The biology of our best and worst selves | Robert Sapolsky

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

Chris Anderson: So Robert spent the last few years

Kris Anderson: Robert je proveo poslednjih nekoliko godina

think about how weird human behavior is,

razmišljajući koliko je čudno ljudsko ponašanje

and how inadequate most of our language trying to explain it is.

i koliko je nepodesan naš jezik u pokušaju da to objasnimo.

And it's very exciting to hear him explain some of the thinking behind it

Te je veoma uzbudljivo slušati ga kako objašnjava rezonovanje iza toga

in public for the first time.

prvi put u javnosti.

Over to you now, Robert Sapolsky.

Prebacujemo na tebe, Roberte Sapolski.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

Robert Sapolsky: Thank you.

Robert Sapolski: Hvala vam.

The fantasy always runs something like this.

Fantazija se uvek odvija na sledeći način.

I've overpowered his elite guard,

Savladao sam njegovu elitnu stražu,

burst into his secret bunker

upao sam u njegov tajni bunker

with my machine gun ready.

sa puškom na gotovs.

He lunges for his Luger.

On se baca po svoj luger.

I knock it out of his hand.

Izbijam mu ga iz ruke.

He lunges for his cyanide pill.

Baca se na pilulu cijanida.

I knock that out of his hand.

Izbijam mu je iz ruke.

He snarls,

On reži,

comes at me with otherworldly strength.

napada me nadljudskom snagom.

We grapple, we fight,

Rvemo se, tučemo,

I manage to pin him down

uspevam da ga oborim

and put on handcuffs.

i stavim mu lisice.

"Adolf Hitler," I say,

"Adolfe Hitleru", kažem,

"I arrest you for crimes against humanity."

"Hapsim te zbog zločina protiv čovečnosti."

Here's where the Medal of Honor version of the fantasy ends

Ova verzija fantazije se završava ovde sa ordenom časti

and the imagery darkens.

i prizor tamni.

What would I do if I had Hitler?

Šta bih uradio kad bih imao Hitlera?

It's not hard to imagine once I allow myself.

Nije teško zamisliti, čim budem pripravan na to.

Sever his spine at the neck.

Prekinem mu kičmu u vratu.

Take out his eyes with a blunt instrument.

Izvadim mu oči tupim predmetom.

Puncture his eardrums. Cut out his tongue.

Probijem mu bubne opne. Odrežem jezik.

Leave him alive on a respirator,

Ostavim ga da živi na respiratoru,

tube-fed, not able to speak or move or see or hear, just to feel,

jede na cevčicu, bez mogućnosti gvora ili kretanja ili vida ili sluha, samo oseća,

and then inject him with something cancerous

a potom mu ubrizgam nešto kancerogeno

that's going to fester and pustulate

što će da se gnoji i pupi

until every cell in his body is screaming in agony,

sve dok svaka ćelija u njegovom telu zavapi u agoniji,

until every second feels like an eternity in hell.

sve dok svaki sekund ne bude odavao utisak večnosti u paklu.

That's what I would do to Hitler.

To bih uradio Hitleru.

I've had this fantasy since I was a kid,

Maštam o tome otkad sam bio dete,

still do sometimes,

još uvek ponekad maštam,

and when I do, my heart speeds up --

a kada se to desi, srce mi ubrza -

all these plans for the most evil, wicked soul in history.

svi ti planovi za najzlobniju, najopakiju dušu u istoriji.

But there's a problem,

Međutim, ima jedan problem,

which is I don't actually believe in souls or evil,

a to je da zapravo ne verujem u duše, niti u zlo

and I think wicked belongs in a musical.

i mislim da je opačini mesto u mjuziklu.

But there's some people I would like to see killed,

Ali postoje neki ljudi koje bih voleo da vidim mrtve,

but I'm against the death penalty.

ali sam protiv smrtne kazne.

But I like schlocky violent movies,

Međutim, volim niskobudžetne nasilne filmove,

but I'm for strict gun control.

ali sam za strogu kontrolu oružja.

