The biology of our best and worst selves | Robert Sapolsky

1,049,753 views ใƒป 2017-05-31

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Alon Alboher ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Chris Anderson: So Robert spent the last few years
0
12580
2696
ื›ืจื™ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ: ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
00:15
think about how weird human behavior is,
1
15300
2336
ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
00:17
and how inadequate most of our language trying to explain it is.
2
17660
4216
ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ื—ืกืจ ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื”.
00:21
And it's very exciting to hear him explain some of the thinking behind it
3
21900
4376
ื•ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžืจื’ืฉ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืื•ืชื• ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”,
00:26
in public for the first time.
4
26300
1656
ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™.
00:27
Over to you now, Robert Sapolsky.
5
27980
2096
ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื™ืš ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืกืคื•ืœืกืงื™.
00:30
(Applause)
6
30100
2960
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
00:34
Robert Sapolsky: Thank you.
7
34860
1616
ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
00:36
The fantasy always runs something like this.
8
36500
2480
ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื–ื”.
00:39
I've overpowered his elite guard,
9
39780
2176
ื’ื‘ืจืชื™ ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืจ ื”ืขืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•,
00:41
burst into his secret bunker
10
41980
1935
ื•ืคืจืฆืชื™ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ื•ื ืงืจ ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœื•
00:43
with my machine gun ready.
11
43939
1817
ืขื ืชืช-ื”ืžืงืœืข ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
00:45
He lunges for his Luger.
12
45780
1896
ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื ืง ืืœ ื”"ืœื•ื’ืจ" ืฉืœื•.
00:47
I knock it out of his hand.
13
47700
1816
ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ื•.
00:49
He lunges for his cyanide pill.
14
49540
2336
ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื ืง ืืœ ื’ืœื•ืœืช ื”ืฆื™ืื ื™ื“ ืฉืœื•.
00:51
I knock that out of his hand.
15
51900
1736
ืื ื™ ื”ื•ื“ืฃ ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื•.
00:53
He snarls,
16
53660
1296
ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื”ื
00:54
comes at me with otherworldly strength.
17
54980
2216
ื•ื‘ื ืžื•ืœื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
00:57
We grapple, we fight,
18
57220
1696
ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื‘ื˜ื™ื, ืื ื• ื ืื‘ืงื™ื,
00:58
I manage to pin him down
19
58940
1896
ืื ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื— ืœืจืชืง ืื•ืชื• ืœืงืจืงืข
01:00
and put on handcuffs.
20
60860
1560
ื•ืœืื–ื•ืง ืื•ืชื•.
01:03
"Adolf Hitler," I say,
21
63300
2016
"ืื“ื•ืœืฃ ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ", ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ,
01:05
"I arrest you for crimes against humanity."
22
65340
2840
"ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชืš ืขืœ ืคืฉืขื™ื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช"
01:09
Here's where the Medal of Honor version of the fantasy ends
23
69820
2976
ื›ืืŸ ืชื ืœื• ื”ื—ืœืง ืฉืœ "ืžื“ืœื™ื™ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“" ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœื™
01:12
and the imagery darkens.
24
72820
1856
ื•ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืคืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:14
What would I do if I had Hitler?
25
74700
1719
ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ?
01:16
It's not hard to imagine once I allow myself.
26
76980
2760
ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ืื ื™ ืžืจืฉื” ืœืขืฆืžื™.
01:20
Sever his spine at the neck.
27
80540
2136
ืฉื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืคืจืงืช.
01:22
Take out his eyes with a blunt instrument.
28
82700
2376
ืขื•ืงืจ ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื›ื”ื”.
01:25
Puncture his eardrums. Cut out his tongue.
29
85100
2776
ืงื•ืจืข ืืช ืขื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืฃ ืฉืœื•, ื—ื•ืชืš ืืช ืœืฉื•ื ื•.
01:27
Leave him alive on a respirator,
30
87900
2136
ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื”,
01:30
tube-fed, not able to speak or move or see or hear, just to feel,
31
90060
5296
ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื‘ื–ื•ื ื“ื”, ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื• ืœื–ื•ื– ืื• ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืจืง ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ,
01:35
and then inject him with something cancerous
32
95380
3256
ื•ืื– ืœื”ื–ืจื™ืง ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ
01:38
that's going to fester and pustulate
33
98660
2256
ืฉื™ืจืงื‘ ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืžื•ื’ืœืชื™
01:40
until every cell in his body is screaming in agony,
34
100940
3936
ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื• ื™ื–ืขืง ืžื›ืื‘,
01:44
until every second feels like an eternity in hell.
35
104900
3240
ืขื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืชืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื ืฆื— ื‘ื’ื”ื™ื ื•ื.
01:49
That's what I would do to Hitler.
36
109500
1840
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื˜ืœืจ.
