Phil Borges: Documenting our endangered cultures

譯者: Yakun Li 審譯者: Shelley Krishna Tsang

A fact

幾年前

came out of MIT,

麻省理工學院的學者，

couple of years ago. Ken Hale,

有了一個新的發現。語言學家肯 海爾，

who's a linguist,

（Ken Hale)

said that of the 6,000 languages

發現目前有6000種語言

spoken on Earth right now,

存在於世，

3,000 aren't spoken by the children.

但是其中的3000種語言沒有小孩子們使用。

So that in one generation,

這就是說，當這老一輩人去世之後，

we're going to halve our cultural diversity.

世界上文化的多元性將會減半。

He went on to say

他還告訴我們

that every two weeks,

每兩週

an elder goes to the grave

就有一種代表某文化的語言

carrying the last spoken word

隨著一個老人的去世

of that culture.

而消亡。

So an entire philosophy,

這樣，一個哲學思考體系，

a body of knowledge about the natural world

一個經過若干世紀積累下來的

that had been empirically gleaned over centuries,

關於自然世界的知識系統，

goes away.

隨著語言的死去而消失。

And this happens every two weeks.

這樣的情況以平均每兩週一次的頻率發生着。

So for the last 20 years,

二十年前，

since my dental experience,

當我還是牙醫的時候，

I have been traveling the world

我就開始遊歷世界，

and coming back

並帶回

with stories about some of these people.

關於世界各地居民的各種故事。

What I'd like to do right now

現在，我想與你們

is share some of those stories with you.

分享一些我經歷的故事。

This is Tamdin.

這是塔木丁(Tamdin)。

She is a 69-year-old nun.

她是一個六十九歲的尼姑。

She was thrown in prison in Tibet for two years

她在一個西藏的監獄裡被關押了兩年，

for putting up a little tiny placard

入獄原因是她舉起了一個很小的標牌

protesting the occupation of her country.

抗議別國入侵她的國家。

And when I met her, she had just

我剛見到她的時候，她剛剛

taken a walk over the Himalayas

徒步翻越了喜馬拉雅山，

from Lhasa, the capital of Tibet,

從西藏的首都拉薩徒步穿越，

into Nepal, across to India --

經過尼泊爾，來到印度。

30 days --

她走了三十天，為了見到她的

to meet her leader, the Dalai Lama.

領袖，達賴喇嘛。

The Dalai Lama lives in Dharamsala, India.

達賴喇嘛居住在印度達蘭薩拉。

So I took this picture three days

這些照片就是在她抵達達蘭薩拉三天后

after she arrived,

拍攝的，

and she had this beat-up pair of tennis shoes on,

她當時穿著一雙破爛不堪的網球鞋

with her toes sticking out.

腳趾還露在了外面。

And she crossed in March,

她是在三月徒步穿越喜馬拉雅山的，

and there's a lot of snow at 18,500 feet in March.

要知道，在三月，18500英尺海拔的高原地區還是被大雪覆蓋著的。

This is Paldin.

這是帕丁(Paldin)。

Paldin is a 62-year-old monk.

帕丁是一個62歲的和尚。

And he spent 33 years in prison.

他曾經入獄33年。

His whole monastery was thrown into prison

當達賴喇嘛被迫離開西藏的時候，

at the time of the uprising,

他，不，他所在僧院的所有人，

when the Dalai Lama had to leave

都在反抗的時候被抓進了

Tibet.

監獄。

And

並且，

he was beaten, starved,

在監獄裡，他被毆打，受餓，

tortured -- lost all his teeth while in prison.

折磨；他的牙在入獄期間掉光了。

And when I met him, he was a kind gentle old man.

我見到他的時候，他是一個善良和藹的老人。

And it really impressed me --

更令我驚訝的是，

I met him two weeks after he got out of prison --

我見到他的時候他剛出獄兩週———

that he went through that experience, and ended up

很難想像他竟然在有了那樣在監獄裡的經歷後，

with the demeanor that he had.