But then there was a time I was at a laser tag place,

Ali onda onaj jedan put kad sam bio u lasertag igraonici

and I had such a good time hiding in a corner shooting at people.

i proveo sam se tako dobro, skrivajući se u uglu i pucajući u ljude.

In other words, I'm your basic confused human when it comes to violence.

Drugim rečima, kada se radi o nasilju ja sam vam obično zbunjeno ljudsko biće.

Now, as a species, we obviously have problems with violence.

Sad, kao vrsta, očigledno da imamo problem s nasiljem.

We use shower heads to deliver poison gas,

Koristimo tuševe da isporučimo otrovni plin,

letters with anthrax, airplanes as weapons,

pisma s antraksom, avione kao oružje,

mass rape as a military strategy.

masovna silovanja kao vojnu strategiju.

We're a miserably violent species.

Užasno smo nasilna vrsta.

But there's a complication,

Međutim, u tome je složenost,

which is we don't hate violence,

mi ne mrzimo nasilje,

we hate the wrong kind.

mrzimo pogrešan vid nasilja.

And when it's the right kind,

A kad se radi o odgovarajućem,

we cheer it on, we hand out medals,

navijamo za njega, dodeljujemo odličja,

we vote for, we mate with our champions of it.

glasamo, parimo se sa šampionima nasilja.

When it's the right kind of violence,

Kada je odgovarajući vid nasilja,

we love it.

volimo ga.

And there's another complication,

A tu je nova složenost,

which is, in addition to us being this miserably violent species,

a to je, uz to što smo užasno nasilna vrsta,

we're also this extraordinarily altruistic, compassionate one.

takođe smo i izvanredno altruistična, saosećajna vrsta.

So how do you make sense of the biology of our best behaviors,

Pa, kako da shvatite biologiju našeg najboljeg ponašanja,

our worst ones and all of those ambiguously in between?

našeg najgoreg i svih tih dvosmislenih ponašanja između?

Now, for starters,

Sad, za početak,

what's totally boring is understanding the motoric aspects of the behavior.

potpuno je dosadno razumevanje motoričkih aspekata ponašanja.

Your brain tells your spine, tells your muscles

Vaš mozak saopšti vašoj kičmi, saopšti vašim mišićima

to do something or other,

da urade ovo ili ono,

and hooray, you've behaved.

i, ura, ispoljili ste ponašanje.

What's hard is understanding the meaning of the behavior,

Teško je razumeti značenje ponašanja

because in some settings, pulling a trigger is an appalling act;

jer u nekim okolnostima je pritisnuti obarač odvratan čin;

in others, it's heroically self-sacrificial.

u drugim je herojski samopožrtvovan.

In some settings, putting your hand one someone else's

U nekim okolnostima, staviti ruku na nečiju drugu

is deeply compassionate.

je duboko saosećajan čin.

In others, it's a deep betrayal.

U drugim, radi se o istinskoj izdaji.

The challenge is to understand

Izazov je razumeti

the biology of the context of our behaviors,

biologiju konteksta našeg ponašanja,

and that's real tough.

a to je zaista teško.

One thing that's clear, though, is you're not going to get anywhere

Jedno je jasno, ipak, a to je da nećete nigde stići,

if you think there's going to be the brain region or the hormone

ako mislite da postoji deo mozga ili hormon

or the gene or the childhood experience

ili gen ili iskustvo iz detinjstva

or the evolutionary mechanism that explains everything.

ili evolutivni mehanizam koji sve objašnjava.

Instead, every bit of behavior has multiple levels of causality.

Umesto toga, svaki delić ponašanja ima višestruke nivoe uzročnosti.

Let's look at an example.

Pogledajmo jedan primer.

You have a gun.

Imate pištolj.

There's a crisis going on:

U toku je kriza:

rioting, violence, people running around.

nemiri, nasilje, ljudi jurcaju okolo.