01:53
I've had this fantasy since I was a kid,
37
113740
2016
ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืื– ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ืœื“,
01:55
still do sometimes,
38
115780
1496
ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื,
01:57
and when I do, my heart speeds up --
39
117300
2656
ื•ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื” ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื™ ืžืื™ืฅ --
01:59
all these plans for the most evil, wicked soul in history.
40
119980
4880
ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืœืื“ื ื”ื›ื™ ืจืฉืข ื•ืžืจื•ืฉืข ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
02:05
But there's a problem,
41
125660
1256
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื”,
02:06
which is I don't actually believe in souls or evil,
42
126940
2896
ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืฉืžื•ืช ืื• ืจื•ืข.
02:09
and I think wicked belongs in a musical.
43
129860
2536
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉ"ืžืจื•ืฉืข" ื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืœ ืžื—ื–ืžืจ.
02:12
But there's some people I would like to see killed,
44
132420
2416
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืžืชื™ื,
02:14
but I'm against the death penalty.
45
134860
1816
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ื ื’ื“ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื•ื•ืช,
02:16
But I like schlocky violent movies,
46
136700
2096
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืืœื™ืžื™ื,
02:18
but I'm for strict gun control.
47
138820
1776
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื“ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ื”ื“ื•ืง ืขืœ ื ืฉืง,
02:20
But then there was a time I was at a laser tag place,
48
140620
3056
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืชืชืคืชื™ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ ื™ืจื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ
02:23
and I had such a good time hiding in a corner shooting at people.
49
143700
3880
ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ืฃ ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื•ืœื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:28
In other words, I'm your basic confused human when it comes to violence.
50
148180
4800
ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืื ื™ ื‘ืกื”"ื› ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
02:33
Now, as a species, we obviously have problems with violence.
51
153580
3336
ื›ื’ื–ืข, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช.
02:36
We use shower heads to deliver poison gas,
52
156940
3056
ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืงืœื—ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ื’ื– ืจืขื™ืœ,
02:40
letters with anthrax, airplanes as weapons,
53
160020
3096
ืžืขื˜ืคื•ืช ืขื ืื ื˜ืจืงืก, ืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื›ื›ืœื™ ื ืฉืง,
02:43
mass rape as a military strategy.
54
163140
1856
ืื•ื ืก ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื›ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฆื‘ืื™ืช.
02:45
We're a miserably violent species.
55
165020
2280
ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื–ืข ืืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืจื—ืžื™ื.
02:47
But there's a complication,
56
167740
1496
ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืคื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš,
02:49
which is we don't hate violence,
57
169260
2376
ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
02:51
we hate the wrong kind.
58
171660
1856
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
02:53
And when it's the right kind,
59
173540
1456
ื•ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
02:55
we cheer it on, we hand out medals,
60
175020
2496
ืื ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื”, ืžื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื“ืœื™ื•ืช,
02:57
we vote for, we mate with our champions of it.
61
177540
3136
ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”, ืžื–ื“ื•ื•ื’ื™ื ืขื ื”ืืœื•ืคื™ื ื‘ื”.
03:00
When it's the right kind of violence,
62
180700
1816
ื›ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช,
03:02
we love it.
63
182540
1200
ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
03:04
And there's another complication,
64
184340
1656
ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš,
03:06
which is, in addition to us being this miserably violent species,
65
186020
4056
ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื’ื–ืข ืืœื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืจื—ืžื™ื,
03:10
we're also this extraordinarily altruistic, compassionate one.
66
190100
3800
ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ื’ื–ืข ืจื—ื•ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื•ืœืชื•.
03:15
So how do you make sense of the biology of our best behaviors,
67
195340
3296
ืื– ืื™ืš ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ืœื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:18
our worst ones and all of those ambiguously in between?
68
198660
4016
ื”ื›ื™ ืจืขื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื•ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฆืืช ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื‘ืืžืฆืข?
03:22
Now, for starters,
69
202700
1256
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
03:23
what's totally boring is understanding the motoric aspects of the behavior.
70
203980
4296
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืžืฉืขืžื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:28
Your brain tells your spine, tells your muscles
71
208300
3176
ื”ืžื•ื— ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”, ืœืฉืจื™ืจื™ื
03:31
to do something or other,
72
211500
1256
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ,
03:32
and hooray, you've behaved.
73
212780
1936
ื•"ื”ื™ื“ื“", ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช.
03:34
What's hard is understanding the meaning of the behavior,
74
214740
3656
ืžื” ืฉืงืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช,
03:38
because in some settings, pulling a trigger is an appalling act;
75
218420
3816
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืœืœื—ื•ืฅ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืง ื–ื” ืžืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื—ื”;
03:42
in others, it's heroically self-sacrificial.
76
222260
2976
ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื–ื• ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืงืจื™ื‘ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื”.
