The biology of our best and worst selves | Robert Sapolsky

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Chris Anderson: So Robert spent the last few years

Chris Anderson: Robert je proveo zadnjih nekoliko godina

think about how weird human behavior is,

razmišljajući kako je čudno ljudsko ponašanje,

and how inadequate most of our language trying to explain it is.

te kako je većina našeg jezika nedovoljno da ga objasni.

And it's very exciting to hear him explain some of the thinking behind it

Vrlo je uzbudljivo čuti ga kako objašnjava neka razmišljanja iza toga

in public for the first time.

po prvi put u javnosti.

Over to you now, Robert Sapolsky.

Sada ste vi na redu, Robert Sapolsky.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

Robert Sapolsky: Thank you.

Robert Sapolsky: Hvala vam.

The fantasy always runs something like this.

Fantazija uvijek ide ovako nekako.

I've overpowered his elite guard,

Pobijedio sam njegovu elitnu gardu,

burst into his secret bunker

provalio u njegov tajni bunker

with my machine gun ready.

sa spremnom strojnicom.

He lunges for his Luger.

On poseže za svojim Lugerom.

I knock it out of his hand.

Izbijam mu ga iz ruke.

He lunges for his cyanide pill.

Poseže za svojom tabletom cijanida.

I knock that out of his hand.

Izbijam mu i to iz ruke.

He snarls,

On zareži,

comes at me with otherworldly strength.

nasrne na mene sa izvanrednom snagom.

We grapple, we fight,

Hrvamo se, borimo se,

I manage to pin him down

Uspjevam ga savladati

and put on handcuffs.

i staviti mu lisičine.

"Adolf Hitler," I say,

"Adolfe Hitlere" kažem

"I arrest you for crimes against humanity."

„uhićeni ste za zločine protiv čovječnosti.“

Here's where the Medal of Honor version of the fantasy ends

Ovo je gdje verzija fantazije Medalje časti završava

and the imagery darkens.

i gdje slike zatamnjuju.

What would I do if I had Hitler?

Što bih ja napravio da imam Hitlera?

It's not hard to imagine once I allow myself.

Nije teško zamisliti jednom kad si dopustim.

Sever his spine at the neck.

Prerezao bi mu kralježnicu na razini vrata.

Take out his eyes with a blunt instrument.

Iskopao bi mu oči tupim instrumentom.

Puncture his eardrums. Cut out his tongue.

Probušio bubnjiće. Izrezao jezik.

Leave him alive on a respirator,

Ostavio bih ga živog na respiratoru,

tube-fed, not able to speak or move or see or hear, just to feel,

hranjenog na cjevčicu, onemogućio govor kretanje, vid, sluh, samo da osjeti,

and then inject him with something cancerous

i potom bih mu injicirao nešto kancerogeno

that's going to fester and pustulate

koje će se gnojiti i pustulirati

until every cell in his body is screaming in agony,

dok svaka stanica u njegovom tijelu ne bude vrištala u agoniji,

until every second feels like an eternity in hell.

dok svaka sekunda ne bude kao vječnost u paklu.

That's what I would do to Hitler.

To je ono što bih napravio Hitleru.

I've had this fantasy since I was a kid,

Imam ovu fantaziju otkako sam bio dijete,

still do sometimes,

još uvijek imam nekad,

and when I do, my heart speeds up --

i kad imam, srce mi ubrza --

all these plans for the most evil, wicked soul in history.

svi ti planovi za najgoru, najizopačeniju dušu u povijesti.

But there's a problem,

Ali postoji problem,

which is I don't actually believe in souls or evil,

koji je da zapravo ne vjerujem u dušu ili zlo,

and I think wicked belongs in a musical.

i mislim da opakost spada u mjuzikl.

But there's some people I would like to see killed,

Ali postoje ljudi koje bih volio vidjeti ubijene,

but I'm against the death penalty.

ali sam protiv smrtne kazne.

But I like schlocky violent movies,

Ali volim jeftine, nasilne filmovi,

but I'm for strict gun control.

ali sam za strogu kontrolu oružja.

