Phil Borges: Documenting our endangered cultures

翻译人员: Xiaoshuang Wang 校对人员: Tony Yet

A fact

几年前

came out of MIT,

从麻省理工大学传出这样一种说法。

couple of years ago. Ken Hale,

一位名叫肯•霍尔的

who's a linguist,

语言学家称，

said that of the 6,000 languages

当今全世界人

spoken on Earth right now,

说的6000种语言中，

3,000 aren't spoken by the children.

有3000种并不被儿童使用。

So that in one generation,

也就是说在下一代中，

we're going to halve our cultural diversity.

我们的文化多样性将会减半。

He went on to say

这位语言学家继续称，

that every two weeks,

每两周内，

an elder goes to the grave

便有会说一种语言的

carrying the last spoken word

最后一位老人

of that culture.

离开人世。

So an entire philosophy,

自然界经过几个世纪

a body of knowledge about the natural world

辛苦收集来的所有知识

that had been empirically gleaned over centuries,

以及哲学理念

goes away.

正在逐步消失，

And this happens every two weeks.

而且每两个星期就会发生这样的事。

So for the last 20 years,

因此在过去的二十年间，

since my dental experience,

当我还是一名牙医的时候，

I have been traveling the world

我就开始周游世界，

and coming back

到处搜集一些

with stories about some of these people.

像这样的人的故事。

What I'd like to do right now

现在我就想和你们一起

is share some of those stories with you.

分享一下其中的一些故事。

This is Tamdin.

这位是谭丁，

She is a 69-year-old nun.

她是一位69岁的尼姑。

She was thrown in prison in Tibet for two years

她已经被关进西藏的监狱两年了，

for putting up a little tiny placard

就因为她之前张贴了一块布告，

protesting the occupation of her country.

反对自己的国家被占领。

And when I met her, she had just

当我遇见她的时候，

taken a walk over the Himalayas

她刚花了30天

from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet,

从西藏省会拉萨徒步穿过喜马拉雅山，

into Nepal, across to India --

经过尼泊尔，

30 days --

最终到达印度

to meet her leader, the Dalai Lama.

来见住在达兰萨拉市的领头人

The Dalai Lama lives in Dharamsala, India.

——达赖喇嘛。

So I took this picture three days

这张照片

after she arrived,

是她到达三天后我拍的，

and she had this beat-up pair of tennis shoes on,

她当时脚上穿着破旧的跑鞋，

with her toes sticking out.

脚趾头都伸了出来。

And she crossed in March,

而且她是三月份走过来的，

and there's a lot of snow at 18,500 feet in March.

当时在三月，那里的雪深可达18500英尺。

This is Paldin.

这位是宝丁，

Paldin is a 62-year-old monk.

他是一位62岁的僧侣。

And he spent 33 years in prison.

他在监狱里呆了33年，

His whole monastery was thrown into prison

那是在起义的时候，

at the time of the uprising,

整个修道院的僧侣被关进监狱，

when the Dalai Lama had to leave

而达赖喇嘛

Tibet.

也被迫离开西藏。

And

在监狱的这些年中，

he was beaten, starved,

宝丁一直处于挨打、挨饿、被虐待的状态，

tortured -- lost all his teeth while in prison.

牙齿甚至都全部掉光了。

And when I met him, he was a kind gentle old man.

但当我见到他时，他给我感觉是一个非常和蔼温和的老人。

And it really impressed me --

这一点真的给我留下了很深的印象，

I met him two weeks after he got out of prison --

我就在他出狱后的两周内见到了他，

that he went through that experience, and ended up

而他经历了过去的那么多事之后，

with the demeanor that he had.

却仍保持着他应有的风度。

So I was in Dharamsala meeting these people,

我在达兰萨拉市会见这样的人，

and I'd spent about five weeks there,

在我呆那儿的五个星期里，

and I was hearing these similar stories

总是听到像这样

of these refugees that had poured out of Tibet

被赶出西藏躲到达兰萨拉的

into Dharamsala.

那些难民讲述类似的故事。

And it just so happened, on the fifth week,

然后就在第五个星期，

there was a public teaching by the Dalai Lama.

那里举行了一次达赖喇嘛的公开教学。

And

我看着

I was watching this crowd of monks and nuns,

这一群僧侣尼姑，

many of which I had just interviewed,

他们中的很多人我刚采访过，

and heard their stories,

听过他们的故事，

and I watched their faces,

我看着他们的面容。

and they gave us a little FM radio,

他们给了我们一个小型的调频收音机，

and we could listen to the translation of his teachings.

