The biology of our best and worst selves | Robert Sapolsky

1,028,052 views ใƒป 2017-05-31

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์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Seo-Ho Cho ๊ฒ€ํ† : Jieun Sunwoo
00:12
Chris Anderson: So Robert spent the last few years
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ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค ์•ค๋”์Šจ: ๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ
00:15
think about how weird human behavior is,
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์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ด์ƒํ•œ์ง€
00:17
and how inadequate most of our language trying to explain it is.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:21
And it's very exciting to hear him explain some of the thinking behind it
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ๋„ˆ๋จธ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ์ฃ .
00:26
in public for the first time.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์•ž์— ์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
Over to you now, Robert Sapolsky.
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๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์‚ฌํด์Šคํ‚ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:30
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
00:34
Robert Sapolsky: Thank you.
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๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ ์‚ฌํด์Šคํ‚ค: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:36
The fantasy always runs something like this.
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ํ™˜์ƒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:39
I've overpowered his elite guard,
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์ €๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์›์„ ์ œ์••ํ•˜๊ณ 
00:41
burst into his secret bunker
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€ ๋ฒ™์ปค๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:43
with my machine gun ready.
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์žฅ์ „๋œ ์ด์„ ๋“  ์ฑ„ ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:45
He lunges for his Luger.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:47
I knock it out of his hand.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์†์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นผ์•—์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:49
He lunges for his cyanide pill.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ ์•ฝ์„ ํ–ฅํ•ด ๋Œ์ง„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:51
I knock that out of his hand.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์†์—์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋นผ์•—์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:53
He snarls,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์œผ๋ฅด๋ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
00:54
comes at me with otherworldly strength.
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์ดˆ์ธ์ ์ธ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:57
We grapple, we fight,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฉํˆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ธ์›๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:58
I manage to pin him down
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์••ํ•˜๊ณ 
01:00
and put on handcuffs.
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์ˆ˜๊ฐ‘์„ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ณ 
01:03
"Adolf Hitler," I say,
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๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. "์•„๋Œํ”„ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ
01:05
"I arrest you for crimes against humanity."
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๋„ˆ๋ฅผ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ˜์—ญ ์ฃ„๋กœ ์ฒดํฌํ•œ๋‹ค."
01:09
Here's where the Medal of Honor version of the fantasy ends
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๋ช…์˜ˆ ํ›ˆ์žฅ ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ํ™˜์ƒ์€ ๋๋‚˜๊ณ 
01:12
and the imagery darkens.
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์ƒ์ƒ ์† ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ์–ด๋‘์›Œ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:14
What would I do if I had Hitler?
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์žก์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
01:16
It's not hard to imagine once I allow myself.
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์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด๋ฉด ์–ด๋ ต์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:20
Sever his spine at the neck.
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๋ชฉ์—์„œ ์ฒ™์ถ”๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:22
Take out his eyes with a blunt instrument.
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๋ฌด๋”˜ ์žฅ๋น„๋กœ ๋ˆˆ์„ ์ ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:25
Puncture his eardrums. Cut out his tongue.
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๊ทธ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ง‰์„ ์ฐข๊ณ  ํ˜€๋ฅผ ์ž˜๋ผ๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:27
Leave him alive on a respirator,
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์ธ๊ณตํ˜ธํก๊ธฐ์— ์˜์ง€ํ•œ ์ฑ„
01:30
tube-fed, not able to speak or move or see or hear, just to feel,
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ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋กœ ๋จน์ด๋˜ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์›€์ง์ด์ง€๋„, ๋ณด์ง€๋„ ๋“ฃ์ง€๋„ ๋ชปํ•˜๋„๋ก, ์˜ค์ง ๋Š๋ผ๋„๋ก๋งŒ ํ•ด์„œ
01:35
and then inject him with something cancerous
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐœ์•”์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:38
that's going to fester and pustulate
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณช์•„ ๋†ํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋„๋ก ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:40
until every cell in his body is screaming in agony,
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๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ ์† ๋ชจ๋“  ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ†ต์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๋ช…์„ ์ง€๋ฅด๋ฉฐ
01:44
until every second feels like an eternity in hell.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ด ์˜์›ํ•œ ์ง€์˜ฅ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Š๊ปด์งˆ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
01:49
That's what I would do to Hitler.