03:45
In some settings, putting your hand one someone else's
77
225260
2936
ื‘ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ืœืฉื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ
03:48
is deeply compassionate.
78
228220
1456
ื–ื• ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
03:49
In others, it's a deep betrayal.
79
229700
1896
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื–ื• ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื” ืงืฉื”.
03:51
The challenge is to understand
80
231620
1536
ื”ืืชื’ืจ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:53
the biology of the context of our behaviors,
81
233180
3256
ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
03:56
and that's real tough.
82
236460
1600
ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืงืฉื”.
03:58
One thing that's clear, though, is you're not going to get anywhere
83
238860
3176
ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืจ, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื
04:02
if you think there's going to be the brain region or the hormone
84
242060
4416
ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ,
04:06
or the gene or the childhood experience
85
246500
2736
ืื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื, ืื• ืืช ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช,
04:09
or the evolutionary mechanism that explains everything.
86
249260
3080
ืื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ื ื™ืงื” ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœ.
04:12
Instead, every bit of behavior has multiple levels of causality.
87
252860
5120
ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
04:18
Let's look at an example.
88
258620
1400
ื ืกื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื–ื•:
04:20
You have a gun.
89
260660
1200
ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืงื“ื—.
04:22
There's a crisis going on:
90
262540
1576
ืืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืื™ืžื”,
04:24
rioting, violence, people running around.
91
264140
2576
ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ืช, ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืขื‘ืจ.
04:26
A stranger is running at you in an agitated state --
92
266740
3176
ืื“ื ื–ืจ ืจืฅ ืœืขื‘ืจื›ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื ืจืื” ื ืกืขืจ --
04:29
you can't quite tell if the expression is frightened, threatening, angry --
93
269940
5096
ืืชื ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื ื”ื”ื‘ืขื” ืฉืœื• ืžืคื•ื—ื“ืช, ืžืื™ื™ืžืช, ื›ื•ืขืกืช --
04:35
holding something that kind of looks like a handgun.
94
275060
3216
ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืžืฉื”ื• ื•ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืืงื“ื—.
04:38
You're not sure.
95
278300
1216
ืืชื ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื.
04:39
The stranger comes running at you
96
279540
1896
ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืจืฅ ืœืขื‘ืจื›ื
04:41
and you pull the trigger.
97
281460
1736
ื•ืืชื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง.
04:43
And it turns out that thing in this person's hand
98
283220
2936
ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื‘ื™ื“
04:46
was a cell phone.
99
286180
1200
ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ.
04:48
So we asked this biological question:
100
288020
2216
ืื– ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื–ื•:
04:50
what was going on that caused this behavior?
101
290260
3176
ืžื” ืงืจื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•?
04:53
What caused this behavior?
102
293460
1896
ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•?
04:55
And this is a multitude of questions.
103
295380
2296
ื•ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื›ืžื” ืฉืืœื•ืช.
04:57
We start.
104
297700
1216
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื.
04:58
What was going on in your brain one second before you pulled that trigger?
105
298940
4416
ืžื” ืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืจืืฉ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืœื—ืฆืชื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง?
05:03
And this brings us into the realm of a brain region called the amygdala.
106
303380
3696
ื•ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื—ืœืง ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉื ืงืจื ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”.
05:07
The amygdala, which is central to violence, central to fear,
107
307100
3936
ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื•ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืคื—ื“,
05:11
initiates volleys of cascades
108
311060
2696
ื™ื•ื–ืžืช ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืืฉื“ื™ื
05:13
that produce pulling of a trigger.
109
313780
2256
ืฉืชื•ืฆืืชื ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืง.
05:16
What was the level of activity in your amygdala one second before?
110
316060
3680
ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจืžืช ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™?
05:20
But to understand that, we have to step back a little bit.
111
320700
3376
ืื‘ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืงืฆืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
05:24
What was going on in the environment seconds to minutes before
112
324100
3576
ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœืš, ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™,
05:27
that impacted the amygdala?
113
327700
1736
ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”?
05:29
Now, obviously, the sights, the sounds of the rioting,
114
329460
3096
ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืžืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืจืขื•ื™ื•ืช,
05:32
that was pertinent.
115
332580
1216
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
05:33
But in addition,
116
333820
1216
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ,
05:35
you're more likely to mistake a cell phone for a handgun
117
335060
3456
ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื˜ืขื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืืงื“ื—
05:38
if that stranger was male
118
338540
2256
ืื ื”ื–ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ืจ,
05:40
and large and of a different race.
119
340820
2600
ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“, ื•ืžื’ื–ืข ืื—ืจ ืžืฉืœืš.