我们便可以听到教学内容的翻译。

And what he said was:

他当时是这样说的：

treat your enemies as if they were precious jewels,

像对待珍宝一样对待你们的敌人，

because it's your enemies

因为正是这些敌人

that build your tolerance and patience

培养了你的忍耐力，

on the road to your enlightenment.

这有助于通往觉悟之门。

That hit me so hard,

这些话彻底震惊了我，

telling these people that had been through this experience.

他竟然告诉这些经历了这么多苦难的人们这些话。

So, two months later, I went into

因此，两个月后，我去了西藏。

Tibet, and I started

我开始采访当地一些人，

interviewing the people there, taking my photographs. That's what I do.

也拍了一些照。那就是我所做的事，

I interview and do portraits.

采访，并把他们的相貌拍下来。

And this is a little girl.

这位是个小女孩，

I took her portrait up on top of the Jokhang Temple.

我是在大昭寺的顶上拍下了她，

And I'd snuck in --

由于在西藏，

because it's totally illegal to have a picture of the Dalai Lama in Tibet --

拥有一张达赖喇嘛的照片是完全犯法的一件事，

it's the quickest way you can get arrested.

这会使你最快进监狱。

So I snuck in a bunch of little wallet-sized pictures of the Dalai Lama,

因此我偷偷地拿出了几张钱夹尺寸的达赖喇嘛的照片，

and I would hand them out.

然后我把这些照片都发了出去。

And when I gave them to the people,

当我分发给当地人时，

they'd either hold them to their heart,

他们要么把照片贴在胸口，

or they'd hold them up to their head and just stay there.

要么把照片高高举过头顶，就那样站在那儿不动。

And this is --

这些

well, at the time -- I did this 10 years ago --

都是我在十年前做的事，

that was 36 years after the Dalai Lama had left.

那是达赖喇嘛离开后的第36年。

So

我继续采访着这些人，

I was going in, interviewing these people and doing their portraits.

给他们拍照。

This is Jigme and her sister, Sonam.

这是吉美和她的妹妹索南，

And they live up on the Chang Tang, the Tibetan Plateau,

他们住在位于国家西部的

way in the western part of the country.

青藏高原羌塘地区。

This is at 17,000 feet.

那里的海拔有17000英尺，

And they had just come down from the high pastures,

他们刚从更高的

at 18,000 feet.

海拔18000英尺的牧场下来。

Same thing: gave her a picture,

同样的事情发生了，当我给她那张照片时，

she held it up to her forehead.

她把它高举到前额处。

And I usually hand out Polaroids

我每次都是拿出宝丽来相机给他们拍照，

when I do these, because I'm setting up lights,

这样可以

and checking my lights,

调整检查光线，

and when I showed her her Polaroid, she screamed and ran into her tent.

但当我拿出相机时，她尖叫着跑回了帐篷。

This is Tenzin Gyatso;

这位是丹增嘉措，

he was found to be the Buddha of Compassion at the age of two,

他在两岁时

out in a peasant's house,

在一个偏僻的农民家里

way out in the middle of nowhere.

被奉为观世音菩萨。

At the age of four, he was installed

四岁时，

as the 14th Dalai Lama.

他被任为第14世达赖喇嘛。

As a teenager, he faced

他还是个十几岁的孩子时，

the invasion of his country,

就面临着国家被入侵的危险，

and had to deal with it -- he was the leader of the country.

而他作为国家领导者，必须站出来处理这件事。

Eight years later, when they discovered there was a plot

八年后，人们发现有人想要谋杀他，

to kill him,

于是

they dressed him up like a beggar

他们将他化妆成乞丐的样子，

and snuck him out of the country on horseback,

让他骑着马偷偷溜出了国家，

and took the same trip that Tamdin did.

然后踏上了和谭丁一样的旅程。

And he's never been back to his country since.

从那以后他便一直在印度住了下去，从未回过国。

And

46年后，

if you think about this man,

丹增嘉措

46 years later,

面对这么严重的

still sticking

政治和人权问题，

to this non-violent response

仍然坚持

to a severe political and human rights issue.

非暴力处理这件事，

And the young people,

然而一些年轻的西藏人却开始说：

young Tibetans, are starting to say, listen, this doesn't work.

听着，非暴力解决不了问题。

You know, violence as a political tool

大家都知道，

is all the rage right now.

暴力作为一种政治工具在当今世界大行其道，

And

然而

he still is holding this line.

丹增嘉措仍然坚持非暴力这条底线，

So this is our icon

这便是

to non-violence in our world --

今世界支持非暴力的

one of our living icons.

个活生生的楷模。

This is another leader of his people.