A stranger is running at you in an agitated state --

Stranac trči ka vama u stanju uzrujanosti -

you can't quite tell if the expression is frightened, threatening, angry --

ne možete da odlučite da li izgleda uplašeno, preteće, ljutito -

holding something that kind of looks like a handgun.

drži nešto što nekako liči na pištolj.

You're not sure.

Niste sigurni.

The stranger comes running at you

Stranac trči ka vama

and you pull the trigger.

i vi povlačite obarač.

And it turns out that thing in this person's hand

A ispostavlja se da je ova osoba držala u ruci

was a cell phone.

mobilni telefon.

So we asked this biological question:

Te postavljamo ovo biološko pitanje:

what was going on that caused this behavior?

šta se dešavalo što je uzrokovalo ovo ponašanje?

What caused this behavior?

Šta je uzrokovalo ovo ponašanje?

And this is a multitude of questions.

A to je mnoštvo pitanja.

We start.

Počinjemo.

What was going on in your brain one second before you pulled that trigger?

Šta se dešavalo u vašem mozgu sekund pre nego što ste povukli obarač?

And this brings us into the realm of a brain region called the amygdala.

A to nas vodi u oblast dela mozga koji se naziva amigdalom.

The amygdala, which is central to violence, central to fear,

Amigdala, koja je centar za nasilje, centar za strah,

initiates volleys of cascades

započinje bujicu mentalnih procesa

that produce pulling of a trigger.

koji rezultiraju povlačenjem obarača.

What was the level of activity in your amygdala one second before?

Koji je nivo aktivnosti u vašoj amigdali sekund pre čina?

But to understand that, we have to step back a little bit.

Ali da bismo razumeli to, moramo još malo da se vratimo.

What was going on in the environment seconds to minutes before

Šta se dešavalo u okruženju sekundama i minutima ranije

that impacted the amygdala?

što je uticalo na amigdalu?

Now, obviously, the sights, the sounds of the rioting,

Sad, očito, prizor, zvuci nemira,

that was pertinent.

to je bilo značajno.

But in addition,

Ali uz to,

you're more likely to mistake a cell phone for a handgun

veća je verovatnoća da pomešate mobilni telefon za pištolj,

if that stranger was male

ako je taj stranac muškarac

and large and of a different race.

i ako je visok i druge rase.

Furthermore, if you're in pain,

Dodatno, ako osećate bol,

if you're hungry, if you're exhausted,

ako ste gladni, ako ste iscrpljeni,

your frontal cortex is not going to work as well,

vaš prednji korteks neće tako dobro da funkcioniše,

part of the brain whose job it is to get to the amygdala in time

a to je deo mozga čiji je posao da na vreme stigne do amigdale

saying, "Are you really sure that's a gun there?"

govoreći: "Da li si zaista sigurna da je to pištolj?"

But we need to step further back.

Ali moramo još da se vratimo.

Now we have to look at hours to days before,

Sad moramo da posmatramo sate i dane ranije,

and with this, we have entered the realm of hormones.

a time ulazimo u oblast hormona.

For example, testosterone,

Na primer, testosteron,

where regardless of your sex,

gde bez obzira na rod,

if you have elevated testosterone levels in your blood,

ako su vam povišeni nivoi testosterona u krvi,

you're more likely to think a face with a neutral expression

skoniji ste da mislite kako lice s neutralnim izrazom

is instead looking threatening.

zapravo izgleda preteće.

Elevated testosterone levels, elevated levels of stress hormones,

Povišeni nivoi testosterona, povišeni nivoi hormona stresa

and your amygdala is going to be more active

i vaša amigdala će da bude aktivnija,

and your frontal cortex will be more sluggish.

a vaš prednji korteks će da bude tromiji.

Pushing back further, weeks to months before,

Pomerajući se nazad još više, nedeljama i mesecima ranije,

where's the relevance there?

šta je tu relevantno?

This is the realm of neural plasticity,

Ovo je oblast nervne plastičnosti,

the fact that your brain can change in response to experience,

činjenice da se vaš mozak može promeniti, reagujući na iskustvo,

and if your previous months have been filled with stress and trauma,

a ako su vam prethodni meseci bili ispunjeni stresom i traumama,

your amygdala will have enlarged.

vaša amigdala će da bude uvećana.