還能夠保持這樣的心態和處世態度。

So I was in Dharamsala meeting these people,

就這樣，我在達蘭薩拉會見這些人，

and I'd spent about five weeks there,

在那裡待了大約五週的時間，

and I was hearing these similar stories

在這五周里我聽到了這些類似的

of these refugees that had poured out of Tibet

關於難民從西藏湧入達蘭薩拉

into Dharamsala.

的故事。

And it just so happened, on the fifth week,

碰巧在我在那裡第五週的時候，

there was a public teaching by the Dalai Lama.

達賴喇嘛舉辦了一次公開的宣講。

And

這樣

I was watching this crowd of monks and nuns,

達賴喇嘛……我看著這些和尚和尼姑們，

many of which I had just interviewed,

很多我採訪過的人都在其中，

and heard their stories,

所以我知道他們的故事，

and I watched their faces,

注視著他們的臉，

and they gave us a little FM radio,

舉辦方給了我們一些小收音機

and we could listen to the translation of his teachings.

以便我們可以聽到達賴喇嘛宣講的同步翻譯。

And what he said was:

達賴喇嘛說

treat your enemies as if they were precious jewels,

對待你的敵人，要像對待珍貴的珍寶一樣，

because it's your enemies

因為這些敵人的存在

that build your tolerance and patience

我們才能夠學會並提高我們的忍耐力和耐心。

on the road to your enlightenment.

為你通向徹悟而鋪路。

That hit me so hard,

最使我震驚的是，我無法

telling these people that had been through this experience.

在這些人身上看到過去痛苦經歷的痕跡。

So, two months later, I went into

兩個月之後，我去了

Tibet, and I started

西藏，開始

interviewing the people there, taking my photographs. That's what I do.

採訪當地居民，並進行攝影。我在那裡就做這些。

I interview and do portraits.

我採訪人們，並記錄下他們的肖像。

And this is a little girl.

嗯。這是一個小女孩，

I took her portrait up on top of the Jokhang Temple.

我在大昭寺頂上為她拍了這張照片。

And I'd snuck in --

而且我還偷偷的帶了一些達賴喇嘛的照片

because it's totally illegal to have a picture of the Dalai Lama in Tibet --

因為攜帶達賴喇嘛的照片在西藏是違法行為，

it's the quickest way you can get arrested.

幾乎是導致一個人被逮捕的最快的原因。

So I snuck in a bunch of little wallet-sized pictures of the Dalai Lama,

就這樣我偷偷的把一些錢包尺寸的小型達賴喇嘛肖像帶入西藏，

and I would hand them out.

散發給人們。

And when I gave them to the people,

當我給人們這些肖像的時候，

they'd either hold them to their heart,

他們或是把肖像貼近胸膛，

or they'd hold them up to their head and just stay there.

或是舉起肖像貼近他們的額頭，並保持這個姿勢。

And this is --

這是——

well, at the time -- I did this 10 years ago --

當時這是——這是十年前的事情了——

that was 36 years after the Dalai Lama had left.

達賴喇嘛離開西藏三十六年之後。

So

就這樣，

I was going in, interviewing these people and doing their portraits.

我在西藏採訪居民，給他們拍肖像。

This is Jigme and her sister, Sonam.

這是吉格米(Jigme)和她的小妹，索南(Sonam)。

And they live up on the Chang Tang, the Tibetan Plateau,

她們住在羌塘，西藏高原

way in the western part of the country.

的最西部。

This is at 17,000 feet.

當地的海拔是17000英尺。

And they had just come down from the high pastures,

當時她們是剛剛從更高的草原上下來，

at 18,000 feet.

那里海拔是18000英尺。

Same thing: gave her a picture,

我同樣給了她一個達賴喇嘛的肖像，

she held it up to her forehead.

她舉到她的額頭。

And I usually hand out Polaroids

這些情況下我一般會給他們拍立得快照，

when I do these, because I'm setting up lights,

因為我需要時間來架好攝影的燈光，

and checking my lights,

並檢查燈光，

and when I showed her her Polaroid, she screamed and ran into her tent.

