbes,

Rekla sam Timu: "Ako gledaš samo mikrobe,

it's kind of like being in Costa Rica. Kind of."

to je otprilike kao da si u Kostariki. Kao."

And I also like to think of offices as being a temperate grassland.

O kancelarijama razmišljam kao o mirnim pašnjacima.

This perspective is a really powerful one for designers,

Ovo je za dizajnere moćna perspektiva

because you can bring on principles of ecology,

jer možete primeniti principe ekologije,

and a really important principle of ecology is dispersal,

a veoma važan princip ekologije je osipanje,

the way organisms move around.

način na koji se organizmi kreću.

We know that microbes are dispersed around by people

Znamo da mikrobe rasejavaju ljudi

and by air.

i vazduh.

So the very first thing we wanted to do in this building

Prva stvar koju smo hteli da uradimo u ovoj zgradi

was look at the air system.

je da pogledamo ventilaciju.

Mechanical engineers design air handling units

Mašinski inženjeri smišljaju jedinice za vazduh

to make sure that people are comfortable,

kako bi ljudima bilo prijatno,

that the air flow and temperature is just right.

kako bi vazduh cirkulisao i temperatura bila savršena.

They do this using principles of physics and chemistry,

Ovo rade pomoću principa fizike i hemije,

but they could also be using biology.

ali takođe mogu koristiti biologiju.

If you look at the microbes

Ako pogledate mikrobe

in one of the air handling units in this building,

u jednoj od jedinica za vazduh u ovoj zgradi,

you'll see that they're all very similar to one another.

videćete da su svi slični jedni drugima.

And if you compare this to the microbes

Ako ovo uporedite sa mikrobima

in a different air handling unit,

iz druge jedinice za vazduh,

you'll see that they're fundamentally different.

videćete da su potpuno različiti.

The rooms in this building are like islands in an archipelago,

Prostorije u ovoj zgradi su poput ostrva u arhipelagu,

and what that means is that mechanical engineers

a to znači da su mehanički inženjeri

are like eco-engineers, and they have the ability

poput eko-inženjera i imaju mogućnost

to structure biomes in this building the way that they want to.

da po želji prave strukture bioma u ovoj zgradi.

Another facet of how microbes get around is by people,

Drugi način na koji se mikrobi kreću je preko ljudi

and designers often cluster rooms together

i dizajneri često zbiju prostorije

to facilitate interactions among people,

kako bi olašali kontakt među ljudima

or the sharing of ideas, like in labs and in offices.

ili deljenje ideja, kao u laboratorijama i kancelarijama.

Given that microbes travel around with people,

S obzirom da mikrobi putuju okolo s ljudima,

you might expect to see rooms that are close together

možete očekivati da susedne prostorije

have really similar biomes.

imaju jako slične biome.

And that is exactly what we found.

Upravo to smo i pronašli.

If you look at classrooms right adjacent to one another,

Ako pogledate susedne učionice,

they have very similar ecosystems,

imaju veoma slične ekosisteme,

but if you go to an office

ali ako odete u kancelariju

that is a farther walking distance away,

do koje se mora duže hodati,

the ecosystem is fundamentally different.

ekosistem je potpuno drugačiji.

And when I see the power that dispersal has

Kada vidim moć osipanja

on these biogeographic patterns,

na ove biogeografske šablone,

it makes me think that it's possible

pomislim da je moguće

to tackle really challenging problems,

uhvatiti se u koštac sa stvarno izazovnim problemima,

like hospital-acquired infections.

poput infekcija koje se dobijaju u bolnici.

I believe this has got to be, in part,

Mislim da ovo mora da bude, delimično

a building ecology problem.

problem ekologije zgrade.

All right, I'm going to tell you one more story about this building.

Ispričaću vam još nešto u vezi s ovom zgradom.

I am collaborating with Charlie Brown.

Sarađujem s Čarlijem Braunom.

He's an architect,

On je arhitekta,

and Charlie is deeply concerned about global climate change.

i Čarli je veoma zabrinut zbog globalne promene klime.

