Phil Borges: Documenting our endangered cultures

Prevodilac: Tereza Ivanovic Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

A fact

Jedna činjenica je potekla

came out of MIT,

sa MIT-a

pre nekoliko godina.

couple of years ago. Ken Hale,

Ken Hejl, lingvista,

who's a linguist,

said that of the 6,000 languages

rekao je da od 6 000 jezika

spoken on Earth right now,

koji se sada govore na Zemlji,

3,000 aren't spoken by the children.

deca već ne govore 3 000.

So that in one generation,

Samo u jednoj generaciji

we're going to halve our cultural diversity.

prepolovićemo kulturnu raznolikost.

He went on to say

Dalje je rekao

that every two weeks,

da svake dve nedelje

an elder goes to the grave

neko stariji umire

carrying the last spoken word

odnoseći u grob zadnju izgovorenu reč

of that culture.

svoje kulture.

So an entire philosophy,

Tako celokupna filozofija,

a body of knowledge about the natural world

korpus znanja o prirodi

that had been empirically gleaned over centuries,

koja su iskustveno prikupljana vekovima,

goes away.

nestaje.

And this happens every two weeks.

Ovo se dešava svake dve nedelje.

So for the last 20 years,

U poslednjih dvadeset godina,

since my dental experience,

otkad nisam zubar,

I have been traveling the world

putujem svetom

and coming back

i vraćam se sa pričama

with stories about some of these people.

o ovim ljudima.

What I'd like to do right now

Sada bih voleo da

is share some of those stories with you.

podelim neke priče sa vama.

This is Tamdin.

Ovo je Tamdin.

She is a 69-year-old nun.

Ona je 69-ogodišnja monahinja.

She was thrown in prison in Tibet for two years

Bila je dve godine u zatvoru u Tibetu

for putting up a little tiny placard

zbog postavljanja nekog malog plakata

protesting the occupation of her country.

u znak protesta zbog okupacije njene zemlje.

Kad sam je sreo, ona je upravo započela pešačenje

And when I met her, she had just

taken a walk over the Himalayas

preko Himalaja

from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet,

iz Lase, glavnog grada Tibeta,

into Nepal, across to India --

u Nepal, pa u Indiju,

30 days --

za trideset dana,

to meet her leader, the Dalai Lama.

da bi se srela sa Dalaj Lamom, njenim vođom.

The Dalai Lama lives in Dharamsala, India.

Dalaj Lama živi u Indiji, u Daramsali.

So I took this picture three days

Slikao sam je tri dana

after she arrived,

posle njenog dolaska,

and she had this beat-up pair of tennis shoes on,

nosila je izlizane patike

with her toes sticking out.

iz kojih joj je virio palac.

And she crossed in March,

Prelazila je u martu,

and there's a lot of snow at 18,500 feet in March.

kada još uvek ima mnogo snega na visini od 5 600 metara.

This is Paldin.

Ovo je Paldin.

Paldin is a 62-year-old monk.

On je 62-godišnji monah.

And he spent 33 years in prison.

Proveo je u zatvoru 33 godine.

His whole monastery was thrown into prison

Ceo samostan su strpali u zatvor

at the time of the uprising,

tokom ustanka,

when the Dalai Lama had to leave

kada je Dalaj Lama morao da napusti

Tibet.

Tibet.

And

Tukli su ga,

he was beaten, starved,

izgladnjivali, mučili su ga

tortured -- lost all his teeth while in prison.

i izgubio je sve zube u zatvoru.

And when I met him, he was a kind gentle old man.

Kad sam ga sreo, bio je ljubazan i blag starac.

And it really impressed me --

Stvarno me je to impresioniralo -

upoznao sam ga dve nedelje po njegovom izlasku iz zatvora -

I met him two weeks after he got out of prison --

to što je pošao kroz to iskustvo, i da je na kraju

that he went through that experience, and ended up

with the demeanor that he had.

imao takvo držanje.

So I was in Dharamsala meeting these people,

Sve ove ljude sam upoznao u Daramsali

and I'd spent about five weeks there,

gde sam proveo oko pet nedelja

and I was hearing these similar stories

i slušao slične priče

of these refugees that had poured out of Tibet

izbeglica koje su pobegle iz Tibeta

into Dharamsala.

u Daramsalu.