05:44
Furthermore, if you're in pain,
120
344180
2136
ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ืื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื•ืื‘ ืœืš,
05:46
if you're hungry, if you're exhausted,
121
346340
2176
ืื ืืชื” ืจืขื‘, ืื ืืชื” ืชืฉื•ืฉ,
05:48
your frontal cortex is not going to work as well,
122
348540
2536
ืื– ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื ืชืคืขืœ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš,
05:51
part of the brain whose job it is to get to the amygdala in time
123
351100
3656
ื”ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ืžื”ื™ืจ ืขื ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”
05:54
saying, "Are you really sure that's a gun there?"
124
354780
3280
ื•ืœืฉืื•ืœ: "ืืชื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืืงื“ื—?"
05:58
But we need to step further back.
125
358620
2136
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
06:00
Now we have to look at hours to days before,
126
360780
3176
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืขื•ืช ื•ืขื“ ื™ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™,
06:03
and with this, we have entered the realm of hormones.
127
363980
2976
ื•ืขื ื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื.
06:06
For example, testosterone,
128
366980
2136
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
06:09
where regardless of your sex,
129
369140
1736
ืฉืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืืชื,
06:10
if you have elevated testosterone levels in your blood,
130
370900
2856
ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืจืžืช ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื“ื,
06:13
you're more likely to think a face with a neutral expression
131
373780
3376
ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉืคื ื™ื ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™ื•ืช,
06:17
is instead looking threatening.
132
377180
2056
ืœืžืขืฉื” ื ืจืื•ืช ืžืื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
06:19
Elevated testosterone levels, elevated levels of stress hormones,
133
379260
3856
ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ, ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ,
06:23
and your amygdala is going to be more active
134
383140
2296
ื•ืคืชืื•ื ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
06:25
and your frontal cortex will be more sluggish.
135
385460
2480
ื•ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืœื”.
06:29
Pushing back further, weeks to months before,
136
389020
2856
ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžืงืจื”,
06:31
where's the relevance there?
137
391900
1456
ืœืžื” ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื–ื• ืงืฉื•ืจื”?
06:33
This is the realm of neural plasticity,
138
393380
2536
ื–ื• ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช,
06:35
the fact that your brain can change in response to experience,
139
395940
3936
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ืช ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื,
06:39
and if your previous months have been filled with stress and trauma,
140
399900
4176
ื•ืื ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื“ืžื• ืœืžืงืจื” ื”ื™ื• ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืœื—ืฅ ื•ื˜ืจืื•ืžื”,
06:44
your amygdala will have enlarged.
141
404100
1856
ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื“ืœืช.
06:45
The neurons will have become more excitable,
142
405980
2216
ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื,
06:48
your frontal cortex would have atrophied,
143
408220
2336
ื•ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืชื”ื™ื” ืžื ื•ื•ื ืช.
06:50
all relevant to what happens in that one second.
144
410580
2800
ื”ื›ืœ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
06:54
But we push back even more, back years,
145
414140
2656
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”,
06:56
back, for example, to your adolescence.
146
416820
2496
ื ื ื™ื— ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
06:59
Now, the central fact of the adolescent brain
147
419340
2496
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืœื›ื
07:01
is all of it is going full blast
148
421860
2736
ืฉื•ืขื˜ ื‘ืžืœื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืงื“ื™ืžื”
07:04
except the frontal cortex,
149
424620
1696
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช,
07:06
which is still half-baked.
150
426340
1736
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื•ื™ื” ืจืง ืœืžื—ืฆื”.
07:08
It doesn't fully mature until you're around 25.
151
428100
3176
ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช ืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื‘ืžืœื•ืื” ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 25.
07:11
And thus, adolescence and early adulthood
152
431300
3216
ืœื›ืŸ, ืชืงื•ืคืช ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื”
07:14
are the years where environment and experience sculpt your frontal cortex
153
434540
5136
ื”ื ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช
07:19
into the version you're going to have as an adult in that critical moment.
154
439700
3800
ืœื’ืจืกื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื›ืื“ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
07:24
But pushing back even further,
155
444620
1776
ืื‘ืœ ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
07:26
even further back to childhood and fetal life
156
446420
3456
ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืœืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ
07:29
and all the different versions that that could come in.
157
449900
2816
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•.
07:32
Now, obviously, that's the time that your brain is being constructed,
158
452740
3256
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื ื‘ื ื” ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”,
07:36
and that's important,
159
456020
1216
ื•ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
07:37
but in addition, experience during those times
160
457260
3296
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืืœื”,
07:40
produce what are called epigenetic changes,
161
460580
2976
ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ื,
07:43
permanent, in some cases,
162
463580
1656
ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืงืจื™ื,
07:45
permanently activating certain genes, turning off others.