He's dedicated his life to sustainable design.

Posvetio je život održivom dizajnu.

When he met me and realized that it was possible for him

Kada me je upoznao i shvatio da je moguće

to study in a quantitative way

da na kvantitativan način proučava

how his design choices impacted

kako njegove odluke u dizajnu utiču

the ecology and biology of this building,

na ekologiju i biologiju ove zgrade,

he got really excited, because it added a new dimension to what he did.

veoma se uzbudio jer je to dodalo novu dimenziju njegovom poslu.

He went from thinking just about energy

Od razmišljanja isključivo o energiji

to also starting to think about human health.

prešao je na razmišljanje o zdravlju ljudi.

He helped design some of the air handling systems

Pomogao je sa dizajnom sistema za vazduh

in this building and the way it was ventilated.

u ovoj zgradi i sa načinom ventilacije.

So what I'm first going to show you is

Prvo ću vam pokazati

air that we sampled outside of the building.

uzorke vazduha izvan zgrade.

What you're looking at is a signature of bacterial communities

Trenutno gledate u potpis bakterijskih zajednica

in the outdoor air, and how they vary over time.

u spoljašnjem vazduhu i kako se vremenom menjaju.

Next I'm going to show you what happened

Onda ću vam pokazati šta se desilo

when we experimentally manipulated classrooms.

kada smo u eksperimentu manipulisali učionicama.

We blocked them off at night

Noću smo ih blokirali

so that they got no ventilation.

kako ne bi bilo ventilacije.

A lot of buildings are operated this way,

Puno zgrada funkcioniše na ovaj način,

probably where you work,

verovatno na vašem poslu,

and companies do this to save money on their energy bill.

i kompanije ovako štede na računima.

What we found is that these rooms remained relatively stagnant

Otkrili smo da su prostorije bile u relativnoj stagnaciji,

until Saturday, when we opened the vents up again.

do subote, kada smo ponovo uključili ventilaciju.

When you walked into those rooms,

Kada biste ušli u ove prostorije,

they smelled really bad,

jako su zaudarale

and our data suggests that it had something to do with

i podaci sugerišu da to ima veze

leaving behind the airborne bacterial soup

sa ostavljanjem vazdušne bakterijske supe

from people the day before.

ljudi od prethodnog dana.

Contrast this to rooms

Ovo uporedite sa prostorijama

that were designed using a sustainable passive design strategy

koje su dizajnirane održivom strategijom pasivnog dizajna

where air came in from the outside through louvers.

gde vazduh dolazi spolja kroz otvore.

In these rooms, the air tracked the outdoor air relatively well,

U ovim prostorijama, vazduh je relativno dobro pratio spoljašnji,

and when Charlie saw this, he got really excited.

i kada je Čarli ovo video, zaista se uzbudio.

He felt like he had made a good choice

Imao je osećaj da je dobro odabrao

with the design process

u procesu dizajna

because it was both energy efficient

jer je bio energetski efikasan

and it washed away the building's resident microbial landscape.

i sprao je lokalni mikrobski pejzaž.

The examples that I just gave you are about architecture,

Primeri koje sam vam dala vezani su za arhitekturu,

but they're relevant to the design of anything.

ali bitni su za bilo koju vrstu dizajna.

Imagine designing with the kinds of microbes that we want

Zamislite dizajn sa mikrobima koje mi želimo

in a plane

u avionu

or on a phone.

ili na telefonu.

There's a new microbe, I just discovered it.

Postoji novi mikrob koji sam tek otkrila.

It's called BLIS, and it's been shown

Zove se BLIS, i dokazano je

to both ward off pathogens

da odbija patogene

and give you good breath.

i pruža svež dah.

Wouldn't it be awesome if we all had BLIS on our phones?

Zar ne bi bilo sjajno da svi imamo BLIS na telefonu?

A conscious approach to design,

Svestan pristup dizajnu,

I'm calling it bioinformed design,

koji ja nazivam bioinformisanim dizajnom,

and I think it's possible.

i mislim da je to moguće.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)