Jessica Green: Good germs make healthy buildings

50,728 views ・ 2013-03-25

TED


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00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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譯者: illusion Hung 審譯者: Hao-Wei Chang
00:13
Everything is covered in invisible ecosystems
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一切事物均被肉眼不可見的生態系統覆蓋
00:17
made of tiny lifeforms: bacteria, viruses and fungi.
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它由微小的生命組成:細菌、病毒和真菌
00:21
Our desks, our computers, our pencils, our buildings
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我們的書桌、電腦、筆、建築
00:25
all harbor resident microbial landscapes.
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全是微生物的棲息地
00:29
As we design these things, we could be thinking
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當我們設計這些物品時,不妨思考一下
00:31
about designing these invisible worlds,
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關於這些隱形世界的設計
00:34
and also thinking about how they interact
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同時思考它們如何與
00:36
with our personal ecosystems.
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我們個人的生態系統互動
00:39
Our bodies are home to trillions of microbes,
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我們身體是億萬個微生物的住所
00:43
and these creatures define who we are.
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這些生物定義了我們
00:45
The microbes in your gut can influence your weight and your moods.
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腸道中的微生物可影響你的體重和心情
00:49
The microbes on your skin can help boost your immune system.
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皮膚上的微生物有助於提升你的免疫系統
00:53
The microbes in your mouth can freshen your breath,
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口中的微生物可使你口氣清新
00:56
or not,
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或正好相反
00:57
and the key thing is that our personal ecosystems
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最重要的是,我們個人的生態系統
01:00
interact with ecosystems on everything we touch.
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與我們接觸的一切生態系統間的交互作用
01:03
So, for example, when you touch a pencil,
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因此,例如,當你觸摸一支筆時
01:05
microbial exchange happens.
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即發生微生物交換
01:08
If we can design the invisible ecosystems in our surroundings,
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如果我們能設計周遭的隱形生態系統
01:12
this opens a path to influencing
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將開啟一條途徑
01:15
our health in unprecedented ways.
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以前所未有的方式影響我們的健康
01:18
I get asked all of the time from people,
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經常有人問我
01:21
"Is it possible to really design microbial ecosystems?"
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「設計微生物生態系統是否確實可行?」
01:25
And I believe the answer is yes.
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我認為答案是肯定的
01:28
I think we're doing it right now,
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我認為我們此刻正在進行這件事
01:29
but we're doing it unconsciously.
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但是處於不自覺狀態
01:33
I'm going to share data with you
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我想與大家分享一些資訊
01:35
from one aspect of my research focused on architecture
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來自我對建築的研究之一
01:38
that demonstrates how, through both conscious
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顯示我們如何藉由有意識
01:41
and unconscious design,
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及無意識的設計
01:44
we're impacting these invisible worlds.
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影響這些肉眼不可見的世界
01:47
This is the Lillis Business Complex at the University of Oregon,
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這是奧勒岡大學 Lillis 商學綜合大樓
01:51
and I worked with a team of architects and biologists
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我與一個由 建築師和生物學家組成的團隊合作
01:53
to sample over 300 rooms in this building.
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在這棟建築中的 300 多個房間取樣
01:58
We wanted to get something like a fossil record of the building,
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我們希望得到 類似建築物的歷史紀錄
02:02
and to do this, we sampled dust.
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為了達成這個目標,我們蒐集灰塵樣本
02:05
From the dust, we pulled out bacterial cells,
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我們從灰塵中分離出細菌細胞
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broke them open, and compared their gene sequences.
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將它們打破,比較其中的基因序列
02:12
This means that people in my group
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這意味著我的團隊成員
02:14
were doing a lot of vacuuming during this project.
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在這個計畫中進行了大量吸塵工作
02:17
This is a picture of Tim, who,
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照片中的人是 Tim
02:20
right when I snapped this picture, reminded me,
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就在拍攝這張照片的當下,他提醒我說:
02:22
he said, "Jessica, the last lab group I worked in
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「Jessica,在上個研究團隊中,
02:25
I was doing fieldwork in the Costa Rican rainforest,
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我是在哥斯大黎加雨林進行田野調查,
02:28
and things have changed dramatically for me."
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這和現在情況有著天壤之別。」
02:32
So I'm going to show you now first what we found in the offices,
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因此我準備向大家展示 我們在辦公室中的第一項發現
02:35
and we're going to look at the data through a visualization tool
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我們將藉由某種視覺工具瀏覽這些資料
02:38
that I've been working on in partnership with Autodesk.
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這是我和 Autodesk (3D軟體設計公司)長期合作的成果
02:42
The way that you look at this data is,
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瀏覽資料的方法是
02:44
first, look around the outside of the circle.