And it just so happened, on the fifth week,

Tokom pete nedelje mog boravka tamo

there was a public teaching by the Dalai Lama.

Dalaj Lama je održao javno predavanje.

And

Gledao sam masu monaha i monahinja,

I was watching this crowd of monks and nuns,

od kojih sam mnoge upravo intervjuisao

many of which I had just interviewed,

and heard their stories,

i čuo njihove priče,

and I watched their faces,

gledao sam njihova lica,

and they gave us a little FM radio,

a dali su nam mali radio

and we could listen to the translation of his teachings.

i mogli smo slušati prevod njegovih predavanja.

And what he said was:

Evo šta je rekao:

treat your enemies as if they were precious jewels,

"Postupaj sa svojim neprijateljima kao sa dragocenim blagom,

because it's your enemies

jer upravo oni

that build your tolerance and patience

grade put tvoje tolerancije i strpljenja

on the road to your enlightenment.

na putu do prosvetljenja."

That hit me so hard,

Snažno me je pogodio

telling these people that had been through this experience.

što to govori ljudima koji su mnogo toga preživeli.

So, two months later, I went into

Dva meseca kasnije otišao sam u Tibet

i počeo sam da intervjuišem

Tibet, and I started

interviewing the people there, taking my photographs. That's what I do.

i da slikam tamošnje ljude. Time se bavim.

I interview and do portraits.

Intervjuišem i fotografišem portrete.

And this is a little girl.

Ovo je jedna mala devojčica.

I took her portrait up on top of the Jokhang Temple.

Slikao sam je na vrhu hrama Jokhang.

And I'd snuck in --

Ušunjao sam se -

because it's totally illegal to have a picture of the Dalai Lama in Tibet --

jer je potpuno nezakonito imati sliku Dalaj Lame u Tibetu -

it's the quickest way you can get arrested.

to je najbrži način da vas uhapse.

So I snuck in a bunch of little wallet-sized pictures of the Dalai Lama,

Tajno sam uneo gomilu sličica Dalaj Lame

and I would hand them out.

i podelio im.

And when I gave them to the people,

Kada sam ih davao ljudima, oni bi sličicu

they'd either hold them to their heart,

prigrlili na srce

or they'd hold them up to their head and just stay there.

ili pridigli do glave i ostali tako.

And this is --

Ovo sam radio

well, at the time -- I did this 10 years ago --

pre deset godina,

that was 36 years after the Dalai Lama had left.

36 godina nakon odlaska Dalaj Lame.

So

I was going in, interviewing these people and doing their portraits.

Intervjuisao sam ih i radio njihove portrete.

This is Jigme and her sister, Sonam.

Ovo je Džigme i njena sestra Sonam.

And they live up on the Chang Tang, the Tibetan Plateau,

Žive na tibetanskom platou, u Čang Tangu,

way in the western part of the country.

u zapadnom delu zemlje.

This is at 17,000 feet.

Tu je visina 5 200 metara.

And they had just come down from the high pastures,

Taman su sišle sa pašnjaka sa visine od 5 600 metara.

at 18,000 feet.

Uradio sam isto: dao joj sliku,

Same thing: gave her a picture,

she held it up to her forehead.

a ona ju je podigla do svog čela.

And I usually hand out Polaroids

Obično sam delio slike iz Polaroida

when I do these, because I'm setting up lights,

jer na njemu podešavam svetlo

and checking my lights,

i proveravam osvetljenje,

and when I showed her her Polaroid, she screamed and ran into her tent.

a kada sam joj pokazao Polaroid, vrisnula je i pobegla u šator.

This is Tenzin Gyatso;

Ovo je Tenzin Gijatso.

he was found to be the Buddha of Compassion at the age of two,

Sa dve godine proglašen je za Samilosnog Budu,

out in a peasant's house,

u jednoj seljačkoj kući

way out in the middle of nowhere.

usred nedođije.

At the age of four, he was installed

Sa četiri godine proglašen je

as the 14th Dalai Lama.

za 14. Dalaj Lamu.

As a teenager, he faced

Kao tinejdžer, suočio se

the invasion of his country,

sa invazijom svoje zemlje.

and had to deal with it -- he was the leader of the country.

Morao je da se bavi time, bio je vođa zemlje.