The neurons will have become more excitable,

Neuroni će da postanu više nadraženi,

your frontal cortex would have atrophied,

vaš prednji korteks je atrofirao,

all relevant to what happens in that one second.

a sve je to važno za ono što se dešava u toj jednoj sekundi.

But we push back even more, back years,

Ali odlazimo još više unazad, godinama unazad,

back, for example, to your adolescence.

nazad, na primer, u vašu adolescenciju.

Now, the central fact of the adolescent brain

Sad, ključna činjenica za mozak adolescenata

is all of it is going full blast

je da sav treperi

except the frontal cortex,

osim prednjeg korteksa,

which is still half-baked.

koji je i dalje polugotov.

It doesn't fully mature until you're around 25.

Ne sazreva u potpunosti do vaše 25 godine.

And thus, adolescence and early adulthood

I stoga su adolescencija i rano zrelo doba

are the years where environment and experience sculpt your frontal cortex

godine kada okolina i iskustvo oblikuju vaš prednji korteks

into the version you're going to have as an adult in that critical moment.

u verziju koju ćete da imate kao odrasli, u tom kritičnom trenutku.

But pushing back even further,

Ali vraćajući se još više unazad,

even further back to childhood and fetal life

čak još više do detinjstva i fetusa

and all the different versions that that could come in.

i svih različitih verzija koje su mogle da nastanu.

Now, obviously, that's the time that your brain is being constructed,

Sad, očito da je to razdoblje kada je izgrađen vaš mozak,

and that's important,

a to je važno,

but in addition, experience during those times

ali uz to, iskustvo u tom periodu

produce what are called epigenetic changes,

proizvodi nešto što se naziva epigenetičkim promenama,

permanent, in some cases,

trajnim, u nekim slučajevima,

permanently activating certain genes, turning off others.

trajno aktivirajući određene gene, isključujući druge.

And as an example of this,

A kao primer za ovo,

if as a fetus you were exposed to a lot of stress hormones through your mother,

ako ste kao fetus bili izloženi gomili hormona stresa preko vaše majke,

epigenetics is going to produce your amygdala in adulthood

epigenetika će da iznedri da amigdala kad odrastete

as a more excitable form,

bude u nadraženijem obliku,

and you're going to have elevated stress hormone levels.

i imaćete povišene nivoe hormona stresa.

But pushing even further back,

Ali idući još više unazad,

back to when you were just a fetus,

nazad do kad ste bili tek fetus,

back to when all you were was a collection of genes.

nazad kada ste bili zbirka gena.

Now, genes are really important to all of this,

Sad, geni su zaista važni za sve ovo,

but critically, genes don't determine anything,

ali ključno je da geni ne određuju bilo šta

because genes work differently in different environments.

jer geni različito deluju u različitim sredinama.

Key example here:

Ovde imamo ključni primer:

there's a variant of a gene called MAO-A,

imamo varijantu gena pod nazivom MAO-A,

and if you have that variant,

a ako imate tu varijantu,

you are far more likely to commit antisocial violence

skloniji ste izvršenju asocijalnog nasilja,

if, and only if, you were abused as a child.

ako, i samo ako, ste zlostavljani kao dete.

Genes and environment interact,

Geni i okolina interaguju

and what's happening in that one second before you pull that trigger

i ono što se dešava u toj sekundi pre nego što pritisnete obarač

reflects your lifetime of those gene-environment interactions.

odražava životni vek interakcije između gena i okoline.

Now, remarkably enough, we've got to push even further back now,

Sad, još je neverovatnije, moramo da se vratimo još dalje unazad,

back centuries.

vekovima unazad.

What were your ancestors up to.

Čime su se zanimali vaši preci.