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先觀察圓圈外圍
02:48
You'll see broad bacterial groups,
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你將看見許多不同的菌落
02:51
and if you look at the shape of this pink lobe,
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如果觀察這個粉紅葉片狀圖形
02:54
it tells you something about the relative abundance of each group.
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它將顯示每種菌落的相對數量
02:57
So at 12 o'clock, you'll see that offices have a lot of
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因此在 12 點鐘方向,你看見辦公室存在許多
02:59
alphaproteobacteria, and at one o'clock
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甲型變形菌,在 1 點鐘方向
03:02
you'll see that bacilli are relatively rare.
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你看見桿菌數量十分稀少
03:06
Let's take a look at what's going on in different space types in this building.
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我們看看建築中不同類型空間的情況
03:11
If you look inside the restrooms,
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如果觀察休息室
03:13
they all have really similar ecosystems,
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它們的生態系統均十分相似
03:16
and if you were to look inside the classrooms,
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如果觀察教室
03:18
those also have similar ecosystems.
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它們亦擁有相似的生態系統
03:21
But if you look across these space types,
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但如果縱觀這些空間類型
03:23
you can see that they're fundamentally different
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可看出它們彼此間
03:26
from one another.
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截然不同
03:28
I like to think of bathrooms like a tropical rainforest.
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我喜歡將浴室想成熱帶雨林
03:31
I told Tim, "If you could just see the microbes,
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我對 Tim 說,「如果你能看見微生物
03:33
it's kind of like being in Costa Rica. Kind of."
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大概就感覺像身處哥斯大黎加。」
03:37
And I also like to think of offices as being a temperate grassland.
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我也喜歡將辦公室想成溫帶草原
03:42
This perspective is a really powerful one for designers,
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這個觀點對設計師來說十分有用
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because you can bring on principles of ecology,
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因為你可以套用生態學原則
03:50
and a really important principle of ecology is dispersal,
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生態學中一個 十分重要的原則就是傳播
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the way organisms move around.
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即有機體的傳播方式
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We know that microbes are dispersed around by people
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我們知道微生物藉由人類
03:59
and by air.
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和空氣傳播
04:00
So the very first thing we wanted to do in this building
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因此我們希望在這棟建築中做的第一件事
04:03
was look at the air system.
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就是觀察空氣系統
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Mechanical engineers design air handling units
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機械工程師設計空調系統
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to make sure that people are comfortable,
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確保人們感到舒適
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that the air flow and temperature is just right.
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空氣流通、氣溫恰到好處
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They do this using principles of physics and chemistry,
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他們利用物理和化學原理進行這項工作
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but they could also be using biology.
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但也可利用生物學
04:21
If you look at the microbes
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如果觀察這棟建築中
04:23
in one of the air handling units in this building,
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某個空調系統裡的微生物
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you'll see that they're all very similar to one another.
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將發現其中生態均十分相似
04:30
And if you compare this to the microbes
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如果將它與
04:34
in a different air handling unit,
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不同空調系統中的微生物比較
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you'll see that they're fundamentally different.
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將發現兩者截然不同
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The rooms in this building are like islands in an archipelago,
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這建築中的房間就像孤立群島中的島嶼
04:42
and what that means is that mechanical engineers
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這意味著機械工程師
04:45
are like eco-engineers, and they have the ability
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如同生態工程師有能力
04:48
to structure biomes in this building the way that they want to.
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以他們想要的方式 建構這棟建築中的生物群落
04:53
Another facet of how microbes get around is by people,
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另一個傳播微生物的方式是藉由人類
04:57
and designers often cluster rooms together
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設計師通常將房間設計在一處
05:00
to facilitate interactions among people,
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像是實驗室和辦公室
05:03
or the sharing of ideas, like in labs and in offices.
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以促進人們的交流或分享看法
05:06
Given that microbes travel around with people,
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考慮微生物隨著人們四處傳播
05:09
you might expect to see rooms that are close together
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你或許預期相距不遠的房間
05:11
have really similar biomes.
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存在十分相似的生物群落
05:14
And that is exactly what we found.
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這正是我們發現的結果
05:16
If you look at classrooms right adjacent to one another,
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如果觀察彼此相鄰的教室
05:19
they have very similar ecosystems,
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它們擁有十分相似的生態系統
05:21
but if you go to an office
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但如果觀察
05:25
that is a farther walking distance away,
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與其相距甚遠的辦公室
05:28
the ecosystem is fundamentally different.
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其中的生態系統則大不相同
05:30
And when I see the power that dispersal has
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當我發現這些
05:35
on these biogeographic patterns,
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生物地理學分佈模式的力量
05:37
it makes me think that it's possible
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意識到或許可藉此
05:40
to tackle really challenging problems,
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解決一些充滿挑戰的問題
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like hospital-acquired infections.