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์ด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํžˆํ‹€๋Ÿฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ง“์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:53
I've had this fantasy since I was a kid,
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์ €๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™˜์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
still do sometimes,
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์•„์ง๋„ ๊ฐ€๋” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
01:57
and when I do, my heart speeds up --
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์ƒ์ƒํ•  ๋•Œ๋ฉด ์‹ฌ๋ฐ•์€ ๋นจ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:59
all these plans for the most evil, wicked soul in history.
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์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์‚ฌ์•…ํ•œ ์˜ํ˜ผ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉด์š”.
02:05
But there's a problem,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:06
which is I don't actually believe in souls or evil,
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์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์˜ํ˜ผ์ด๋‚˜ ์•…์„ ๋ฏฟ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
02:09
and I think wicked belongs in a musical.
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์‚ฌ์•…ํ•จ์€ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์†ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:12
But there's some people I would like to see killed,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ฃฝ์–ด ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:14
but I'm against the death penalty.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌํ˜•์ œ๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:16
But I like schlocky violent movies,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์‹ธ๊ตฌ๋ ค ํญ๋ ฅ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ข‹์•„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:18
but I'm for strict gun control.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—„๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ด๊ธฐ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ์ฐฌ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:20
But then there was a time I was at a laser tag place,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์ „์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ ˆ์ด์ €์ด ๊ฒŒ์ž„์žฅ์— ๊ฐ”์„ ๋•Œ
02:23
and I had such a good time hiding in a corner shooting at people.
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๊ตฌ์„์— ์ˆจ์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์˜๋ฉฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์šด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
02:28
In other words, I'm your basic confused human when it comes to violence.
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด, ์ €๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ•œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ธ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
Now, as a species, we obviously have problems with violence.
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ํ˜„์žฌ, ์ข…์กฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:36
We use shower heads to deliver poison gas,
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์ƒค์›Œํ—ค๋“œ์— ๋…๊ฐ€์Šค๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ๊ณ 
02:40
letters with anthrax, airplanes as weapons,
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ํŽธ์ง€์— ํƒ„์ €๊ท ์„ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:43
mass rape as a military strategy.
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์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„์ด ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ ์ „๋žต์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
02:45
We're a miserably violent species.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์ด๊ฒŒ๋„ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ข…์กฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:47
But there's a complication,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š”
02:49
which is we don't hate violence,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
02:51
we hate the wrong kind.
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์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:53
And when it's the right kind,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์ผ ๋•Œ๋Š”
02:55
we cheer it on, we hand out medals,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‘์›ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ์ˆ˜์—ฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:57
we vote for, we mate with our champions of it.
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์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์˜์›…๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
03:00
When it's the right kind of violence,
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์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ํญ๋ ฅ์ผ ๋•Œ
03:02
we love it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:04
And there's another complication,
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๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:06
which is, in addition to us being this miserably violent species,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ข…์กฑ์ด๋ฉด์„œ
03:10
we're also this extraordinarily altruistic, compassionate one.
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๋†€๋ž๋„๋ก ์ดํƒ€์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ž์• ๋กญ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:15
So how do you make sense of the biology of our best behaviors,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ํ–‰๋™๊ณผ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ํ–‰๋™
03:18
our worst ones and all of those ambiguously in between?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ชจํ˜ธํ•œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์—์„œ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:22
Now, for starters,
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๊ทธ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ
03:23
what's totally boring is understanding the motoric aspects of the behavior.
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์ง€๋ฃจํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์šด๋™์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:28
Your brain tells your spine, tells your muscles
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๋Š” ์ฒ™์ถ”์— ์ง€์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์ฒ™์ถ”๋Š” ๊ทผ์œก์„ ์ง€์‹œํ•ด์„œ
03:31
to do something or other,
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๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋ช…๋ นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:32
and hooray, you've behaved.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋” ๋˜์ฃ .