163
465260
4336
ื”ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื•ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:49
And as an example of this,
164
469620
1496
ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื–ื”:
07:51
if as a fetus you were exposed to a lot of stress hormones through your mother,
165
471140
5016
ืื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืฉืคืชื ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ ื“ืจืš ืืžื ืฉืœื›ื,
07:56
epigenetics is going to produce your amygdala in adulthood
166
476180
3416
ืืคื™ื’ื ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช
07:59
as a more excitable form,
167
479620
1936
ื›ื—ืœืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
08:01
and you're going to have elevated stress hormone levels.
168
481580
2640
ื•ืืชื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืžืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ ืœื—ืฅ.
08:04
But pushing even further back,
169
484780
1896
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
08:06
back to when you were just a fetus,
170
486700
1696
ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ืจืง ืขื•ื‘ืจ,
08:08
back to when all you were was a collection of genes.
171
488420
2816
ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื ื–ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื ื™ื.
08:11
Now, genes are really important to all of this,
172
491260
2376
ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืžืฉ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื–ื”,
08:13
but critically, genes don't determine anything,
173
493660
2736
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช, ื’ื ื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ,
08:16
because genes work differently in different environments.
174
496420
3640
ื›ื™ ื’ื ื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
08:20
Key example here:
175
500460
1256
ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืคื”:
08:21
there's a variant of a gene called MAO-A,
176
501740
3136
ื™ืฉ ื’ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืž.ืื™ื™.ืื•.ืืœืคื,
08:24
and if you have that variant,
177
504900
1656
ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ื’ืจืกื ื”ื–ื•,
08:26
you are far more likely to commit antisocial violence
178
506580
4656
ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืชืคืขืœื• ื‘ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™ ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช
08:31
if, and only if, you were abused as a child.
179
511260
3976
ืื, ื•ืจืง ืื, ื”ืชืขืœืœื• ื‘ื›ื ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืช.
08:35
Genes and environment interact,
180
515260
2376
ื’ื ื™ื ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื–ื” ืœื–ื”,
08:37
and what's happening in that one second before you pull that trigger
181
517660
3616
ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืœื•ื—ืฆื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื”ื“ืง
08:41
reflects your lifetime of those gene-environment interactions.
182
521300
4240
ืžืฉืงืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ื–ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
08:46
Now, remarkably enough, we've got to push even further back now,
183
526499
3617
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืคืœื™ืื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืœืš ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
08:50
back centuries.
184
530140
1376
ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
08:51
What were your ancestors up to.
185
531540
2336
ืžื” ืขืฉื• ืื‘ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื›ื?
08:53
And if, for example, they were nomadic pastoralists,
186
533900
3176
ื•ืื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื,
08:57
they were pastoralists,
187
537100
1256
ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืคืกื˜ื•ืจืœื™ื,
08:58
people living in deserts or grasslands
188
538380
2576
ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ืžืจืขื”
09:00
with their herds of camels, cows, goats,
189
540980
2656
ืขื ืขื“ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืžืœื™ื, ืคืจื•ืช, ืขื–ื™ื
09:03
odds are they would have invented what's called a culture of honor
190
543660
4056
ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื”ื ื”ืžืฆื™ืื• ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื•ื“
09:07
filled with warrior classes,
191
547740
2216
ืžืœืื” ื‘ืžืขืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื,
09:09
retributive violence, clan vendettas,
192
549980
2696
ืืœื™ืžื•ืช ื›ื ื’ื“ ืืœื™ืžื•ืช, ืžืกืขื•ืช ื ืงืžื” ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื,
09:12
and amazingly, centuries later,
193
552700
2256
ื•ืœื”ืคืœื™ื, ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
09:14
that would still be influencing the values with which you were raised.
194
554980
3680
ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ื’ื“ืœืชื.
09:19
But we've got to push even further back,
195
559620
2136
ืื‘ืœ ื ืœืš ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
09:21
back millions of years,
196
561780
1736
ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
09:23
because if we're talking about genes,
197
563540
2056
ื›ื™ ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื’ื ื™ื,
09:25
implicitly we're now talking about the evolution of genes.
198
565620
3656
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืขืงื™ืคื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
09:29
And what you see is, for example,
199
569300
2216
ื•ืžื” ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”:
09:31
patterns across different primate species.
200
571540
2496
ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืœืจื•ื—ื‘ ืงื•ืคื™ ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
09:34
Some of them have evolved for extremely low levels of aggression,
201
574060
4416
ืฉื—ืœืงื ืขื‘ืจื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืœืจืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ืžื•ื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื•ืงืคื ื•ืช,
09:38
others have evolved in the opposite direction,
202
578500
2536
ืื—ืจื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืคื•ืš,
09:41
and floating there in between by every measure are humans,
203
581060
3896
ื•ืฆืคื™ื ืœื”ื ืื™ ืฉื ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื,
09:44
once again this confused, barely defined species
204
584980
3896
ืฉื•ื‘, ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื‘ื•ืœื‘ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ,
09:48
that has all these potentials to go one way or the other.