Osam godina kasnije, kada su otkrili da postoji zavera

Eight years later, when they discovered there was a plot

to kill him,

da ga ubiju,

they dressed him up like a beggar

obukli su ga kao prosjaka,

and snuck him out of the country on horseback,

iskrali ga iz zemlje na konju

and took the same trip that Tamdin did.

i prošli su putem kojim je išla i Tamdin.

And he's never been back to his country since.

Od tada se nije vraćao u svoju zemlju.

And

if you think about this man,

Ako razmislite o ovom čoveku,

46 years later,

46 godina kasnije,

still sticking

on se još uvek drži

to this non-violent response

principa nenasilnog odgovora

to a severe political and human rights issue.

po pitanju politike i ljudskih prava.

And the young people,

Mladi ljudi,

young Tibetans, are starting to say, listen, this doesn't work.

mladi Tibetanci, govore da to ne valja.

You know, violence as a political tool

Nasilje, kao političko oruđe,

is all the rage right now.

sada besni.

And

A on se još uvek drži svog puta.

he still is holding this line.

Ovo je ikona nenasilja

So this is our icon

to non-violence in our world --

u našem svetu,

one of our living icons.

jedna od živih ikona.

This is another leader of his people.

Ovo je još jedan vođa.

This is Moi. This is in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

Ovo je Moi, u Ekvadorskom Amazonu.

And Moi is 35 years old.

On ima 35 godina.

And

Na ovom području

this area of the Ecuadorian Amazon --

Ekvadorskog Amazona

oil was discovered in 1972.

1972. godine je pronađena nafta.

And in this period of time -- since that time --

Od tada,

as much oil, or twice as much oil

duplo više nafte se prolilo

as was spilled in the Exxon Valdez accident,

na ovom malom području Amazona

was spilled in this little area of the Amazon,

nego prilikom nesreće sa tankerom Ekson Valdez.

and the tribes in this area have constantly had to move.

Plemena od tada stalno moraju da se sele.

And Moi

Moi pripada plemenu Huarani

belongs to the Huaorani tribe,

koje je poznato kao žestoko, kao "aka."

and they're known as

very fierce, they're known as "auca."

Uspeli su da odbiju

And they've managed to keep out

the seismologists and the oil workers

seizmologe i naftaše

with spears and blowguns.

kopljima i strelicama.

And we spent --

Proveo sam,

I was with a team --

proveli smo kao tim,

two weeks with these guys out in the jungle

dve nedelje sa ovim momcima u džungli

watching them hunt.

i gledali smo kako love.

This was on a monkey hunt,

Ovo je bio lov na majmune

hunting with curare-tipped darts.

sa strelicama sa otrovnim vrhom.

And the knowledge that these people have

Znanje ovih ljudi o prirodnom okruženju

about the natural environment is incredible.

je neverovatno.

They could hear things, smell things, see things I couldn't see.

Oni mogu da čuju, nanjuše, vide stvari koje ja nisam mogao.

And I couldn't even see the monkeys

Čak nisam mogao ni da vidim

that they were

majmune koje su ubili ovim strelama.

getting with these darts.

This is Yadira,

Ovo je Jadira,

and Yadira is

ima pet godina.

five years old. She's in a

Ona je u susedstvu plemena Huarani.

tribe that's neighboring the Huaorani.

And her tribe has had to move

Njeno pleme je moralo da se seli

three times in the last 10 years because of the oil spills.

tri puta u poslednjih deset godina zbog naftnih izlivanja.

And we never hear about that. And the latest

Mi za to nismo čuli.

infraction against these people is,

Prekršaj protiv ovih ljudi je što,

as part of Plan Colombia,

kao deo plana Kolumbija,

we're spraying Paraquat or Round Up, whatever it is --

prosipamo herbicide,

we're defoliating thousands of acres

uništavamo lišće na hiljadama ari

of the Ecuadorian Amazon

Ekvadorskog Amazona

in our war on drugs.

u ratu protiv droge.

And these people are the people who take the brunt of it.

Najveći teret podnose ovi ljudi.

This is Mengatoue.

Ovo je Mengatui.

He's the shaman of the Huaorani,

On je Huarani šaman

and

i rekao nam je

he said to us, you know, I'm an older man now;

da je sada stariji čovek,

I'm getting tired, you know; I'm tired

zamara se, zamara ga

of spearing these oil workers.

gađanje naftaša.