03:34
What's hard is understanding the meaning of the behavior,
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์ดํ•ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ์ธ๋ฐ
03:38
because in some settings, pulling a trigger is an appalling act;
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ํŠน์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”์ฐํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
03:42
in others, it's heroically self-sacrificial.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜์›…์ , ์ž๊ธฐํฌ์ƒ์  ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
03:45
In some settings, putting your hand one someone else's
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ํŠน์ • ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์†์„ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์–น๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:48
is deeply compassionate.
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๊ณต๊ฐ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ํ–‰๋™์ด์ง€๋งŒ
03:49
In others, it's a deep betrayal.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„  ํฐ ๋ฐฐ์‹ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:51
The challenge is to understand
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๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ
03:53
the biology of the context of our behaviors,
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ํ–‰๋™์—์„œ ๋ฌธ๋งฅ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:56
and that's real tough.
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์–ด๋ ต์ฃ .
03:58
One thing that's clear, though, is you're not going to get anywhere
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ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ๋‡Œ ์† ํŠน์ • ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‚˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ
04:02
if you think there's going to be the brain region or the hormone
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์œ ์ „์ž๋‚˜ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ํ˜น์€ ์ง„ํ™” ๋ฉ”์ปค๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์ด
04:06
or the gene or the childhood experience
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฑธ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:09
or the evolutionary mechanism that explains everything.
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์šฐ๋ฆฐ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•Œ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:12
Instead, every bit of behavior has multiple levels of causality.
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๋Œ€์‹ , ๋ชจ๋“  ํ–‰๋™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:18
Let's look at an example.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ฃ .
04:20
You have a gun.
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ด์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:22
There's a crisis going on:
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์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์™€์š”.
04:24
rioting, violence, people running around.
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์‹œ์œ„์™€ ํญ๋ ฅ, ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฆฌ์ €๋ฆฌ ๋›ฐ์–ด ๋‹ค๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:26
A stranger is running at you in an agitated state --
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๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:29
you can't quite tell if the expression is frightened, threatening, angry --
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๋‘๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ„๊ฐ„์ด ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:35
holding something that kind of looks like a handgun.
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์†์— ๊ถŒ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
04:38
You're not sure.
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ํ™•์‹ค์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:39
The stranger comes running at you
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๊ทธ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:41
and you pull the trigger.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊น๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:43
And it turns out that thing in this person's hand
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์•Œ๊ณ  ๋ณด๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ์˜ ์†์— ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
04:46
was a cell phone.
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ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:48
So we asked this biological question:
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋˜์ง€์ฃ .
04:50
what was going on that caused this behavior?
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์ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ ์š”์ธ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€?
04:53
What caused this behavior?
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๋ฌด์—‡์ด ์ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ–ˆ๋‚˜?
04:55
And this is a multitude of questions.
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์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:57
We start.
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์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
04:58
What was going on in your brain one second before you pulled that trigger?
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๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ง์ „ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:03
And this brings us into the realm of a brain region called the amygdala.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ €ํฌ๋ฅผ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋„ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:07
The amygdala, which is central to violence, central to fear,
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ํญ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๊ณตํฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋Š”
05:11
initiates volleys of cascades
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๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ฒŒ๋” ์ธ๋„ํ•˜๋Š”
05:13
that produce pulling of a trigger.
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์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ด‰๋ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:16
What was the level of activity in your amygdala one second before?
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๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ง์ „, ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ฑ์€ ์–ด๋Š ์ •๋„์˜€์„๊นŒ์š”?
05:20
But to understand that, we have to step back a little bit.
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋˜์งš์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:24
What was going on in the environment seconds to minutes before
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ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ, ๋ช‡ ๋ถ„ ์ „์˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€
05:27
that impacted the amygdala?
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์–ด๋– ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
05:29
Now, obviously, the sights, the sounds of the rioting,
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค, ์‹œ์œ„ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ
05:32
that was pertinent.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€๋ จ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:33
But in addition,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ํ•ด
05:35
you're more likely to mistake a cell phone for a handgun
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ์ด์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์˜คํ•ดํ–ˆ์„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋” ์ปค์š”,
05:38
if that stranger was male
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๊ทธ ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์ด๊ณ 
05:40
and large and of a different race.
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๋ฉ์น˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ฉฐ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ์ข…์ผ ๋•Œ์š”.