當我給了她一個快照後，她尖叫着跑回了她的帳篷。

This is Tenzin Gyatso;

這是丹增嘉措，

he was found to be the Buddha of Compassion at the age of two,

他在兩歲的時候被發現是憐憫佛

out in a peasant's house,

從一個窮苦農民的家裡

way out in the middle of nowhere.

在一個人跡罕至的地方。

At the age of four, he was installed

四歲的時候，他成為了

as the 14th Dalai Lama.

十四世達拉喇嘛。

As a teenager, he faced

在他的少年時期，他面臨了

the invasion of his country,

自己的國家被入侵，

and had to deal with it -- he was the leader of the country.

並且他的應對這種局勢——因為他是國家的領袖。

Eight years later, when they discovered there was a plot

八年之後，當人們發現有一個暗殺達賴喇嘛的行動在

to kill him,

醞釀中的時候，

they dressed him up like a beggar

達賴喇嘛打扮成一個乞丐

and snuck him out of the country on horseback,

偷偷騎馬逃出了西藏，

and took the same trip that Tamdin did.

沿著塔木丁走的那條路。

And he's never been back to his country since.

現在他住在——然後他再也沒有回到自己的國家。

And

如果

if you think about this man,

你想想，這個人，

46 years later,

46年之後，

still sticking

還是遵循著

to this non-violent response

非暴力的原則

to a severe political and human rights issue.

來應對一個嚴峻的政治和人權問題。

And the young people,

年輕人們

young Tibetans, are starting to say, listen, this doesn't work.

年輕的西藏人，現在開始說，你看，非暴力解決不了問題。

You know, violence as a political tool

那個，暴，暴力，作為一個政治工具，

is all the rage right now.

是現在這些憤怒的年輕人要的。

And

然而，

he still is holding this line.

達賴喇嘛還是遵循著自己的準則。

So this is our icon

這才是我們的偶像

to non-violence in our world --

我們這個世界上非暴力的標杆

one of our living icons.

一個活生生的值得崇拜的人。

This is another leader of his people.

這是另一個地區居民的領袖。

This is Moi. This is in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

他的名字叫莫伊(Moi)。這是厄瓜多爾的亞馬遜地區。

And Moi is 35 years old.

莫伊今年35歲。

And

嗯，

this area of the Ecuadorian Amazon --

在這個地區

oil was discovered in 1972.

人們在1972年發現了石油。

And in this period of time -- since that time --

在這一時期——自從那個時候——

as much oil, or twice as much oil

等量與埃克森瓦爾達斯(Exxon Valdez)漏油事件中洩漏的石油，

as was spilled in the Exxon Valdez accident,

甚至是兩倍的石油，

was spilled in this little area of the Amazon,

洩漏在這個狹小的亞馬遜地區，

and the tribes in this area have constantly had to move.

為此這一地區的部落必須不斷的遷徙。

And Moi

莫伊

belongs to the Huaorani tribe,

是胡阿拉尼(Huaorani)部落的，

and they're known as

胡阿拉尼部落人

very fierce, they're known as "auca."

以勇武好鬥出名，被稱作“auca”。

And they've managed to keep out

他們成功的擋住了

the seismologists and the oil workers

地震學家和石油 —— 石油工人 進入該地區

with spears and blowguns.

僅僅是利用長矛和吹箭筒。

And we spent --

我在那裡——

I was with a team --

我們在那裡——我當時是在一個團隊裡——

two weeks with these guys out in the jungle

待了兩週，觀察胡阿拉尼人在叢林

watching them hunt.

中打獵。

This was on a monkey hunt,

在一次捕獵猴子的行動中，

hunting with curare-tipped darts.

他們用抹了毒藥的飛鏢來捕獵猴子。

And the knowledge that these people have

這些人對於自然環境的

about the natural environment is incredible.

了解是驚人的。

They could hear things, smell things, see things I couldn't see.

他能能夠聽到、聞到、看到我無法捕捉到的事情。

And I couldn't even see the monkeys

我連猴子也看不到，

that they were

而他們

getting with these darts.

卻能用飛鏢抓住這些猴子。

This is Yadira,

這是雅迪拉(Yadira),

and Yadira is

雅迪拉現在

five years old. She's in a

五歲。她屬於一個，一個

tribe that's neighboring the Huaorani.