But then there was a time I was at a laser tag place,

Ali opet bilo je vrijeme, kada sam bio na laser tag-u,

and I had such a good time hiding in a corner shooting at people.

i izvrsno se zabavljao sakrivajući se u kutu i pucajući na ljude.

In other words, I'm your basic confused human when it comes to violence.

Drugim riječima, ja sam vaše osnovno zbunjeno ljudsko biće što se tiče nasilja.

Now, as a species, we obviously have problems with violence.

Kao vrsta, očito imamo problema s nasiljem.

We use shower heads to deliver poison gas,

Koristimo tuševe za dostavu otrovnog plina,

letters with anthrax, airplanes as weapons,

pisma sa antraksom, avione kao oružja,

mass rape as a military strategy.

masovno silovanje kao vojnu strategiju.

We're a miserably violent species.

Mi smo bijedno nasilna vrsta.

But there's a complication,

Ali postoji komplikacija,

which is we don't hate violence,

a to je da ne mrzimo nasilje,

we hate the wrong kind.

već mrzimo krivu vrstu nasilja.

And when it's the right kind,

A kada je prava vrsta,

we cheer it on, we hand out medals,

tada navijamo za nju, dajemo medalje,

we vote for, we mate with our champions of it.

glasamo za nju, parimo se s prvacima tog nasilja.

When it's the right kind of violence,

Kada je prava vrsta nasilja,

we love it.

obožavamo ga.

And there's another complication,

I postoji još jedna komplikacija,

which is, in addition to us being this miserably violent species,

a to je, uz to što smo takva bijedno nasilna vrsta,

we're also this extraordinarily altruistic, compassionate one.

mi smo također nevjerojatno altruistična, suosjećana vrsta.

So how do you make sense of the biology of our best behaviors,

Kako onda objašnjavate biologiju naših najboljih ponašanja,

our worst ones and all of those ambiguously in between?

naših najgorih te svih onih neodređeno između?

Now, for starters,

Sad, za početak,

what's totally boring is understanding the motoric aspects of the behavior.

ono što je stvarno dosadno jest razumjevanje motoričkog aspekta ponašanja.

Your brain tells your spine, tells your muscles

Vaš mozak kaže vašoj kralježnici koja kaže vašim mišićima

to do something or other,

da naprave ovo ili ono,

and hooray, you've behaved.

i hura, ponašali ste se.

What's hard is understanding the meaning of the behavior,

Ono što je teško jest razumjevanje značenja ponašanja,

because in some settings, pulling a trigger is an appalling act;

jer u nekim okolnostima povlačenje okidača je strašan čin;

in others, it's heroically self-sacrificial.

a u drugima, to je herojski samožrtvujuće.

In some settings, putting your hand one someone else's

U nekim okolnostima, držanje nekoga za ruku

is deeply compassionate.

je duboko suosjećajno.

In others, it's a deep betrayal.

U drugima, to je duboka izdaja.

The challenge is to understand

Izazov je razumjeti

the biology of the context of our behaviors,

biologiju konteksta naših ponašanja,

and that's real tough.

i to je jako teško.

One thing that's clear, though, is you're not going to get anywhere

Jedna stvar koja je jasna, jest da nećete dospjeti nigdje

if you think there's going to be the brain region or the hormone

ako mislite da će postojati regija mozga ili hormon

or the gene or the childhood experience

ili gen ili iskustvo iz djetinjstva

or the evolutionary mechanism that explains everything.

ili evolucijski mehanizam koji objašnjava sve.

Instead, every bit of behavior has multiple levels of causality.

Umjesto toga, svaki komadić našeg ponašanja ima nekoliko razina uzročnosti.

Let's look at an example.

Pogledajmo primjer.

You have a gun.

Imate pištolj.

There's a crisis going on:

Odvija se krizna situacija:

rioting, violence, people running around.

Nered, nasilje, ljudi trče okolo.