05:44
Furthermore, if you're in pain,
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๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ณ ํ†ต ์†์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:46
if you're hungry, if you're exhausted,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํŒ ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
05:48
your frontal cortex is not going to work as well,
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๋‡Œ์˜ ์ „๋‘ ํ”ผ์งˆ์€ ์ž˜ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
05:51
part of the brain whose job it is to get to the amygdala in time
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด์— ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ด์„œ
05:54
saying, "Are you really sure that's a gun there?"
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"๊ถŒ์ด์ธ๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‹คํ•ด?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
05:58
But we need to step further back.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ ๋˜์งš์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:00
Now we have to look at hours to days before,
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๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ์ผ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์„์š”.
06:03
and with this, we have entered the realm of hormones.
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์ด ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๋ฐŸ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
For example, testosterone,
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด, ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์€
06:09
where regardless of your sex,
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์„ฑ๋ณ„์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
06:10
if you have elevated testosterone levels in your blood,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์˜ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:13
you're more likely to think a face with a neutral expression
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์  ํ‘œ์ •์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
06:17
is instead looking threatening.
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์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋‚„ ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:19
Elevated testosterone levels, elevated levels of stress hormones,
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ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ๊ณผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋Š” ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ 
06:23
and your amygdala is going to be more active
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ
06:25
and your frontal cortex will be more sluggish.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์ „๋‘ ํ”ผ์งˆ์€ ๋”์šฑ ๋Š๋ ค์งˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:29
Pushing back further, weeks to months before,
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๋ช‡ ์ฃผ์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋ฉด
06:31
where's the relevance there?
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์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
06:33
This is the realm of neural plasticity,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์„ฑ์˜ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:35
the fact that your brain can change in response to experience,
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๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
06:39
and if your previous months have been filled with stress and trauma,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์™€ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋“ ์ฐจ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
06:44
your amygdala will have enlarged.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋Š” ํŒฝ์ฐฝํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:45
The neurons will have become more excitable,
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๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ ๋” ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ 
06:48
your frontal cortex would have atrophied,
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์ „๋‘ ํ”ผ์งˆ์€ ์œ„์ถ•๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:50
all relevant to what happens in that one second.
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๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ทธ ์ผ ์ดˆ ์‚ฌ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด ์ผ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
But we push back even more, back years,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ช‡ ๋…„์„ ๋” ๋˜์งš์–ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
06:56
back, for example, to your adolescence.
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๊ฐ€๋ น, ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ๋กœ์š”.
06:59
Now, the central fact of the adolescent brain
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์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ ๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
07:01
is all of it is going full blast
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ’€๊ฐ€๋™ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ
07:04
except the frontal cortex,
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์ „๋‘ ํ”ผ์งˆ์€ ์ œ์™ธ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”,
07:06
which is still half-baked.
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์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋งŒ ์™„์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:08
It doesn't fully mature until you're around 25.
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์ „๋‘ ํ”ผ์งˆ์€ 25์‚ด ์ •๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ์™„์„ฑ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:11
And thus, adolescence and early adulthood
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„๊ธฐ์™€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ธฐ๋Š”
07:14
are the years where environment and experience sculpt your frontal cortex
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ „๋‘ ํ”ผ์งˆ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด
07:19
into the version you're going to have as an adult in that critical moment.
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์„ฑ์ธ์ด ๋์„ ๋•Œ ํ–‰๋™ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:24
But pushing back even further,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋”์šฑ ๋” ๋˜์งš์–ด์„œ
07:26
even further back to childhood and fetal life
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์–ด๋ฆฐ ์‹œ์ ˆ๊ณผ ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ๋กœ
07:29
and all the different versions that that could come in.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
07:32
Now, obviously, that's the time that your brain is being constructed,
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ, ๊ทธ ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋‡Œ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ๋กœ
07:36
and that's important,
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์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
07:37
but in addition, experience during those times
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๊ทธ์— ๋”ํ•ด, ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€
07:40
produce what are called epigenetic changes,
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ํ›„์ƒ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:43
permanent, in some cases,
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์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ธ๋ฐ, ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š”
07:45
permanently activating certain genes, turning off others.