And if, for example, they were nomadic pastoralists,

A ako su, na primer, bili nomadski stočari,

they were pastoralists,

bili su stočari,

people living in deserts or grasslands

ljudi koji su živeli u pustinjama ili na pašnjacima

with their herds of camels, cows, goats,

sa svojim stadom kamila, krava, koza,

odds are they would have invented what's called a culture of honor

sve su prilike da su izmislili nešto što se naziva kulturom časti,

filled with warrior classes,

ispunjenom klasom ratnika,

retributive violence, clan vendettas,

osvetoljubivog nasilja, klanskih krvnih osveta

and amazingly, centuries later,

i, neverovatno, vekovima kasnije,

that would still be influencing the values with which you were raised.

to bi i dalje uticalo na vrednosti na kojima ste vaspitani.

But we've got to push even further back,

Ali moramo da se vratimo još dalje,

back millions of years,

milionima godina unazad

because if we're talking about genes,

jer ako govorimo o genima,

implicitly we're now talking about the evolution of genes.

implicitno sad govorimo o evoluciji gena.

And what you see is, for example,

A ono što vidite, na primer,

patterns across different primate species.

su obrasci širom različitih vrsta primata.

Some of them have evolved for extremely low levels of aggression,

Neki su evoluirali da imaju izuzetno niske nivoe agresivnosti,

others have evolved in the opposite direction,

drugi su evoluirali u suprotnom smeru,

and floating there in between by every measure are humans,

a negde između, prema svim merenjima, lebde ljudska bića,

once again this confused, barely defined species

opet, ova zbunjena, jedva definisana vrsta

that has all these potentials to go one way or the other.

koja ima sav potencijal da ide u bilo kom smeru.

So what has this gotten us to?

Pa, dokle nas je ovo dovelo?

Basically, what we're seeing here is,

U suštini, ovde vidimo sledeće,

if you want to understand a behavior,

ako želite da razumete ponašanje,

whether it's an appalling one, a wondrous one,

bilo da se radi o užasavajućem ili čudesnom

or confusedly in between,

ili zbunjujućem između,

if you want to understand that,

ako želite to da razumete,

you've got take into account what happened a second before

morate da uzmete u obzir šta se desilo sekund ranije

to a million years before,

do milionima godina ranije,

everything in between.

sve između toga.

So what can we conclude at this point?

Pa, šta možemo da zaključimo u ovom trenutku?

Officially, it's complicated.

Zvanično, složeno je.

Wow, that's really helpful.

Ala je to od pomoći!

It's complicated,

Složeno je

and you'd better be real careful, real cautious

i bolje da budete oprezni, krajnje obazrivi

before you conclude you know what causes a behavior,

pre nego što zaključite da znate šta uzrokuje ponašanje,

especially if it's a behavior you're judging harshly.

naročito ako se radi o ponašanju koje strogo osuđujete.

Now, to me, the single most important point about all of this

Sad, meni je najvažnija svrha svega ovoga

is one having to do with change.

ona koja ima veze s promenom.

Every bit of biology I have mentioned here can change in different circumstances.

Svaki deo biologije koji sam ovde pomenuo može se izmeniti u različitim okolnostima.

For example, ecosystems change.

Na primer, ekosistemi se menjaju.

Thousands of years ago, the Sahara was a lush grassland.

Hiljadama godina ranije, Sahara je bila bujan pašnjak.

Cultures change.

Kulture se menjaju.

In the 17th century, the most terrifying people in Europe were the Swedes,

U XVII veku su najstrašniji ljudi u Evropi bili Šveđani,

rampaging all over the place.

pustošili su svuda.

This is what the Swedish military does now.

Evo šta švedska vojska trenutno radi.

They haven't had a war in 200 years.

Nisu ratovali 200 godina.

Most importantly,

Najvažnije,

brains change.

mozgovi se menjaju.

Neurons grow new processes.

Neuroni razvijaju nove procese.

Circuits disconnect.

Sinapse se prekidaju.

Everything in the brain changes,

Sve se u mozgu menja,

and out of this come extraordinary examples of human change.

i iz ovoga prozilaze neverovatni primeri ljudske promene.