205
588900
3240
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืฆื“ ื›ื–ื” ืื• ืื—ืจ.
09:53
So what has this gotten us to?
206
593380
1816
ืื– ืœืืŸ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื•?
09:55
Basically, what we're seeing here is,
207
595220
1976
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื–ื”,
09:57
if you want to understand a behavior,
208
597220
1896
ืฉืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
09:59
whether it's an appalling one, a wondrous one,
209
599140
2856
ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ื—ื”, ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”,
10:02
or confusedly in between,
210
602020
1736
ืื• ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ,
10:03
if you want to understand that,
211
603780
1536
ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”,
10:05
you've got take into account what happened a second before
212
605340
3456
ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™,
10:08
to a million years before,
213
608820
1456
ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
10:10
everything in between.
214
610300
1656
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ื.
10:11
So what can we conclude at this point?
215
611980
1976
ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกื›ื ืขื“ ื›ื”?
10:13
Officially, it's complicated.
216
613980
2296
ืจืฉืžื™ืช, ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
10:16
Wow, that's really helpful.
217
616300
1616
"ื•ื•ืื•", ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื–ืจ.
10:17
It's complicated,
218
617940
1256
ื–ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ืš,
10:19
and you'd better be real careful, real cautious
219
619220
3576
ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืฉืชื”ื™ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื–ื”ืจื• ืžืื•ื“,
10:22
before you conclude you know what causes a behavior,
220
622820
3336
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ื’ืจื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช,
10:26
especially if it's a behavior you're judging harshly.
221
626180
2760
ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”.
10:30
Now, to me, the single most important point about all of this
222
630420
3976
ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื”
10:34
is one having to do with change.
223
634420
2376
ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืฉื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
10:36
Every bit of biology I have mentioned here can change in different circumstances.
224
636820
6376
ื›ืœ ืคื™ืกื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืคื” ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืชื—ืช ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
10:43
For example, ecosystems change.
225
643220
2816
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
10:46
Thousands of years ago, the Sahara was a lush grassland.
226
646060
4416
ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื, ื”ืกื”ืจื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื“ื” ืคื•ืจื—.
10:50
Cultures change.
227
650500
1616
ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช.
10:52
In the 17th century, the most terrifying people in Europe were the Swedes,
228
652140
4336
ื‘ืžืื” ื”17 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ื,
10:56
rampaging all over the place.
229
656500
1736
ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
10:58
This is what the Swedish military does now.
230
658260
2176
ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื“ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื.
11:00
They haven't had a war in 200 years.
231
660460
1840
ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ 200 ืฉื ื”.
11:03
Most importantly,
232
663100
1456
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
11:04
brains change.
233
664580
1616
ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื.
11:06
Neurons grow new processes.
234
666220
2016
ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
11:08
Circuits disconnect.
235
668260
1456
ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžืชื ืชืงื™ื.
11:09
Everything in the brain changes,
236
669740
1656
ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืžื•ื— ืžืฉืชื ื”,
11:11
and out of this come extraordinary examples of human change.
237
671420
5200
ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
11:17
First one:
238
677220
1616
ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
11:18
this is a man named John Newton,
239
678860
1696
ื–ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ,
11:20
a British theologian
240
680580
1336
ืชืื•ืœื•ื’ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™
11:21
who played a central role in the abolition of slavery from the British Empire
241
681940
4736
ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
11:26
in the early 1800s.
242
686700
2016
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”19.
11:28
And amazingly, this man spent decades as a younger man
243
688740
4736
ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืคืœื, ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื” ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ
11:33
as the captain of a slave ship,
244
693500
2136
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืงืคื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ื ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ื,
11:35
and then as an investor in slavery,
245
695660
2936
ื•ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืžืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
11:38
growing rich from this.
246
698620
2136
ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืื“ื ืขืฉื™ืจ.
11:40
And then something changed.
247
700780
2656
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื”.
11:43
Something changed in him,
248
703460
1536
ืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื•,
11:45
something that Newton himself celebrated in the thing that he's most famous for,
249
705020
5256
ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื• "ื—ื’ื’" ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืฉื”,
11:50
a hymn that he wrote:
250
710300
1616
ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘:
11:51
"Amazing Grace."
251
711940
1400
"Amazing grace" (ื—ืกื“ ืžื“ื”ื™ื)
11:54
This is a man named Zenji Abe on the morning of December 6, 1941,
252
714860
4896
ื–ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื ื–ื ื’'ื™ ืื‘ื™, ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”6 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ 1941
11:59
about to lead a squadron of Japanese bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.
253
719780
4976
ื›ืฉืขืžื“ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื˜ื™ื™ืกืช ืฉืœ ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืคื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืขืœ ืคืจืœ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจ.