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ํŠน์ • ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์˜๊ตฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๊บผ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:49
And as an example of this,
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ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋กœ์จ
07:51
if as a fetus you were exposed to a lot of stress hormones through your mother,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ํƒœ์•„๊ธฐ์— ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ชจ์ฒด์˜ ๋†’์œผ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:56
epigenetics is going to produce your amygdala in adulthood
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ํ›„์„ฑ์œ ์ „ํ•™์€ ๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์„ฑ์ธ๊ธฐ ํŽธ๋„์ฒด๋ฅผ
07:59
as a more excitable form,
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๋” ํ™œ์„ฑ๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
08:01
and you're going to have elevated stress hormone levels.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ˆ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
08:04
But pushing even further back,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ฃผ ๋” ๋Œ์ด์ผœ์„œ
08:06
back to when you were just a fetus,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ทธ์ € ํƒœ์•„์˜€์„
08:08
back to when all you were was a collection of genes.
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์œ ์ „์ž ์ง‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜€์„ ๋•Œ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
08:11
Now, genes are really important to all of this,
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์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์— ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ
08:13
but critically, genes don't determine anything,
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๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€, ์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ
08:16
because genes work differently in different environments.
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์œ ์ „์ž๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
08:20
Key example here:
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•œ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ .
08:21
there's a variant of a gene called MAO-A,
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MAO-A๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ณ€ํ˜•์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:24
and if you have that variant,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:26
you are far more likely to commit antisocial violence
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๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํญ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ณด์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:31
if, and only if, you were abused as a child.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์˜ค์ง ์–ด๋ฆฐ์‹œ์ ˆ์—๋งŒ ํญ๋ ฅ์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ํ•œํ•ด์„œ์š”.
08:35
Genes and environment interact,
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์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ
08:37
and what's happening in that one second before you pull that trigger
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฐฉ์•„์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋‹น๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์ผ ์ดˆ ์ „ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ผ๋“ค์€
08:41
reflects your lifetime of those gene-environment interactions.
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ํ‰์ƒ์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž-ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:46
Now, remarkably enough, we've got to push even further back now,
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ๋†€๋ž์ง€๋งŒ, ๋”์šฑ ๋’ค๋กœ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ๋ด์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:50
back centuries.
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๋ช‡ ์„ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ์„œ์š”.
08:51
What were your ancestors up to.
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๋‹น์‹ ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
08:53
And if, for example, they were nomadic pastoralists,
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๊ฐ€๋ น ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์œ ๋ชฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชฉ์ถ•๋ฏผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:57
they were pastoralists,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ชฉ์ถ•๋ฏผ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:58
people living in deserts or grasslands
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์‚ฌ๋ง‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ดˆ์›์— ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ
09:00
with their herds of camels, cows, goats,
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๋‚™ํƒ€, ์†Œ, ์—ผ์†Œ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ์™€ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:03
odds are they would have invented what's called a culture of honor
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฒด๋ฉด๋ฌธํ™”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ๊ณต์‚ฐ์ด ๋†’์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
filled with warrior classes,
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์ „์‚ฌ ๊ณ„์ธต์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ 
09:09
retributive violence, clan vendettas,
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๋ณด๋ณต์„ฑ ํญ๋ ฅ, ์”จ์กฑ๊ฐ„ ๋ณต์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜์žˆ์ฃ .
09:12
and amazingly, centuries later,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„, ์ˆ˜์„ธ๊ธฐ ํ›„์—
09:14
that would still be influencing the values with which you were raised.
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ž๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์— ์—ฌ์ „ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:19
But we've got to push even further back,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋” ๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:21
back millions of years,
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์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ๋’ค๋กœ
09:23
because if we're talking about genes,
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์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ๋ฐ
09:25
implicitly we're now talking about the evolution of genes.
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ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ง„ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:29
And what you see is, for example,
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๊ฐ€๋ น, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:31
patterns across different primate species.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜์žฅ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ„์˜ ํŒจํ„ด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
Some of them have evolved for extremely low levels of aggression,
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๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ข…์€ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์ง„ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
09:38
others have evolved in the opposite direction,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:41
and floating there in between by every measure are humans,
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
09:44
once again this confused, barely defined species
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ข…์กฑ์ด์ž
09:48
that has all these potentials to go one way or the other.