A stranger is running at you in an agitated state --

Stranac trči prema vama u agitiranom stanju --

you can't quite tell if the expression is frightened, threatening, angry --

ne možete jasno razaznati je li izraz lica uplašen, prijeteći, ljut --

holding something that kind of looks like a handgun.

drži nešto što izgleda kao pištolj.

You're not sure.

Niste sigurni.

The stranger comes running at you

Stranac trči prema vama

and you pull the trigger.

i vi povučete okidač.

And it turns out that thing in this person's hand

I ispostavi se da je stvari njegovoj ruci

was a cell phone.

bila mobitel.

So we asked this biological question:

Pa smo mi zapitali ovo biološko pitanje:

what was going on that caused this behavior?

što se događalo da je uzrokovalo takvo ponašanje?

What caused this behavior?

Što je uzrokovalo takvo ponašanje?

And this is a multitude of questions.

I to je mnoštvo pitanja.

We start.

Počinjemo.

What was going on in your brain one second before you pulled that trigger?

Što se događalo u vašem mozgu jednu sekundu prije nego što ste povukli okidač?

And this brings us into the realm of a brain region called the amygdala.

I to nas dovodi u oblast regije mozga zvane amigdala.

The amygdala, which is central to violence, central to fear,

Amigdala, koja je centralna nasilju, centralna strahu,

initiates volleys of cascades

započinje bujicu kaskada

that produce pulling of a trigger.

koja proizvode povlačenje okiača.

What was the level of activity in your amygdala one second before?

Koja je bila razina aktivnosti u vašoj amigdali jednu sekundu prije?

But to understand that, we have to step back a little bit.

Ali kako bismo to razumjeli, trebamo se malo vratiti.

What was going on in the environment seconds to minutes before

Što se događalo u okolišu u sekundama, minutama prije

that impacted the amygdala?

što je utjecalo na amigdalu?

Now, obviously, the sights, the sounds of the rioting,

Sad, očito, prizori, zvukovi nereda,

that was pertinent.

to je bilo značajno.

But in addition,

Ali još k tome,

you're more likely to mistake a cell phone for a handgun

veća je vjerojatnost da ćete zamjeniti mobitel za pištolj

if that stranger was male

ako je stranac bio muškarac

and large and of a different race.

i velik i druge rase.

Furthermore, if you're in pain,

Nadalje, ako vas boli,

if you're hungry, if you're exhausted,

ako ste gladni, ako ste iscrpljeni,

your frontal cortex is not going to work as well,

vaš frontalni korteks također neće raditi,

part of the brain whose job it is to get to the amygdala in time

dio mozga čiji je posao da dođe do amigdale na vrijeme

saying, "Are you really sure that's a gun there?"

i kaže „Jesi li stvarno sigurna da je tamo pištolj?“

But we need to step further back.

Ali trebamo se još vratiti unazad.

Now we have to look at hours to days before,

Sada trebamo pogledati sate, dane prije

and with this, we have entered the realm of hormones.

i sa ovim, ušli smo u oblast hormona.

For example, testosterone,

Primjerice, testosteron

where regardless of your sex,

gdje bez obzira na vaš spol,

if you have elevated testosterone levels in your blood,

ako imate povišene razine testosterona u vašoj krvi,

you're more likely to think a face with a neutral expression

veća je vjerojatnost da ćete misliti da lice s neutralnim izrazom

is instead looking threatening.

izgleda prijeteće.

Elevated testosterone levels, elevated levels of stress hormones,

Povišene razine testosterona, povišene razine hormona stresa,

and your amygdala is going to be more active

i vaša amigdala će biti više aktivna

and your frontal cortex will be more sluggish.

a vaš frontalni korteks će biti više trom.

Pushing back further, weeks to months before,

Gledajući dalje unazad, tjednima do mjesecima prije,

where's the relevance there?

Gdje je ovdje relevantnost?

This is the realm of neural plasticity,

Ovo je oblast neuralne plastičnosti,

the fact that your brain can change in response to experience,

činjenice da se vaš mozak može promjeniti u odgovoru na iskustvo,

and if your previous months have been filled with stress and trauma,

i ako su vaši prethodni mjeseci bili ispunjeni stresom i traumom,

your amygdala will have enlarged.

vaša amigdala će se povećati.