这是另一位领头人，

This is Moi. This is in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

叫摩伊。这是在厄瓜多尔的亚马逊流域，

And Moi is 35 years old.

摩伊今年35岁。

And

1972年

this area of the Ecuadorian Amazon --

在这块亚马逊流域内

oil was discovered in 1972.

开采出了石油。

And in this period of time -- since that time --

自从那时起，

as much oil, or twice as much oil

不断有石油泄露在亚马逊流域的这一小块地区，

as was spilled in the Exxon Valdez accident,

数量有埃克森-瓦尔迪兹号事件泄露的石油那么多，

was spilled in this little area of the Amazon,

甚至有两倍多，

and the tribes in this area have constantly had to move.

那个地区的部落不得不一直迁徙。

And Moi

摩伊

belongs to the Huaorani tribe,

属于华欧拉尼族人，

and they're known as

他们以凶猛著称，

very fierce, they're known as "auca."

被称作“奥卡族”。

And they've managed to keep out

他们拿着长矛和吹矢枪

the seismologists and the oil workers

赶走了地震学家

with spears and blowguns.

以及开采石油的工人。

And we spent --

我们团队

I was with a team --

用了两周的时间

two weeks with these guys out in the jungle

和这些家伙一起在树林中

watching them hunt.

观察他们打猎，

This was on a monkey hunt,

他们用带着毒素的

hunting with curare-tipped darts.

镶齿飞镖猎猴。

And the knowledge that these people have

这些人对大自然的认识了解

about the natural environment is incredible.

简直让人难以置信，

They could hear things, smell things, see things I couldn't see.

他们能听到、闻到、看到一些我听不到、闻不到、看不到的东西。

And I couldn't even see the monkeys

我甚至都看不到

that they were

那些他们用飞镖

getting with these darts.

投射到的野猴。

This is Yadira,

这位是

and Yadira is

五岁的

five years old. She's in a

亚迪拉，

tribe that's neighboring the Huaorani.

她住在一个邻近华欧拉尼族的部落，

And her tribe has had to move

由于石油泄露，

three times in the last 10 years because of the oil spills.

在过去的十年间他们的部落已经迁徙了三次，

And we never hear about that. And the latest

而我们却从未听说过。

infraction against these people is,

最近又有一件破坏这里环境的事发生，

as part of Plan Colombia,

作为哥伦比亚计划的一部分，

we're spraying Paraquat or Round Up, whatever it is --

人们将在这里喷洒除草剂——无论是百草枯、草甘膦还是其它品种，

we're defoliating thousands of acres

在这场农药战争中

of the Ecuadorian Amazon

厄瓜多尔的亚马逊流域内成千上万英亩的树林

in our war on drugs.

将毁于一旦。

And these people are the people who take the brunt of it.

而承担这一切的便是这里的当地人。

This is Mengatoue.

这位是蒙伽透，

He's the shaman of the Huaorani,

他是华欧拉尼族的萨满法师。

and

他只是对我们这样说：

he said to us, you know, I'm an older man now;

“你知道，我已经老了，

I'm getting tired, you know; I'm tired

也越来越疲惫了，你知道，

of spearing these oil workers.

用长矛赶那些石油工人让我厌烦，

I wish they would just go away.

我只希望他们离开。”

And I was -- I usually travel alone

当我工作的时候总是独自旅行，

when I do my work, but I did this --

然而这次我做了一件事——

I hosted a program for Discovery,

我为探索频道举办了一期节目，

and when I went down with the team,

当我和团队一起进入那个部落时，

I was quite concerned about

我非常想深入了解这些人，

going in with a whole bunch of people, especially into the Huaorani,

特别是

deep into the Huaorani tribe.

华欧拉尼族。

And

而事实证明，

as it turned out, these guys really

这些家伙的确

taught me a thing or two about blending in

就如何与当地人打交道

with the locals.

教了我一二。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

One of the things I did

就在911事件之前的

just before 9/11 --

2001年8月，

August of 2001 --

我带着儿子

I took my son, Dax,

达克斯

who was 16 at the time,

去了巴基斯坦，

and I took him to Pakistan.

当时他16岁。

Because at first I wanted --

过去

you know, I've taken him on a couple of trips,

我也带他旅行过几次，

but I wanted him to see

而这次我想让他看看

people that live on a dollar a day or less.