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ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ ์ž ์žฌ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ข…์กฑ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:53
So what has this gotten us to?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
09:55
Basically, what we're seeing here is,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:57
if you want to understand a behavior,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:59
whether it's an appalling one, a wondrous one,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋”์ฐํ•˜๋“  ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“  ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด
10:02
or confusedly in between,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋“ ์ง€
10:03
if you want to understand that,
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด
10:05
you've got take into account what happened a second before
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๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:08
to a million years before,
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์ผ ์ดˆ ์ „๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋…„ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€
10:10
everything in between.
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๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€์š”.
10:11
So what can we conclude at this point?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
10:13
Officially, it's complicated.
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๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ด๊ฑด ๋ณต์žกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:16
Wow, that's really helpful.
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์™€, ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋„์›€์ด ๋˜์ฃ .
10:17
It's complicated,
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๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์š”.
10:19
and you'd better be real careful, real cautious
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์•„์ฃผ ์กฐ์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฐ ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์šธ์—ฌ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:22
before you conclude you know what causes a behavior,
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ํ–‰๋™์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ง“๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
10:26
especially if it's a behavior you're judging harshly.
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ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—„๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:30
Now, to me, the single most important point about all of this
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์ €์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
10:34
is one having to do with change.
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๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:36
Every bit of biology I have mentioned here can change in different circumstances.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช… ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋ฉด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:43
For example, ecosystems change.
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๊ฐ€๋ น, ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:46
Thousands of years ago, the Sahara was a lush grassland.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ ๋…„ ์ „, ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ๋ง‰์€ ๋ฌด์„ฑํ•œ ์ดˆ์›์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:50
Cultures change.
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๋ฌธํ™”๋„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:52
In the 17th century, the most terrifying people in Europe were the Swedes,
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17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฌด์„œ์šด ์ข…์กฑ์€ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
10:56
rampaging all over the place.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ์ฃ .
10:58
This is what the Swedish military does now.
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์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ์˜ ์Šค์›จ๋ด ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:00
They haven't had a war in 200 years.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ 200๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ์ „์Ÿํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:03
Most importantly,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
11:04
brains change.
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๋‡Œ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:06
Neurons grow new processes.
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๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ์€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํšŒ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:08
Circuits disconnect.
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ํšŒ๋กœ๋Š” ๋Š์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
11:09
Everything in the brain changes,
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๋‡Œ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:11
and out of this come extraordinary examples of human change.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:17
First one:
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์ฒซ ์งธ,
11:18
this is a man named John Newton,
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์กด ๋‰ดํ„ด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:20
a British theologian
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์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ ํ•™์ž๋กœ์„œ
11:21
who played a central role in the abolition of slavery from the British Empire
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๋Œ€์˜ ์ œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ ํ์ง€์— ์ฃผ์š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
11:26
in the early 1800s.
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1800๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๋ฐ˜์—์š”.
11:28
And amazingly, this man spent decades as a younger man
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ฒญ๋…„๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ช‡ ์‹ญ๋…„์„
11:33
as the captain of a slave ship,
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๋…ธ์˜ˆ์„ ์˜ ์„ ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๊ณ 
11:35
and then as an investor in slavery,
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๊ทธ ํ›„ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ์ œ์— ํˆฌ์žํ•˜๋ฉฐ
11:38
growing rich from this.
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์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:40
And then something changed.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
Something changed in him,
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๊ทธ์˜ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
something that Newton himself celebrated in the thing that he's most famous for,
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๋‰ดํ„ด ๊ทธ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ๊ฐ€ ์ฐฌ์–‘ํ•œ ๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ
11:50
a hymn that he wrote:
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์‚ฌํ•œ ์ฐฌ์†ก๊ฐ€
11:51
"Amazing Grace."
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"๋†€๋ผ์šด ์€์ด"์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•˜์ฃ .
11:54
This is a man named Zenji Abe on the morning of December 6, 1941,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์  ์ง€ ์•„๋ฒ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 1941๋…„ 12์›” 6์ผ ์•„์นจ,
11:59
about to lead a squadron of Japanese bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.
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์ผ๋ณธ๊ตฐ ํญ๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ ์ค‘๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ์ง„์ฃผ๋งŒ์„ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ๊ธฐ ์ „์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:04
And this is the same man 50 years later to the day
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฑด ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ 50๋…„ ํ›„ ๋ชจ์Šต์œผ๋กœ
12:08
hugging a man who survived the attack on the ground.