The neurons will have become more excitable,

Neuroni će postati više podražljivi,

your frontal cortex would have atrophied,

vaš frontalni korteks će atrofirati,

all relevant to what happens in that one second.

sve relevantno za to što se dogodi u toj jednoj sekundi.

But we push back even more, back years,

Ali ako pogledamo još više unazad, godinama unazad,

back, for example, to your adolescence.

unazad, primjerice, u vašu adolescenciju.

Now, the central fact of the adolescent brain

Sad, glavna činjenica adolescentnog mozga

is all of it is going full blast

jest da cijeli ide punom parom

except the frontal cortex,

osim frontalnog korteksa,

which is still half-baked.

koji je još uvijek napola ispečen.

It doesn't fully mature until you're around 25.

Ne sazrijeva potpuno do vaše 25. godine.

And thus, adolescence and early adulthood

Zbog toga, adolescencija i mlada odrasla dob

are the years where environment and experience sculpt your frontal cortex

su godine gdje okoliš i iskustvo oblikuju vaš frontalni korteks

into the version you're going to have as an adult in that critical moment.

u verziju koju ćete imati kao odrasla osoba.

But pushing back even further,

Ali ako pogledamo nazad još dalje,

even further back to childhood and fetal life

čak još dalje u djetinjstvo i fetalni život

and all the different versions that that could come in.

i sve različite verzije u kojima je to moglo doći.

Now, obviously, that's the time that your brain is being constructed,

Sad, očito, to je vrijeme kada se vaš mozak sastavlja,

and that's important,

i to je važno,

but in addition, experience during those times

ali k tome iskustvo tijekom toga vremena

produce what are called epigenetic changes,

proizvodi takozvane epigenetske promjene,

permanent, in some cases,

trajne, u nekim slučajevima,

permanently activating certain genes, turning off others.

trajno aktivirajući pojedine gene, a isključujući druge.

And as an example of this,

I kao primjer ovoga,

if as a fetus you were exposed to a lot of stress hormones through your mother,

ako ste kao fetus bili izloženi velikim količinama hormona stresa vaše majke,

epigenetics is going to produce your amygdala in adulthood

epigenetika će proizvesti vašu amigdalu u odrasloj dobi

as a more excitable form,

kao više podražljiviji oblik,

and you're going to have elevated stress hormone levels.

i imat će te povišene razine hormona stresa.

But pushing even further back,

Ali gledajući još dalje unazad,

back to when you were just a fetus,

unazad kad ste bili samo fetus,

back to when all you were was a collection of genes.

kad se bili samo skupina gena.

Now, genes are really important to all of this,

Sad, geni su važni u svemu ovome,

but critically, genes don't determine anything,

ali kritično, geni ne odrođuju ništa,

because genes work differently in different environments.

jer geni različito funkcioniraju u različitim okolišima.

Key example here:

Ključan primjer ovdje:

there's a variant of a gene called MAO-A,

postoji varijanta jednog gena zvana MAO-A,

and if you have that variant,

i ako imate tu varijantu,

you are far more likely to commit antisocial violence

puno je veća vjerojatnost da ćete počiniti antisocijalno nasilje

if, and only if, you were abused as a child.

ako, i jedino ako, ste bili zlostavljani kao dijete.

Genes and environment interact,

Geni i okoliš uzajmno djeluju,

and what's happening in that one second before you pull that trigger

i ono što se događa u toj jednoj sekundi prije nego što povučete taj okidač

reflects your lifetime of those gene-environment interactions.

odražava cijeli život tih interakcija između gena i okoliša.

Now, remarkably enough, we've got to push even further back now,

Sad, izvanredno, trebamo se vratiti još i dalje sada,

back centuries.

unazad stoljećima.

What were your ancestors up to.

Što su vaši preci radili.