胡阿拉尼部落的鄰居部落。

And her tribe has had to move

她的部落在過去的10年中

three times in the last 10 years because of the oil spills.

被迫因為石油洩漏而搬遷了三次。

And we never hear about that. And the latest

我們對此卻一無所知。而最近

infraction against these people is,

傷害這些部落居民的違法事件是

as part of Plan Colombia,

哥倫比亞計劃的一部分，

we're spraying Paraquat or Round Up, whatever it is --

我們傾灑大量的除草劑

we're defoliating thousands of acres

來除去上千傾的

of the Ecuadorian Amazon

厄瓜多爾亞馬遜地區的草地

in our war on drugs.

作為我們向毒品宣戰的一部分。

And these people are the people who take the brunt of it.

這些人是直接受害人。

This is Mengatoue.

這是蒙嘎圖(Mengatoue)

He's the shaman of the Huaorani,

他是胡阿拉尼部落的薩滿

and

並且他 ——

he said to us, you know, I'm an older man now;

他只是告訴我們，你知道嗎，我現在老了，

I'm getting tired, you know; I'm tired

我累了，你知道嗎，我厭倦了

of spearing these oil workers.

天天用長矛趕走這些石油工人，

I wish they would just go away.

我希望他們趕緊離開。

And I was -- I usually travel alone

我就——我通常是一個人旅行

when I do my work, but I did this --

當我工作時，但是我做了這個——

I hosted a program for Discovery,

我為《探索頻道》主持了一個節目，

and when I went down with the team,

我跟隨這個團隊去了那裡。

I was quite concerned about

我對於跟着一群人

going in with a whole bunch of people, especially into the Huaorani,

工作有一些擔心，特別是去胡阿拉尼地區

deep into the Huaorani tribe.

深入胡阿拉尼部落。

And

結果

as it turned out, these guys really

這些人

taught me a thing or two about blending in

卻教給我了一些融入當地居民

with the locals.

的方法。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

One of the things I did

我，就在9/11事件之前，

just before 9/11 --

做了一件事。

August of 2001 --

2001年8月——

I took my son, Dax,

我帶著我的兒子，達克斯（Dax)，

who was 16 at the time,

當時他16歲，

and I took him to Pakistan.

去了巴基斯坦。

Because at first I wanted --

我本來的用意是——

you know, I've taken him on a couple of trips,

就是，我曾帶著他旅行過幾次，

but I wanted him to see

但是這次我想讓他看一看

people that live on a dollar a day or less.

人們是怎麼用一天一美元或更少生活的。

I wanted him to get an experience

我希望他親身體驗

in the Islamic world

伊斯蘭世界

and I also wanted him to --

我還想讓他——

I was going there to work with a group,

我當時是跟一個團隊一起工作

do a story on a group called the Kalash,

做一個關於一個叫做卡拉什（Kalash）的群體的故事

that are a group of animists, 3,000 animists,

這是一群泛神論者，大約3000人

that live -- very small area --

生活在一個很小的地區

surrounded by Islam -- there's 3,000

這個地區被伊斯蘭世界包圍。那裡一共剩下3000個

of these Kalash left; they're incredible people.

卡拉什人，他們是不可思議的一群人。

So it was a great experience for him. He stayed up all night with them,

這對他是一個很好的經歷。他跟他們呆在一起一宿沒睡，

drumming and dancing.

打鼓和跳舞。

And he brought a soccer ball,

他還帶了一個足球，

and we had soccer every night in this little village.

我們每天晚上都會在小村莊里玩足球。

And then we went up

我們去

and met their shaman.

見了他們的薩滿。

By the way, Mengatoue was the shaman

順便說一下，蒙噶圖也是他們

of his tribe as well.

部落的薩滿。

And this is John Doolikahn,

這是約翰 杜麗勘(John Doolikahn)，

who's the shaman of the Kalash.

卡拉什人的薩滿。

And he's up in the mountains,

他生活在山里，

right on the border with Afghanistan.