First one:

Prvi primer:

this is a man named John Newton,

ovo je čovek po imenu Džon Njutn,

a British theologian

britanski teolog

who played a central role in the abolition of slavery from the British Empire

koji je odigrao ključnu ulogu u ukidanju ropstva od strane Britanskog carstva

in the early 1800s.

ranih 1800-ih.

And amazingly, this man spent decades as a younger man

I začuđujuće, ovaj čovek je proveo decenije kao mlađi čovek

as the captain of a slave ship,

kao kapetan na brodu robova,

and then as an investor in slavery,

a potom kao investitor u robovlasništvo,

growing rich from this.

bogateći se time.

And then something changed.

A potom se nešto promenilo.

Something changed in him,

U njemu se nešto promenilo,

something that Newton himself celebrated in the thing that he's most famous for,

nešto što je sam Njutn proslavio u onome po čemu je najčuveniji,

a hymn that he wrote:

himni koju je napisao:

"Amazing Grace."

"Prekrasna milost".

This is a man named Zenji Abe on the morning of December 6, 1941,

Ovo je čovek po imenu Zenđi Abe u jutro 6. decembra 1941,

about to lead a squadron of Japanese bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.

sprema se da predvodi japansku bombašku eskadrilu u napadu na Perl Harbor.

And this is the same man 50 years later to the day

A ovo je isti taj čovek 50 godina nakon tog dana,

hugging a man who survived the attack on the ground.

grli čoveka koji je preživeo napad na tlu.

And as an old man,

A kao starac,

Zenji Abe came to a collection of Pearl Harbor survivors

Zenđi Abe je došao na skup preživelih iz Perl Harbora,

at a ceremony there

na njihovu ceremoniju

and in halting English apologized for what he had done as a young man.

i na kolebljivom engleskom se izvinio za ono što je uradio kao mladić.

Now, it doesn't always require decades.

Sad, nisu uvek potrebne decenije.

Sometimes, extraordinary change could happen in just hours.

Ponekad izvanredna promena može da se desi za svega nekoliko sati.

Consider the World War I Christmas truce of 1914.

Setite se Prvog svetskog rata i Božićnog primirja iz 1914.

The powers that be had negotiated a brief truce

Tadašnje sile su se dogovorile o kratkom primirju

so that soldiers could go out,

kako bi vojnici mogli da izađu,

collect bodies from no-man's-land in between the trench lines.

sakupe tela iz ničije zemlje, između redova rovova.

And soon British and German soldiers

I uskoro su britanski i nemački vojnici

were doing that,

počeli to da rade,

and then helping each other carry bodies,

a potom su pomagali jedni drugima da nose tela,

and then helping each other dig graves in the frozen ground,

a potom su međusobno pomagali u kopanju grobova u smrzloj zemlji,

and then praying together,

a potom su se zajedno molili,

and then having Christmas together and exchanging gifts,

a potom su slavili Božić zajedno i razmenili su poklone,

and by the next day, they were playing soccer together

a već sledećeg dana su zajedno igrali fudbal

and exchanging addresses so they could meet after the war.

i razmenjivali adrese kako bi se sreli nakon rata.

That truce kept going until the officers had to arrive

Primirje se nastavilo sve dok oficiri nisu morali da stignu

and said, "We will shoot you

i kažu: "Upucaćemo vas,

unless you go back to trying to kill each other."

ako se ne vratite međusobnom ubijanju."

And all it took here was hours

A ovde su jedino sati bili u pitanju

for these men to develop a completely new category of "us,"

da bi ovi muškarci razvili novu kategoriju "nas",

all of us in the trenches here

svi mi u ovim rovovima,

on both sides, dying for no damn reason,

na obe strane, umiremo bez ikakvog prokletog razloga,

and who is a "them," those faceless powers behind the lines

i ko su "oni", ta bezlična sila iz pozadine

who were using them as pawns.

koja ih koristi kao pione.

And sometimes, change can occur in seconds.