And if, for example, they were nomadic pastoralists,

I ako, na primjer, su bili nomadski pastiri,

they were pastoralists,

bili su pastiri,

people living in deserts or grasslands

ljudi koji žive po pustinjama i livadama

with their herds of camels, cows, goats,

sa svojim krdima deva, krava, koza,

odds are they would have invented what's called a culture of honor

izgledi da su izumili ono što se zove kultura časti

filled with warrior classes,

ispunjena klasama ratnika,

retributive violence, clan vendettas,

odmazdnim nasiljem, klanovskim krvnim osvetama,

and amazingly, centuries later,

i nevjerojatno, stoljećima poslije,

that would still be influencing the values with which you were raised.

to bi još uvijek utjecalo na vrijednosti u kojima ste odgojeni.

But we've got to push even further back,

Ali moramo se vratiti još više unazad,

back millions of years,

nazad milijunima godina,

because if we're talking about genes,

jer ako pričamo o genima,

implicitly we're now talking about the evolution of genes.

implicitno sada pričamo o evoluciji gena.

And what you see is, for example,

I ono što vidite, na primjer,

patterns across different primate species.

su obrasci među različitim vrstama primata.

Some of them have evolved for extremely low levels of aggression,

Neke od njih su evoluirale s ekstremno niskim razinama agresije,

others have evolved in the opposite direction,

dok su druge evoluirale u suprotnom smjeru,

and floating there in between by every measure are humans,

a plutajući negdje između u svakoj mjeri su ljudi,

once again this confused, barely defined species

još jednom ova zbunjena, jedva definirana vrsta,

that has all these potentials to go one way or the other.

koja ima sve ove potencijale da ide u jednom ili drugom smjeru.

So what has this gotten us to?

Do čega nas je ovo dovelo?

Basically, what we're seeing here is,

U osnovi, ono što vidimo ovdje je,

if you want to understand a behavior,

ako želite razumjeti neko ponašanje,

whether it's an appalling one, a wondrous one,

bilo da je užasno ili čudesno,

or confusedly in between,

ili zbunjujući između,

if you want to understand that,

ako želite to razumjeti,

you've got take into account what happened a second before

morate uzeti u obzir što se dogodilo od sekundu prije

to a million years before,

do milijun godina prije,

everything in between.

te sve između.

So what can we conclude at this point?

Što možemo zaključiti u ovom trenutku?

Officially, it's complicated.

Službeno, komplicirano je.

Wow, that's really helpful.

Vau, to jako pomaže.

It's complicated,

Komplicirano je,

and you'd better be real careful, real cautious

i najbolje vam je da bute jako oprezni, jako pažljivi

before you conclude you know what causes a behavior,

prije nego zaključite što uzrokuje neko ponašanje,

especially if it's a behavior you're judging harshly.

pogotovo ako je to ponašanje koje teško osuđujete.

Now, to me, the single most important point about all of this

Sad, za mene, najvažnija poanta svega ovoga

is one having to do with change.

ima veze s promjenom.

Every bit of biology I have mentioned here can change in different circumstances.

Svaki djelić biologije koji sam spomenuo se može promjeniti u drukčijim okolnostim.

For example, ecosystems change.

Primjerice, ekosistemi se mjenjaju.

Thousands of years ago, the Sahara was a lush grassland.

Tisućama godina prije, Sahara je bila bujni pašnjak.

Cultures change.

Kulture se mijenjaju.

In the 17th century, the most terrifying people in Europe were the Swedes,

U 17. stoljeću, najstrašniji ljudi europi su bili Šveđani,

rampaging all over the place.

divljajući svuda.

This is what the Swedish military does now.

Ovo je što švedska vojska radi sada.

They haven't had a war in 200 years.

Nisu ratovali 200 godina.

Most importantly,

Najvažnije,

brains change.

mozgovi se mijenjaju.

Neurons grow new processes.

Neuronima izrastaju novi nastavci.

Circuits disconnect.

Mreže se odspajaju.

Everything in the brain changes,

Sve se u mozgu mijenja,

and out of this come extraordinary examples of human change.

i iz ovoga dolaze nevjerojatni primjeri ljudske promjene.