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例如:院內感染
05:46
I believe this has got to be, in part,
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我認為其中部分原因必定在於
05:49
a building ecology problem.
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建築物的生態問題
05:52
All right, I'm going to tell you one more story about this building.
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好,我將告訴大家 更多關於這棟建築的故事
05:56
I am collaborating with Charlie Brown.
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我與 Charlie Brown 合作
05:59
He's an architect,
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他是一名建築師
06:01
and Charlie is deeply concerned about global climate change.
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Charlie 十分關切全球氣候變化
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He's dedicated his life to sustainable design.
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畢生致力於永續建築設計
06:09
When he met me and realized that it was possible for him
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遇上我之後,他意識到自己有機會
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to study in a quantitative way
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以量化方式進行研究
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how his design choices impacted
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瞭解他的設計選擇如何影響
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the ecology and biology of this building,
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這棟建築的生態和生物系統
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he got really excited, because it added a new dimension to what he did.
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他十分興奮, 因為這為將他的工作提升到新層次
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He went from thinking just about energy
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他從僅思考能源問題
06:26
to also starting to think about human health.
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轉為同時將人類健康納入考量
06:30
He helped design some of the air handling systems
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他協助設計了一些
06:34
in this building and the way it was ventilated.
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這棟建築的空調系統及通風方式
06:36
So what I'm first going to show you is
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因此我首先要展示的是
06:39
air that we sampled outside of the building.
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我們從戶外取樣的空氣
06:42
What you're looking at is a signature of bacterial communities
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圖中顯示的是戶外空氣中的細菌群落
06:46
in the outdoor air, and how they vary over time.
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以及它們如何隨時間改變
06:50
Next I'm going to show you what happened
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接下來我將向大家展示
06:53
when we experimentally manipulated classrooms.
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我們以教室進行實驗的情形
06:57
We blocked them off at night
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我們於夜間將它關閉
06:59
so that they got no ventilation.
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因此教室無法通風
07:01
A lot of buildings are operated this way,
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許多建築採用這種方式
07:03
probably where you work,
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或許你的工作地點正是如此
07:05
and companies do this to save money on their energy bill.
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公司藉由這種方式節省電費
07:08
What we found is that these rooms remained relatively stagnant
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我們發現這些房間的空氣幾乎靜止不動
07:12
until Saturday, when we opened the vents up again.
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直到我們周六再次將它打開
07:15
When you walked into those rooms,
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當你走進那些房間時
07:16
they smelled really bad,
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氣味十分難聞
07:18
and our data suggests that it had something to do with
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我們的資料顯示
07:21
leaving behind the airborne bacterial soup
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這和留在空氣中的菌落有關
07:25
from people the day before.
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來自前一天於此活動的人們
07:27
Contrast this to rooms
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相較於
07:29
that were designed using a sustainable passive design strategy
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採用被動式永續策略設計的房間
07:34
where air came in from the outside through louvers.
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戶外空氣可由百葉窗進入
07:37
In these rooms, the air tracked the outdoor air relatively well,
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這些房間的空氣成分與戶外空氣極為相似
07:42
and when Charlie saw this, he got really excited.
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目賭這個結果時,Charlie非常興奮
07:44
He felt like he had made a good choice
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他感到自己做了一個好選擇
07:47
with the design process
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藉由設計過程
07:48
because it was both energy efficient
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因為這不僅符合能源效率需求
07:51
and it washed away the building's resident microbial landscape.
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也能帶走殘留在建築中的微生物
07:56
The examples that I just gave you are about architecture,
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我剛剛展示的是關於建築的例子
07:59
but they're relevant to the design of anything.
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但這和任何設計都息息相關
08:01
Imagine designing with the kinds of microbes that we want
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想像我們希望設計的微生物種類
08:06
in a plane
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在飛機上
08:07
or on a phone.
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或手機上
08:10
There's a new microbe, I just discovered it.
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我不久前發現一種新型微生物
08:12
It's called BLIS, and it's been shown
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名為 BLIS ,研究證明
08:15
to both ward off pathogens
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它不但能抵禦病原體
08:18
and give you good breath.
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也能使你口氣清新
08:20
Wouldn't it be awesome if we all had BLIS on our phones?
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如果我們手機上都有 BLIS ,不是很棒嗎?
08:26
A conscious approach to design,
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根據意識進行的設計
08:28
I'm calling it bioinformed design,
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我稱之為生物資訊化設計(bioinformed design)
08:31
and I think it's possible.
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我認為這是可行的
08:32
Thank you.
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謝謝
08:34
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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