A ponekad se promena desi za nekoliko sekundi.

Probably the most horrifying event in the Vietnam War

Verovatno je najužasniji događaj u Vijetnamskom ratu

was the My Lai Massacre.

bio Masakr u Mi Laju.

A brigade of American soldiers

Brigada američkih vojnika

went into an undefended village full of civilians

je ušla u nebranjeno selo puno civila

and killed between 350 and 500 of them,

i ubila između 350 i 500 Vijetnamaca,

mass-raped women and children,

masovno su silovali žene i decu,

mutilated bodies.

kasapili su tela.

It was appalling.

Bilo je užasno.

It was appalling because it occurred, because the government denied it,

Bilo je užasno zato što se desilo, zato što je vlada to poricala

because the US government eventually did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,

zato što je vlada SAD-a na kraju samo blago kaznila prestupnike

and appalling because it almost certainly was not a singular event.

i užasno zato što gotovo izvesno ovo nije bio izolovan događaj.

This man, Hugh Thompson, this is the man who stopped the My Lai Massacre.

Ovaj čovek, Hju Tompson, ovo je čovek koji je zaustavio Masakr u Mi Laju.

He was piloting a helicopter gunship,

Pilotirao je helikopterom koji je nosio municiju,

landed there, got out

sleteo je tamo, izašao

and saw American soldiers shooting babies,

i video američke vojnike kako pucaju u bebe,

shooting old women,

pucaju u starice,

figured out what was going on,

shvatio je o čemu se radi,

and he then took his helicopter

a potom je uzeo helikopter

and did something that undid his lifetime of conditioning

i uradio je nešto što je izbrisalo njegovo celoživotno uslovljavanje

as to who is an "us" and who is a "them."

u smislu ko smo "mi", a ko su "oni".

He landed his helicopter

Sleteo je helikopterom

in between some surviving villagers and American soldiers

između nekolicine preživelih seljana i američkih vojnika

and he trained his machine guns on his fellow Americans,

i naciljao je svoje mitraljeze u svoju braću Amerikance

and said, "If you don't stop the killing, I will mow you down."

i rekao: "Ako ne prekinete s ubijanjem, sve ću da vas pokosim."

Now, these people are no more special than any of us.

Sad, ovi ljudi nisu nešto posebno u odnosu na bilo kog od nas.

Same neurons, same neurochemicals,

Isti neuroni, iste neurohemikalije,

same biology.

ista biologija.

What we're left with here is this inevitable cliche:

Ovde nam preostaje samo taj neizbežni kliše:

"Those who don't study history are destined to repeat it."

"Oni koji ne izučavaju istoriju, osuđeni su da je ponove."

What we have here is the opposite of it.

Ovde imamo suprotno tome.

Those who don't study the history of extraordinary human change,

Oni koji ne izučavaju istoriju neverovatnih ljudskih promena,

those who don't study the biology of what can transform us

oni koji ne izučavaju biologiju onoga što može da nas preoblikuje

from our worst to our best behaviors,

od najgoreg do najboljeg ponašanja,

those who don't do this are destined not to be able

oni koji to ne urade su osuđeni da ne budu u stanju

to repeat these incandescent, magnificent moments.

da ponove ove prosvetljujuće, veličanstvene trenutke.

So thank you.

Zato, hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

CA: Talks that really give you a new mental model about something,

KA: Govori koji vam zaista pružaju novi mentalni model o nečemu,

those are some of my favorite TED Talks,

to su mi među omiljenim TED govorima,

and we just got one.

a upravo smo čuli takav.

Robert, thank you so much for that. Good luck with the book.

Roberte, mnogo ti hvala za to. Srećno s knjigom.

That was amazing,

Ovo je bilo prekrasno

and we're going to try and get you to come here in person one year.

i pokušaćemo da te ubedimo da jedne godine lično budeš tu.

Thank you so much.

Mnogo ti hvala.

RS: Thank you. Thank you all.

RS: Hvala vam. Hvala vam svima.