I wish they would just go away.

Voleo bi da oni odu.

And I was -- I usually travel alone

Mada obično putujem sam,

when I do my work, but I did this --

jednom sam bio voditelj

I hosted a program for Discovery,

programa na Diskaveriju,

and when I went down with the team,

i dok smo putovali sa ekipom,

I was quite concerned about

bio sam zabrinut

going in with a whole bunch of people, especially into the Huaorani,

što vodim toliko ljudi kod Huarana,

deep into the Huaorani tribe.

duboko u njihovo pleme.

And

Kako se ispostavilo na kraju,

as it turned out, these guys really

ovi momci su me

taught me a thing or two about blending in

naučili kako da se uklopim

with the locals.

sa meštanima.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

One of the things I did

Evo šta sam uradio

just before 9/11 --

baš pre 11. septembra,

August of 2001 --

u avgustu 2001.

I took my son, Dax,

Poveo sam svog sina Deksa,

who was 16 at the time,

koji je tad imao 16 godina,

and I took him to Pakistan.

sa sobom u Pakistan.

Because at first I wanted --

Prvo sam hteo,

you know, I've taken him on a couple of trips,

vodio sam ga već na nekoliko putovanja,

but I wanted him to see

ali hteo sam da vidi ljude

people that live on a dollar a day or less.

koji žive sa dolarom ili manje dnevno.

I wanted him to get an experience

Hteo sam da stekne iskustvo

in the Islamic world

o islamskom svetu

and I also wanted him to --

a hteo sam takođe,

I was going there to work with a group,

radio sam tamo u grupi,

do a story on a group called the Kalash,

da napravim priču o Kalašima,

that are a group of animists, 3,000 animists,

to je grupa od 3 000 animista

that live -- very small area --

koji žive na vrlo malom području

surrounded by Islam -- there's 3,000

okruženi islamom, ostalo je 3 000 Kalaša,

of these Kalash left; they're incredible people.

neverovatni su ljudi.

So it was a great experience for him. He stayed up all night with them,

Njemu je to bilo sjajno iskustvo. Ostajao je sa njima cele noći

drumming and dancing.

svirajući bubnjeve i plešući.

And he brought a soccer ball,

Poneo je i fudbalsku loptu

and we had soccer every night in this little village.

pa smo igrali fubal svake večeri u ovom malom selu.

And then we went up

Onda smo pošli gore

and met their shaman.

i upoznali šamana.

By the way, Mengatoue was the shaman

Uzgred, Mengatui je bio šaman

of his tribe as well.

i svog plemena.

And this is John Doolikahn,

Ovo je Džon Dulikan,

who's the shaman of the Kalash.

šaman Kalaša.

And he's up in the mountains,

On je gore u planinama

right on the border with Afghanistan.

na granici sa Afganistanom.

In fact, on that other side is the area, Tora Bora,

Sa druge strane je, u stvari, Tora Bora,

the area where

područje gde je boravio

Osama bin Laden's supposed to be. This is the tribal area.

Osama bin Laden. To je plemensko područje.

And we watched

Posmatrali smo

and stayed with

i ostali tu

John Doolikahn.

sa Džonom Dulikanom.

And the shaman -- I did a whole series on shamanism,

A šaman, uradio sam celu seriju o šamanizmu,

which is

što je vrlo

an interesting phenomenon.

zanimljiva pojava.

But around the world,

Širom sveta

they go into trance in different ways,

oni padaju u trans na različite načine,

and in Pakistan,

a u Pakistanu tako

the way they do it is they burn juniper leaves

što pale lišće kleke

and they sacrifice an animal,

i žrtvuju životinju,

pour the blood of the animal on the leaves

prosipaju krv životinje po lišću

and then inhale the smoke.

i udišu taj dim.

And they're all praying

Svi se mole

to the mountain gods

bogovima planine

as they go into trance.

i padaju u trans.