12:04
And this is the same man 50 years later to the day
254
724780
3536
ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง 50 ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ
12:08
hugging a man who survived the attack on the ground.
255
728340
3576
ืžื—ื‘ืง ื’ื‘ืจ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉืฉืจื“ ืืช ื”ืžืชืงืคื”.
12:11
And as an old man,
256
731940
1416
ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื ื–ืงืŸ,
12:13
Zenji Abe came to a collection of Pearl Harbor survivors
257
733380
4416
ื–ื ื’'ื™ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื ื™ืฆื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืชืงืคืช ืคืจืœ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจ
12:17
at a ceremony there
258
737820
1416
ื‘ื˜ืงืก ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื
12:19
and in halting English apologized for what he had done as a young man.
259
739260
4320
ื•ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื’ืช ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืฆืœ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืื“ื ืฆืขื™ืจ.
12:24
Now, it doesn't always require decades.
260
744580
1896
ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื“ืจืฉื™ื ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
12:26
Sometimes, extraordinary change could happen in just hours.
261
746500
3696
ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
12:30
Consider the World War I Christmas truce of 1914.
262
750220
4376
ืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืืชื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ืฉืœ ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื ืช 1914
12:34
The powers that be had negotiated a brief truce
263
754620
3136
ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื’ืฉืจ ื”ืคืกืงืช ืืฉ ื–ืžื ื™ืช
12:37
so that soldiers could go out,
264
757780
1616
ื›ืš ืฉื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื—ืคื•ืจื™ื
12:39
collect bodies from no-man's-land in between the trench lines.
265
759420
3896
ื•ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช ืž"ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืžืช" ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืชื•ืช ื”ื ื’ื“ื™ื•ืช.
12:43
And soon British and German soldiers
266
763340
2936
ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“, ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื•ื’ืจืžื ื™ื
12:46
were doing that,
267
766300
1456
ืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”,
12:47
and then helping each other carry bodies,
268
767780
2456
ื•ืื– ืกื™ื™ืขื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืœืกื—ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื•ืคื•ืช,
12:50
and then helping each other dig graves in the frozen ground,
269
770260
3656
ื•ืขื–ืจื• ืื—ื“ ืœืฉื ื™ ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืื“ืžื” ื”ืงืคื•ืื”,
12:53
and then praying together,
270
773940
1256
ื•ื”ืชืคืœืœื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“,
12:55
and then having Christmas together and exchanging gifts,
271
775220
2816
ื•ื—ื’ื’ื• ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื—ื’ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ืžืชื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื”ื,
12:58
and by the next day, they were playing soccer together
272
778060
3216
ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ื“ื•ืจื’ืœ
13:01
and exchanging addresses so they could meet after the war.
273
781300
3376
ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืคื• ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืคื’ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”.
13:04
That truce kept going until the officers had to arrive
274
784700
3976
ื”ืคืกืงืช ื”ืืฉ ื”ื–ื• ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืขื“ ืฉืงืฆื™ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข
13:08
and said, "We will shoot you
275
788700
1496
ื•ืืžืจื• "ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ื
13:10
unless you go back to trying to kill each other."
276
790220
2496
"ืื ืœื ืชื—ื–ืจื• ืžื™ื“ ืœื ืกื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™."
13:12
And all it took here was hours
277
792740
2136
ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ืฉืขื•ืช
13:14
for these men to develop a completely new category of "us,"
278
794900
4336
ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืคืชื—ื• ื–ื”ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ "ืื ื—ื ื•",
13:19
all of us in the trenches here
279
799260
1896
ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืชืขืœื•ืช
13:21
on both sides, dying for no damn reason,
280
801180
2776
ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื, ืžืชื™ื ืœืœื ื›ืœ ืกื™ื‘ื”,
13:23
and who is a "them," those faceless powers behind the lines
281
803980
3656
ื•ืžื™ "ื”ื", ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ืคื ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืงืœืขื™ื
13:27
who were using them as pawns.
282
807660
1600
ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื—-ืžื˜.
13:30
And sometimes, change can occur in seconds.
283
810500
3200
ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
13:34
Probably the most horrifying event in the Vietnam War
284
814540
3336
ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ื›ื™ ืžื‘ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื•ื™ืื˜ื ื
13:37
was the My Lai Massacre.
285
817900
1896
ื”ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืžืื™ ืœืื™.
13:39
A brigade of American soldiers
286
819820
2016
ื›ืฉื—ื˜ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
13:41
went into an undefended village full of civilians
287
821860
3016
ื ื›ื ืกื• ืœื›ืคืจ ื—ืกืจ ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืœื ืื–ืจื—ื™ื
13:44
and killed between 350 and 500 of them,
288
824900
3536
ื•ืจืฆื—ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ 350-500 ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ,
13:48
mass-raped women and children,
289
828460
2856
ืื ืกื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ืช ื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
13:51
mutilated bodies.