First one:

Prvi primjer:

this is a man named John Newton,

ovo je čovjek po imenu John Newton,

a British theologian

Britanski teolog

who played a central role in the abolition of slavery from the British Empire

koji je igrao središnju ulogu u ukidanju ropstva u Britanskom Carstvu

in the early 1800s.

u ranom 19. stoljeću.

And amazingly, this man spent decades as a younger man

I nevjerojatno, ovaj čovjek je proveo desetljeća kao mlađi čovjek

as the captain of a slave ship,

kao kapetan ropskog broda,

and then as an investor in slavery,

a potom kao investitor u ropstvo,

growing rich from this.

zarađujući od toga.

And then something changed.

A potom se nešto promjenilo.

Something changed in him,

Nešto se promjenilo u njemu,

something that Newton himself celebrated in the thing that he's most famous for,

nešto što je sam Newton proslavio u stvari za koju je najpoznatiji,

a hymn that he wrote:

u himni koju je napisao:

"Amazing Grace."

„Čudesna milost.“

This is a man named Zenji Abe on the morning of December 6, 1941,

Ovo je čovjek po imenu Zenji Abe ujutro 6. prosinca, 1941.,

about to lead a squadron of Japanese bombers to attack Pearl Harbor.

dok upravo vodi odred Japanskih bombardera u napad na Pearl Harbor.

And this is the same man 50 years later to the day

A ovo je isti čovjek 50 godina poslije

hugging a man who survived the attack on the ground.

grleći čovjeka koji je preživio napad na tlu.

And as an old man,

I kao star čovjek,

Zenji Abe came to a collection of Pearl Harbor survivors

Zenji Abe je došao do skupine ljudi koji su preživjeli Pearl Harbor

at a ceremony there

na tamošnjoj ceremoniji

and in halting English apologized for what he had done as a young man.

i na oklijevajućem engleskom ispričao se za stvari koje je učinio kao mlad čovjek.

Now, it doesn't always require decades.

Sad, nisu uvijek potrebna desetljeća.

Sometimes, extraordinary change could happen in just hours.

Nekad se izvanredna promjena može dogoditi u samo nekoliko sati.

Consider the World War I Christmas truce of 1914.

Pogledajte primirje na Božić tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata 1914.

The powers that be had negotiated a brief truce

Tadašnje sile su izpregovarale kratko primirje

so that soldiers could go out,

kako bi vojnici mogli izaći van,

collect bodies from no-man's-land in between the trench lines.

te prikupiti tijela iz ničje zemlje između rovova.

And soon British and German soldiers

I ubrzo su britanski i njemački vojnici

were doing that,

to radili,

and then helping each other carry bodies,

i potom su pomagali jedni drugima nositi tijela,

and then helping each other dig graves in the frozen ground,

te pomagali jedni drugima pri kopanju grobova u zamrznutoj zemlji,

and then praying together,

i potom se molili zajedno,

and then having Christmas together and exchanging gifts,

te slavili Božić zajedno i razmjenjivali darove,

and by the next day, they were playing soccer together

te do idućeg dana su zajedno igrali nogomet

and exchanging addresses so they could meet after the war.

i razmjenjivali adrese da se mogu vidjeti poslije rata.

That truce kept going until the officers had to arrive

To primirje je trajalo dok činovnici nisu morali doći

and said, "We will shoot you

i reći, „Pucat ćemo u vas

unless you go back to trying to kill each other."

ako se ne vratite nazad i pokušate pobiti jedni druge.“

And all it took here was hours

I sve što je trebalo ovdje je nekoliko sati

for these men to develop a completely new category of "us,"

za ove ljude da razviju potpuno novu kategoriju „nas“,

all of us in the trenches here

svih nas ovdje u rovovima,

on both sides, dying for no damn reason,

na obje strane, umirući bez ikakvog razloga,

and who is a "them," those faceless powers behind the lines

i tko su neki „oni“, te bezlične snage iza linija

who were using them as pawns.

koje su ih koristile za pijune.