那些一天只靠一美元甚至更少的钱活着的人的生活，

I wanted him to get an experience

我想让他体验

in the Islamic world

伊斯兰教的世界。

and I also wanted him to --

当时

I was going there to work with a group,

我是和一群人一起去那儿的，

do a story on a group called the Kalash,

报道一群叫卡拉什的部落，

that are a group of animists, 3,000 animists,

那是个有3000信奉精灵的人的部落，

that live -- very small area --

他们住在被伊斯兰教徒围绕着的一块非常小的地区，

surrounded by Islam -- there's 3,000

卡拉什部落只有这3000人留下，

of these Kalash left; they're incredible people.

他们都是一些不可思议的人。

So it was a great experience for him. He stayed up all night with them,

因此这对我儿子来说也是次特别的经历。

drumming and dancing.

他和这些人晚上通宵未睡，打鼓起舞，

And he brought a soccer ball,

他买了个足球，

and we had soccer every night in this little village.

于是每晚我们便在这个小村庄里踢足球。

And then we went up

然后我们去见了

and met their shaman.

他们的萨满法师，

By the way, Mengatoue was the shaman

顺便提一下，

of his tribe as well.

蒙伽透也是他们部落的萨满法师。

And this is John Doolikahn,

卡拉什部落的巫师叫

who's the shaman of the Kalash.

约翰•杜利坎，

And he's up in the mountains,

他住在

right on the border with Afghanistan.

与阿富汗交界处的高山上。

In fact, on that other side is the area, Tora Bora,

其实在那另一边的托拉博拉地区，

the area where

就是奥萨马•本拉登的藏身之处。

Osama bin Laden's supposed to be. This is the tribal area.

这是个部落地区，

And we watched

我们和

and stayed with

杜利坎

John Doolikahn.

呆在一起观看。

And the shaman -- I did a whole series on shamanism,

我对萨满教做过一系列的研究，

which is

我觉得

an interesting phenomenon.

这是个很有趣的现象。

But around the world,

他们在全世界内

they go into trance in different ways,

用不同的方式对人进行催眠活动，

and in Pakistan,

在巴基斯坦，

the way they do it is they burn juniper leaves

他们的方式是燃烧杜松叶，

and they sacrifice an animal,

然后用一头动物来祭祀，

pour the blood of the animal on the leaves

将动物的血洒在叶子上，

and then inhale the smoke.

然后吸入烟雾，

And they're all praying

而且进行催眠的时候

to the mountain gods

他们总是会

as they go into trance.

向山神祷告。

You know,

这就是

getting kids used to different realities,

让孩子习惯不同的现实，

I think, is so important. What Dan Dennett said the other day --

我觉得这一点很重要。丹•丹尼特以前说过：

having a curriculum where they study different religions,

要让孩子们上一节可以从中学到不同宗教的课程，

just to make a mental flexibility,

只是为了让他们的思想

give them a mental flexibility

能在不同的信仰系统里

in different belief systems --

能在不同的信仰系统里变得灵活。

I think this is so necessary in our world today

当今世界各种不同信仰之间的冲突越来越频繁，

as you see these clash of beliefs taking place.

包括发生的一切有关安全的事件

And all the security issues they cause us.

都让我觉得很有必要给孩子上这样的一课。

So, one thing we did five years ago:

因此五年前我们做了这样一件事：

we started a program that links kids

我们开设了一个

in indigenous communities with kids in the United States.

连接土著孩子和美国孩子的项目。

So we first hooked up

起初我们连接了

a spot in the Navajo Nation with a classroom in Seattle.

纳瓦霍族的一个地区和西雅图的一间教室，

We now have 15 sites.

而现在我们连接了15个地方。

We have one in Kathmandu, Nepal;

尼泊尔的加德满都，

Dharamsala, India; Takaungu, Kenya --

印度的达兰萨拉，肯尼亚的塔卡温古

Takaungu is one-third Christian, one-third Muslim

（在塔卡温古，有三分之一基督徒，三分之一穆斯林徒，

and one-third animist, the community is --

另外三分之一信奉精灵的人），

Ollantaytambo, Peru,

秘鲁的坦波，

and Arctic Village, Alaska.

以及阿拉斯加州的北极村，这些都是我们的项目地点。

This is Daniel; he's one of our students

这位是丹尼尔，

in Arctic Village, Alaska.

他是阿拉斯加州北极村的一位学生。

He lives in this log cabin --

他住在这个小木屋里，

no running water, no heat other than --

没有自来水，没有暖气，

no windows

没有窗户，

and high-speed Internet connection.

更没有高速的互联网连接。

And this is --

这样的情况

I see this rolling out all over --

到处都是，

this is our site in Ollantaytambo, Peru, four years ago,

这是秘鲁坦波，我们的项目地点之一，

where they first saw their first computers;

四年前，他们第一次见到了电脑，

now they have computers in their classrooms.