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ํญ๊ฒฉ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ปด์•ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:11
And as an old man,
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๋…ธ์ธ์ด ๋˜์–ด
12:13
Zenji Abe came to a collection of Pearl Harbor survivors
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์  ์ง€ ์•„๋ฒ ๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ๋งŒ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค์„
12:17
at a ceremony there
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์„ธ๋ฆฌ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์žฅ(์˜์‹)์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
12:19
and in halting English apologized for what he had done as a young man.
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๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ์‚ฌ๊ณผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:24
Now, it doesn't always require decades.
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ผญ ์‹ญ๋…„ ์ด์ƒ์„ ํ•„์š”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:26
Sometimes, extraordinary change could happen in just hours.
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๋•Œ๋กœ, ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋‹จ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:30
Consider the World War I Christmas truce of 1914.
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1914๋…„ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ 1์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ํœด์ „์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.
12:34
The powers that be had negotiated a brief truce
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์งง์€ ํœด์ „์„ ํ˜‘์ƒํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ
12:37
so that soldiers could go out,
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๊ตฐ์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ
12:39
collect bodies from no-man's-land in between the trench lines.
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์ฐธํ˜ธ์„  ์‚ฌ์ด ๋ฌด์ธ์ง€๋Œ€์—์„œ ์‹œ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๊ฑฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:43
And soon British and German soldiers
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๊ณง ์˜๊ตญ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋…์ผ๊ตฐ์€
12:46
were doing that,
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์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ 
12:47
and then helping each other carry bodies,
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์‹œ์ฒด ์šด๋ฐ˜์„ ์„œ๋กœ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:50
and then helping each other dig graves in the frozen ground,
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๋˜ ์–ผ์–ด๋ถ™์€ ๋•…์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํŒŒ์„œ ๋ฌป๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋„์™€์ฃผ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
12:53
and then praying together,
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ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ 
12:55
and then having Christmas together and exchanging gifts,
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์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:58
and by the next day, they were playing soccer together
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‚ , ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ถ•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:01
and exchanging addresses so they could meet after the war.
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์ „์Ÿ ํ›„์—๋„ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋„๋ก ์ฃผ์†Œ๋„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:04
That truce kept going until the officers had to arrive
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ํœด์ „์€ ์žฅ๊ต๋“ค์ด ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์ฃ .
13:08
and said, "We will shoot you
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"๋„ˆํฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ด๋˜ ๋•Œ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ๋„ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃฝ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค."
13:10
unless you go back to trying to kill each other."
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13:12
And all it took here was hours
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๋‹จ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:14
for these men to develop a completely new category of "us,"
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์ด๋“ค์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์˜ "์šฐ๋ฆฌ",
13:19
all of us in the trenches here
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์ฐธํ˜ธ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘์ธก ๋ชจ๋‘๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ,
13:21
on both sides, dying for no damn reason,
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์•„๋ฌด ์ด์œ ๋„ ์—†์ด ์ฃฝ์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€
13:23
and who is a "them," those faceless powers behind the lines
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์ฐธํ˜ธ์„  ๋’ค์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด ์—†๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹น๋ฌผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”
13:27
who were using them as pawns.
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"๊ทธ๋“ค"์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€์š”.
13:30
And sometimes, change can occur in seconds.
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๋•Œ๋กœ, ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
Probably the most horrifying event in the Vietnam War
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์•„๋งˆ๋„ ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ ์ „์Ÿ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋”์ฐํ•œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€
13:37
was the My Lai Massacre.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋ฏธ๋ผ์ด ํ•™์‚ด์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:39
A brigade of American soldiers
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๋ฏธ๊ตฐ ์—ฌ๋‹จ์ด
13:41
went into an undefended village full of civilians
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๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์ธ์ด ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ์—†๋Š” ๋งˆ์„๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
13:44
and killed between 350 and 500 of them,
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350์—์„œ 500 ๋ช… ๊ฐ€๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฃฝ์ด๊ณ 
13:48
mass-raped women and children,
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์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ง‘๋‹จ ๊ฐ•๊ฐ„ํ•˜๊ณ 
13:51
mutilated bodies.