And sometimes, change can occur in seconds.

A ponekad se promjena može dogoditi u sekundama.

Probably the most horrifying event in the Vietnam War

Vjerojatno najstrašniji događaj Vijetnamskog rata

was the My Lai Massacre.

je bio My Lai masakr.

A brigade of American soldiers

Brigada američkih vojnika

went into an undefended village full of civilians

je bila ušla u nebranjeno selo puno civila

and killed between 350 and 500 of them,

i ubila između 350 i 500 njih,

mass-raped women and children,

masovno silovala žene i djecu,

mutilated bodies.

unakazila tijela.

It was appalling.

To je bilo užasno.

It was appalling because it occurred, because the government denied it,

Bilo je užasno jer se dogodilo, jer je to vlada porekla,

because the US government eventually did nothing more than a slap on the wrist,

jer je američka vlada konačno učinila ništa više od manje disciplinske mjere,

and appalling because it almost certainly was not a singular event.

i bilo je užasno jer to gotovo sigurno nije bio jedini takav događaj.

This man, Hugh Thompson, this is the man who stopped the My Lai Massacre.

Ovaj čovjek, Hugh Thompson, ovo je čovjek koji je zaustavio My Lai masakr.

He was piloting a helicopter gunship,

Bio je pilotirao ratnim helikopterom

landed there, got out

sletio tamo, izašao

and saw American soldiers shooting babies,

i vidio kako američki vojnici pucaju na bebe,

shooting old women,

pucaju na stare žene,

figured out what was going on,

shvatio što se događa

and he then took his helicopter

te potom je uzeo svoj helikopter

and did something that undid his lifetime of conditioning

i učinio nešto što je poništilo njegov cijeli život uvjetovanja

as to who is an "us" and who is a "them."

o tome tko su „mi“ i tko su „oni“.

He landed his helicopter

Sletio je helikopterom

in between some surviving villagers and American soldiers

između nekih preživjelih seljana i američkih vojnika

and he trained his machine guns on his fellow Americans,

i usmjerio svoje strojnice na svoje ortake amerikance

and said, "If you don't stop the killing, I will mow you down."

i rekao, „Ako ne prestanete ubijati, pokosit ću vas.“

Now, these people are no more special than any of us.

Sad, ovi ljudi nisu ništa više posebni od bilo koga od nas.

Same neurons, same neurochemicals,

Isti neuroni, isti neurotransmiteri,

same biology.

ista biologija.

What we're left with here is this inevitable cliche:

Ono što nam ostaje ovdje jest ovaj neizbježni kliše;

"Those who don't study history are destined to repeat it."

„Oni koji ne proučavaju povijest su osuđeni da ju ponavljaju.“

What we have here is the opposite of it.

Ono što imamo ovjde je suprotno od toga.

Those who don't study the history of extraordinary human change,

Oni koji ne proučavaju povijest nevjerojatne ljudske promjene,

those who don't study the biology of what can transform us

oni koji ne proučavaju biologiju toga što nas može transformirati

from our worst to our best behaviors,

od naših najgori do naših najboljih ponašanja,

those who don't do this are destined not to be able

oni koji ovo ne rade su osuđeni da neće moći

to repeat these incandescent, magnificent moments.

ponoviti ove sjajne, veličanstvene trenutke.

So thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

CA: Talks that really give you a new mental model about something,

CA: Govori koji vam daju novi umni model o nekoj stvari,

those are some of my favorite TED Talks,

su meni među najdražim TED govorima,

and we just got one.

i upravo smo dobili jedan.

Robert, thank you so much for that. Good luck with the book.

Roberte, hvala vam puno na tome. Sretno s knjigom.

That was amazing,

Ovo je bilo nevjerojatno,

and we're going to try and get you to come here in person one year.

i pokušat ćemo vas osobno dovesti ovdje jedne godine.

Thank you so much.

Hvala vam puno.

RS: Thank you. Thank you all.

RS: Hvala vam. Hvala vam svima.