现在他们教室里已经有了电脑。

And the way we've done this --

我们教这些孩子

we teach digital storytelling to these kids.

数字化讲故事的方法，

And we have them tell stories about issues in their community

我们让他们讲

in their community that they care about.

自己关心的群落里的故事。

And this is in Peru, where the kids told the story

这是在秘鲁，

about a river that they cleaned up.

孩子们讲了一个关于他们清理过的河流的故事。

And the way we do it is, we do it in workshops,

我们采取工作坊的形式，

and we bring people who want to learn

请来一些想学

digital workflow and storytelling,

数字化流程以及数字化讲故事的人们，

and have them

让他们

work with the kids.

和这些孩子在一起。

And just this last year we've taken a group of teenagers in,

就在去年，我们带去了一组十几岁的孩子，

and this has worked the best.

这是效果最好的一次。

So our dream is to bring teenagers together,

因此我们的梦想便是将这些青少年连接在一起，

so they'll have a community service experience

让他们有社会服务的经历，

as well as a cross-cultural experience,

也让他们体验跨文化的冲击，

as they teach kids in these areas

因为这些孩子会教当地的同龄人，

and help them build their communication infrastructure.

并帮他们掌握与人交流的基本能力。

This is teaching Photoshop

这是在达兰萨拉市的一个西藏儿童村子里

in the Tibetan children's village in Dharamsala.

教他们处理图像。

We have the website, where the kids all get their homepage.

我们让这些孩子制作自己的主页，

This is all their movies. We've got about 60 movies

这些都是他们做的影片，

that these kids have made,

我们一共收到了大约60份这些孩子做的影片，

and they're quite incredible.

这简直是令人难以置信。

The one I want to show you --

他们制作完影片后，

after we get them to make the movies,

有一晚我们向整个群落的人

we have a night where we show the movies to the community.

展示了这些影片。

And this is in Takaungu --

这是在塔卡温古，

we've got a generator and a digital projector,

我们拥有一个发生器和数码放映机，

and we're projecting it up against a barn,

我们在一间谷仓里

and showing one of the movies that they made.

放映其中的一部影片。

And if you get a chance, you can go to our website, and you'll see

若你们有机会，可以去访问我们的网站，

the incredible work these kids do.

便能欣赏到这些孩子制作出来的不可思议的影片。

The other thing:

另一方面，

I wanted to give indigenous people a voice.

我也想让土著孩子有表达想法的机会，

That was one of the big motivating factors.

那也是这个项目主要的目的之一。

But the other motivating factor is

然而另一个主要的目的是

the insular nature of our country.

让美国人了解自己的本土文化。

National Geographic just did a Roper Study

《国家地理》杂志刚做了个罗珀研究，

of 18 to 26 year olds

对象是美国

in our country

以及其他九个工业国家的

and in nine other industrialized countries.

18至26岁的人。

It was a two million dollar study.

这个研究耗费了两百万美元，

United States came in second to last

美国人的地理知识

in geographic knowledge.

排倒数第二。

70 percent of the kids couldn't find

70%的孩子在地图上

Afghanistan or Iraq on a map;

找不到阿富汗以及伊拉克，

60 percent couldn't find India;

60%找不到印度，

30 percent couldn't find the Pacific Ocean.

30%找不到太平洋，

And this is a study

而这个研究

that was just done a couple of years ago.

仅仅进行于几年之前。

So what I'd like to show you now,

在剩下的几分钟内，

in the couple of minutes I have left,

我想展示给你们看的是

is a film that a student made in Guatemala.

一部危地马拉市学生做的一部影片。

We just had a workshop in Guatemala.

我们刚在危地马拉开设了一个工作坊，

A week before we got to the workshop,

就在我们开设工作坊的前一个星期，

a massive landslide, caused by Hurricane Stan,

十月的斯坦飓风

last October, came in and buried

导致的大规模塌方

600 people alive in their village.

活埋了村子里的600条生命。

And this kid lived in the village --

这孩子就是住在那个村子里，

he wasn't there at the time --

飓风时他正好不在那里，

and this is the little movie he put together about that.

这就是他制作的关于那次飓风的一部短小的影片。

And he hadn't seen a computer before

在我们制作这部影片之前他从未见过电脑，

we did this movie. We taught him Photoshop and --

于是我们教他使用图像处理软件，

yeah, we can play it.

现在就让我们一起欣赏吧。

This is an old Mayan funeral chant

这是他从祖父那里学来的

that he got from his grandfather.

一段古老玛雅葬礼的圣歌。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢大家。

(Applause)

（掌声）