You know,

Znate, smatram da je navikavati decu na različite realnosti veoma važno.

getting kids used to different realities,

I think, is so important. What Dan Dennett said the other day --

Kao što je Den Denet nedavno rekao,

nastavni plan u kome se proučavaju različite religije

having a curriculum where they study different religions,

just to make a mental flexibility,

doprinosi mentalnoj fleksibilnosti,

give them a mental flexibility

pruža mentalnu fleksibilnost

in different belief systems --

za razne sisteme verovanja,

I think this is so necessary in our world today

što mislim da je neophodno u današnjem svetu,

as you see these clash of beliefs taking place.

gde se verovanja sukobljavaju.

And all the security issues they cause us.

A prouzrokuju i bezbednosne probleme.

So, one thing we did five years ago:

Evo šta smo uradili pre pet godina:

we started a program that links kids

pokrenuli smo program koji povezuje decu

u urođeničkim zajednicama sa decom u SAD.

in indigenous communities with kids in the United States.

So we first hooked up

Prvo smo povezali jedno mesto

a spot in the Navajo Nation with a classroom in Seattle.

u narodu Navaho sa jednim razredom u Sijetlu.

We now have 15 sites.

Sad imamo petnaest takvih mesta.

We have one in Kathmandu, Nepal;

Imamo jedno u Katmanduu, u Nepalu,

Dharamsala, India; Takaungu, Kenya --

u Daramsali u Indiji, Takaungu u Keniji.

Takaungu is one-third Christian, one-third Muslim

Jedna trećina Takaunga je hrišćanska, jedna trećina muslimanska

and one-third animist, the community is --

i jedna trećina je animistička. Tu je još

Ollantaytambo, Peru,

Ojantajtambo u Peru-u,

and Arctic Village, Alaska.

zatim i Arktičko selo na Aljasci.

This is Daniel; he's one of our students

Ovo je Danijel, jedan od naših učenika

in Arctic Village, Alaska.

u Arktičkom selu, na Aljasci.

He lives in this log cabin --

On živi u ovoj brvnari

no running water, no heat other than --

bez vode i grejanja,

no windows

bez prozora,

and high-speed Internet connection.

bez brze internet veze.

And this is --

A ovo je,

I see this rolling out all over --

uvek mi izranja ovo,

this is our site in Ollantaytambo, Peru, four years ago,

naše mesto u Ojantajtanbu, Peru, pre četiri godine,

where they first saw their first computers;

kada su prvi put videli kompjutere.

now they have computers in their classrooms.

Sada ih imaju po učionicama.

And the way we've done this --

Ovo smo činili učeći decu digitalnom pripovedanju.

we teach digital storytelling to these kids.

Oni pričaju o stvarima do kojih im je stalo

And we have them tell stories about issues in their community

in their community that they care about.

u svojim zajednicama.

And this is in Peru, where the kids told the story

Ovo je u Peruu, gde deca pričaju priču

about a river that they cleaned up.

o reci koju su očistili.

And the way we do it is, we do it in workshops,

Ovo radimo u radionicama,

and we bring people who want to learn

dovodimo ljude koji žele da nauče

digital workflow and storytelling,

digitalni proces rada i pripovedanja

i onda to rade

and have them

work with the kids.

sa decom.

And just this last year we've taken a group of teenagers in,

Prošle godine smo uključili i grupu tinejdžera,

and this has worked the best.

što je bilo veoma uspešno.

So our dream is to bring teenagers together,

Naš je san da zbližimo tinejdžere,

so they'll have a community service experience

da steknu iskustvo u službi zajednice,

as well as a cross-cultural experience,

kao i višekulturalno iskustvo

as they teach kids in these areas

dok podučavaju decu u ovim oblastima

and help them build their communication infrastructure.

i da im pomognemo da izgrade komunikacijsku infrastrukturu.

This is teaching Photoshop

Ovde podučavamo fotošopu

in the Tibetan children's village in Dharamsala.

u tibetanskom dečjem selu u Daramsali.

We have the website, where the kids all get their homepage.

Imamo vebsajt sa dečjim stranicama.

This is all their movies. We've got about 60 movies

Ovo su njihovi filmovi.

Imamo oko šezdeset filmova koje su ova deca napravila,

that these kids have made,

and they're quite incredible.

skroz neverovatnih.

The one I want to show you --

Jedan koji ću vam pokazati,

after we get them to make the movies,

pošto naprave film,

we have a night where we show the movies to the community.

imamo noć kada prikazujemo filmove zajednici.