在阿富汗邊境，

In fact, on that other side is the area, Tora Bora,

事實上山的另一邊就是托拉 博拉 （Tora Bora）地區，

the area where

這個地區就是

Osama bin Laden's supposed to be. This is the tribal area.

奧薩馬 本 拉登的藏身之處。是一個部落聚居的地區。

And we watched

我們觀察約翰

and stayed with

並跟約翰

John Doolikahn.

一起生活。

And the shaman -- I did a whole series on shamanism,

這個薩滿——我曾經做過一系列關於薩滿教的作品——

which is

是一個

an interesting phenomenon.

有趣的現象。

But around the world,

但是在世界各地，

they go into trance in different ways,

薩滿們有不同的進入神遊狀態的方式，

and in Pakistan,

在巴基斯坦，

the way they do it is they burn juniper leaves

他們通過焚燒杜松葉子來進入那個狀態

and they sacrifice an animal,

並且他們會把一個動物獻祭。

pour the blood of the animal on the leaves

把動物的血灑在葉子上

and then inhale the smoke.

然後吸入焚燒的煙。

And they're all praying

他們會向

to the mountain gods

山神禱告，同時

as they go into trance.

進入神遊狀態。

You know,

這是——你知道，

getting kids used to different realities,

讓孩子們習慣於不同的現實

I think, is so important. What Dan Dennett said the other day --

我認為這非常重要。就像丹 但奈特(Dan Dennett) 說過的

having a curriculum where they study different religions,

應該為孩子們開設一個課程，讓他們可以學習不同宗教

just to make a mental flexibility,

來得到一種思考上的靈活性——

give them a mental flexibility

給他們這種思考上的靈活性

in different belief systems --

來理解不同的信仰系統。

I think this is so necessary in our world today

我認為在當今世界中，這點非常重要

as you see these clash of beliefs taking place.

因為我們都看到了不同信仰帶來的衝突持續發生着。

And all the security issues they cause us.

還有這些衝突帶來的安全問題。

So, one thing we did five years ago:

所以五年前，我們做了這麼一件事：

we started a program that links kids

我們建立了一個項目來聯繫

in indigenous communities with kids in the United States.

原生態群落中的孩子與美國的孩子。

So we first hooked up

我們最先聯繫起來的是 ——

a spot in the Navajo Nation with a classroom in Seattle.

一個納瓦霍（Navajo）的點與一個西雅圖的教室。

We now have 15 sites.

我們現在有15個點了。

We have one in Kathmandu, Nepal;

我們還有一個點在尼泊爾，加德滿都；

Dharamsala, India; Takaungu, Kenya --

印度，達蘭薩拉；肯尼亞，塔昆古——

Takaungu is one-third Christian, one-third Muslim

塔昆古這個社區有三份之一的居民是基督徒，

and one-third animist, the community is --

三分之一是穆斯林，還有三分之一的是泛神論者——

Ollantaytambo, Peru,

這是秘魯的奧萊泰坦博(Ollantaytambo)，

and Arctic Village, Alaska.

和阿拉斯加的北極村。

This is Daniel; he's one of our students

這是丹尼爾（Daniel），他是我們阿拉斯加

in Arctic Village, Alaska.

北極村的一個學生。

He lives in this log cabin --

他生活在這個木屋裡

no running water, no heat other than --

沒有自來水，沒有熱源，

no windows

除了沒有窗戶

and high-speed Internet connection.

和沒有高速互聯網之外。

And this is --

而這是—— 這是——

I see this rolling out all over --

我不止一次的看到這種情況

this is our site in Ollantaytambo, Peru, four years ago,

這是我們在秘魯奧萊泰坦博，四年前

where they first saw their first computers;

這些孩子第一次看到電腦，

now they have computers in their classrooms.

現在他們的教室都已經配有電腦。

And the way we've done this --

我們採取的方法是——

we teach digital storytelling to these kids.

我們教會這些孩子們數字化故事傳播的技術。

And we have them tell stories about issues in their community

然後我們讓他們在他們關心的群體裡

in their community that they care about.