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์‹ ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์ฃ .
13:52
It was appalling.
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๋”์ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:54
It was appalling because it occurred, because the government denied it,
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๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋”์ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์ •ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋”์ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
13:58
because the US government eventually did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋œ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ทจํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ์— ๋”์ฐํ–ˆ๊ณ 
14:02
and appalling because it almost certainly was not a singular event.
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๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋„ ์ผํšŒ์„ฑ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋”์ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:07
This man, Hugh Thompson, this is the man who stopped the My Lai Massacre.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ, ํœด ํ†ฐ์Šจ์ด ๋ฏธ๋ผ์ด ํ•™์‚ด์„ ๋ฉˆ์ท„์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:12
He was piloting a helicopter gunship,
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌด์žฅํ—ฌ๊ธฐ ์กฐ์ข…์‚ฌ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:14
landed there, got out
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™ํ•˜๊ณ  ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜์™€
14:16
and saw American soldiers shooting babies,
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๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์ด ์•„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์˜๊ณ 
14:19
shooting old women,
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๋…ธ๋ชจ๋“ค์„ ์˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ 
14:21
figured out what was going on,
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๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ํ›„
14:23
and he then took his helicopter
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
14:25
and did something that undid his lifetime of conditioning
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ"์™€ "๊ทธ๋“ค"๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๊ฐ„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ‰์ƒ์˜ ์‹ ์กฐ๋ฅผ
14:29
as to who is an "us" and who is a "them."
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๋ฌดํšจํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
He landed his helicopter
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ํ—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
14:33
in between some surviving villagers and American soldiers
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๋ฏธ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์„ ์ƒ์กด์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡ ์žˆ๋˜ ๊ณณ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฐฉ๋ฅ™์‹œ์ผœ
14:36
and he trained his machine guns on his fellow Americans,
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๊ธฐ๊ด€์ด์„ ๋™๋ฃŒ ๋ฏธ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:40
and said, "If you don't stop the killing, I will mow you down."
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์‚ด์ƒ์„ ์•ˆ ๋ฉˆ์ถ”๋ฉด ๋„ˆํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ด์œกํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค."
14:46
Now, these people are no more special than any of us.
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์ด๋“ค์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋” ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ์กด์žฌ๋“ค์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:49
Same neurons, same neurochemicals,
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๊ฐ™์€ ๋‰ด๋Ÿฐ, ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝํ™”ํ•™๋ฌผ
14:51
same biology.
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๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๋ช… ํ™œ๋™์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:54
What we're left with here is this inevitable cliche:
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚จ์€ ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ”ผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํด๋ฆฌ์…ฐ(์ƒํˆฌ์ ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ)์ฃ .
14:57
"Those who don't study history are destined to repeat it."
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"์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๋‹ค."
15:00
What we have here is the opposite of it.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:02
Those who don't study the history of extraordinary human change,
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๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ์ธ๋ฅ˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
15:06
those who don't study the biology of what can transform us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ƒ๋ช… ํ™œ๋™, ๊ทธ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ํ™œ๋™๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์—
15:10
from our worst to our best behaviors,
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์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
15:12
those who don't do this are destined not to be able
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์ด ์ฐฌ๋ž€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ์ด๋กœ์šด ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„
15:16
to repeat these incandescent, magnificent moments.
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๊ฒฐ์ฝ” ๋˜ํ’€์ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:20
So thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:21
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:31
CA: Talks that really give you a new mental model about something,
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CA: ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ •์‹ ์  ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•์—ฐ
15:35
those are some of my favorite TED Talks,
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” TED ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
and we just got one.
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๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ง‰ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋” ์ƒ๊ฒผ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:39
Robert, thank you so much for that. Good luck with the book.
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๋กœ๋ฒ„ํŠธ, ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์„œ์—๋„ ํ–‰์šด์ด ์žˆ๊ธธ ๋ฐ”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:42
That was amazing,
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์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:43
and we're going to try and get you to come here in person one year.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  1๋…„ ๋‚ด ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์ง์ ‘ ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
RS: ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:47
Thank you so much.
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15:48
RS: Thank you. Thank you all.
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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