And this is in Takaungu --

Ovo je u Takaungu-u,

we've got a generator and a digital projector,

imamo agregat i digitalni projektor,

and we're projecting it up against a barn,

projektujemo na štalu,

and showing one of the movies that they made.

prikazujemo im film koji su snimili.

And if you get a chance, you can go to our website, and you'll see

Možete posetiti naš vebsajt i videti

the incredible work these kids do.

neverovatna dela ove dece.

The other thing:

I još nešto,

I wanted to give indigenous people a voice.

želeo sam da dam glas urođenicima.

That was one of the big motivating factors.

To je bio veliki faktor motivacije.

But the other motivating factor is

Drugi motivacioni faktor je bila

the insular nature of our country.

uskogruda priroda naše države.

National Geographic just did a Roper Study

Nacionalna geografija je uradila studiju Roper

of 18 to 26 year olds

na uzrastu od 18 do 26 godina

in our country

u našoj zemlji

and in nine other industrialized countries.

i u drugih devet industrijalizovanih zemalja.

It was a two million dollar study.

Studija je koštala dva miliona dolara.

United States came in second to last

Sjedinjene Države su bile pretposlednje

in geographic knowledge.

po znanju iz geografije.

70 percent of the kids couldn't find

70 posto dece nije moglo da nađe

Afghanistan or Iraq on a map;

na mapi Avganistan ili Irak,

60 percent couldn't find India;

60 posto nije moglo da nađe Indiju,

30 percent couldn't find the Pacific Ocean.

30 posto nije moglo da nađe Tihi okean.

And this is a study

Ova studija je urađena

that was just done a couple of years ago.

pre nekoliko godina.

So what I'd like to show you now,

Želim da vam pokažem

in the couple of minutes I have left,

u preostalih nekoliko minuta

is a film that a student made in Guatemala.

film jednog učenika iz Gvatemale.

We just had a workshop in Guatemala.

Imali smo radionicu u Gvatemali.

A week before we got to the workshop,

Nedelju dana pre početka radionice

a massive landslide, caused by Hurricane Stan,

veliko klizište, prouzrokovano uraganom Sten

last October, came in and buried

prošlog oktobra, zatrpalo je žive

600 people alive in their village.

600 ljudi u selu.

And this kid lived in the village --

Ovaj dečko je iz sela,

he wasn't there at the time --

ali tad nije bio u selu,

and this is the little movie he put together about that.

i ovo je kratak film koji je sastavio o tom događaju.

And he hadn't seen a computer before

Pre ovog filma nije ni video kompjuter.

we did this movie. We taught him Photoshop and --

Mi smo ga naučili fotošopu

yeah, we can play it.

i sad možemo da pustimo film.

Nedavno je na moje selo žestoko udario uragan Sten.

Mnogi su umrli, mnogi su povređeni, mnogi su sve izgubili.

This is an old Mayan funeral chant

Ovo je jedna stara pogrebna pesma Maja

that he got from his grandfather.

koju je on dobio od svog dede.

Ja sam Dijego. Imam devetnaest godina.

Ovo je moje selo. Santjago de Atitlan.

Imamo vulkanska jezera i mnogo različitih običaja.

Ljudi pogođeni tragedijom su morali da traže utočište u skrovištima.

Kada se katastrofa dogodila, ja sam bio u Gvatemali.

Čuo sam da je nastalo užasno klizište u Atitlanu.

Bio sam zabrinut za svoju porodicu,

želeo sam da idem kući, ali su putevi bili blokirani.

Odvezao sam se kamionetom a onda morao da pešačim nekoliko sati.

Video sam uništene kuće, prelazio sam reke i počeo da fotografišem.

Trebalo mi je sedam sati da stignem do mog sela

i situacija tamo je bila još gora.

Kuće mojih komšija su bile zakopane ispod blata.

Video sam kako ljudi trče na sve strane, drugi su plakali u skloništima.

... i bilo je mnogo kovčega za sahranjivanje preko sto umrlih.

Kada sam konačno stigao do svoje kuće, video sam majku u kuhinji.

Skoro da sam zaplakao od sreće što je vidim.

Mislimo na naše selo, budimo odgovorni, imajmo vere i nade.

Znam da je teško ali...

...sve je moguće!

Hvala vam mnogo.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)