290
831340
1576
ื”ืชืขืœืœื• ื‘ื’ื•ืคื•ืช.
13:52
It was appalling.
291
832940
1216
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื—ื”.
13:54
It was appalling because it occurred, because the government denied it,
292
834180
4256
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ื›ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉื–ื” ืงืจื”,
13:58
because the US government eventually did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,
293
838460
4376
ื‘ื’ืœืœืช ืฉืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืชืช ืžื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“,
14:02
and appalling because it almost certainly was not a singular event.
294
842860
4256
ื•ื“ื•ื—ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื“ ืคืขืžื™.
14:07
This man, Hugh Thompson, this is the man who stopped the My Lai Massacre.
295
847140
5096
ื”ืื“ื ื”ื–ื”, ื™ื• ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ื”ืื“ื ืฉืขืฆืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืžืื™ ืœืื™.
14:12
He was piloting a helicopter gunship,
296
852260
2616
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื™ื™ืก ืžืกื•ืง ืงืจื‘,
14:14
landed there, got out
297
854900
1816
ื ื—ืช ื‘ืฉื˜ื—, ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืžืกื•ืง,
14:16
and saw American soldiers shooting babies,
298
856740
3056
ื•ืจืื” ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
14:19
shooting old women,
299
859820
1376
ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ื ืงืฉื™ืฉื•ืช,
14:21
figured out what was going on,
300
861220
1896
ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉ,
14:23
and he then took his helicopter
301
863140
2096
ืื– ื”ื•ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืžืกื•ืง
14:25
and did something that undid his lifetime of conditioning
302
865260
3976
ื•ืขืฉื” ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื™ื™ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ืช
14:29
as to who is an "us" and who is a "them."
303
869260
2056
ืฉืœ ืžื™ "ื”ื" ื•ืžื™ "ืื ื—ื ื•".
14:31
He landed his helicopter
304
871340
1856
ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืžืกื•ืง
14:33
in between some surviving villagers and American soldiers
305
873220
3616
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื
14:36
and he trained his machine guns on his fellow Americans,
306
876860
3656
ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงืœืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืกื•ืง ืืœ ืขื‘ืจ ืื—ื™ื• ืœื ืฉืง,
14:40
and said, "If you don't stop the killing, I will mow you down."
307
880540
3880
ื•ืืžืจ, "ืื ืœื ืชืคืกื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื—, ืื ื™ ืืจืกืก ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื!"
14:46
Now, these people are no more special than any of us.
308
886380
2976
ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•.
14:49
Same neurons, same neurochemicals,
309
889380
2576
ืื•ืชื ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืื•ืชื ื ื™ื•ืจื•-ื›ื™ืžื™ื›ืœื™ื,
14:51
same biology.
310
891980
1320
ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
14:54
What we're left with here is this inevitable cliche:
311
894220
3376
ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืืจื™ื ืขื ื”ืงืœื™ืฉืื” ื”ืžื–ืžื™ื ื”:
14:57
"Those who don't study history are destined to repeat it."
312
897620
2736
"ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืœืžื“ื™ื ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื’ื•ืจืœื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”."
15:00
What we have here is the opposite of it.
313
900380
2176
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื” ื”ื™ื ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืชืคื ื™ืช.
15:02
Those who don't study the history of extraordinary human change,
314
902580
4256
ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
15:06
those who don't study the biology of what can transform us
315
906860
3536
ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื•
15:10
from our worst to our best behaviors,
316
910420
2496
ืžื”ื’ืจืกื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
15:12
those who don't do this are destined not to be able
317
912940
3056
ืืœื• ืฉืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช, ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื•ืœื
15:16
to repeat these incandescent, magnificent moments.
318
916020
3880
ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
15:20
So thank you.
319
920300
1200
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
15:21
(Applause)
320
921860
4080
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:31
CA: Talks that really give you a new mental model about something,
321
931860
3496
ื›ืจื™ืก: ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื ื™ืงื•ืช ืœื›ื ื”ืฉืงืคื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
15:35
those are some of my favorite TED Talks,
322
935380
1936
ื”ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžืฉื™ื—ื•ืช TED ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขืœื™,
15:37
and we just got one.
323
937340
1720
ื•ื›ืจื’ืข ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืื—ืช ื›ื–ื•.
15:39
Robert, thank you so much for that. Good luck with the book.
324
939780
2856
ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื•ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ.
15:42
That was amazing,
325
942660
1256
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
15:43
and we're going to try and get you to come here in person one year.
326
943940
3176
ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชืš ืœื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™.
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
15:47
Thank you so much.
327
947140
1216
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:48
RS: Thank you. Thank you all.
328
948380
1480
ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜: ืชื•ื“ื”, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7