講述他們群落的故事。

And this is in Peru, where the kids told the story

這是在講述秘魯的故事，由孩子們講述

about a river that they cleaned up.

關於一條他們清理乾淨的河流的故事。

And the way we do it is, we do it in workshops,

我們的工作方式是，我們透過工作坊，

and we bring people who want to learn

把希望學習數字工作流程和故事講述技術的人

digital workflow and storytelling,

帶進工作室，

and have them

然後讓讓這些人

work with the kids.

與孩子們一起工作。

And just this last year we've taken a group of teenagers in,

去年我們帶進來了一組青少年來與這些孩子一起工作，

and this has worked the best.

這種方式取得了最好的結果。

So our dream is to bring teenagers together,

所以我們的理想情況是把青少年帶到一起，

so they'll have a community service experience

以便他們有一種社區服務的體驗以及

as well as a cross-cultural experience,

一種多元跨文化的體驗，

as they teach kids in these areas

同時教孩子們上述領域的技術

and help them build their communication infrastructure.

並且幫助他們建設交流的基礎設施。

This is teaching Photoshop

這是把Photoshop

in the Tibetan children's village in Dharamsala.

教給在達蘭薩拉村落的西藏兒童。

We have the website, where the kids all get their homepage.

我們還有自己的網站，孩子們都有自己的網頁。

This is all their movies. We've got about 60 movies

這是他們的短片作品。我們現在有大約60個影片

that these kids have made,

全部由這些孩子製作，

and they're quite incredible.

並且這些影片都很了不起。

The one I want to show you --

我下來將要給你展示的——

after we get them to make the movies,

在我們讓他們製作了這些影片之後，

we have a night where we show the movies to the community.

我們找出一個晚上在這些群落裡放映這些影片。

And this is in Takaungu --

這是在塔昆古——

we've got a generator and a digital projector,

我們找到一個發電機還有一個數字投影儀，

and we're projecting it up against a barn,

我們用一個穀倉當作銀幕，

and showing one of the movies that they made.

來放映其中的一個影片。

And if you get a chance, you can go to our website, and you'll see

如果有機會你可以去我們的網站，你可以看到

the incredible work these kids do.

這些孩子們了不起的作品。

The other thing:

這些孩子是我們的—— 另一個事是：

I wanted to give indigenous people a voice.

我希望給原生居民們他們自己的話語權。

That was one of the big motivating factors.

這是我做這些事的一個很重要的出發點。

But the other motivating factor is

另一個出發點是

the insular nature of our country.

我們國家越來越封閉的狀態。

National Geographic just did a Roper Study

國家地理剛剛做了一個調查

of 18 to 26 year olds

調查對像是18至26歲的人口

in our country

在我國（美國）

and in nine other industrialized countries.

以及其他九個工業化國家。

It was a two million dollar study.

這個調查耗資200萬美元。

United States came in second to last

美國人在地理知識上

in geographic knowledge.

排名倒數第二。

70 percent of the kids couldn't find

70%的孩子不能在

Afghanistan or Iraq on a map;

地圖上找到阿富汗或伊拉克，

60 percent couldn't find India;

60%的孩子找不到印度，

30 percent couldn't find the Pacific Ocean.

30%找不到太平洋。

And this is a study

這是一個很新的研究

that was just done a couple of years ago.

就發生在最近幾年。

So what I'd like to show you now,

現在我想向你展示的是，

in the couple of minutes I have left,

在我剩下的這幾分鐘時間裡，

is a film that a student made in Guatemala.

一個危地馬拉的學生製作的影片。

We just had a workshop in Guatemala.

我們在危地馬拉設了一個工作室。

A week before we got to the workshop,

在我們到達工作室的一周前，

a massive landslide, caused by Hurricane Stan,

在十月份，一個由颶風斯坦帶來的大型泥石流，

last October, came in and buried

襲擊了這個村莊，並埋了

600 people alive in their village.

600個生活在這個村莊里的人。

And this kid lived in the village --

這個孩子就生活在這個村莊裡——

he wasn't there at the time --

但是他當時不在村里——

and this is the little movie he put together about that.

這是他製作的一個小影片，關於這個災難。

And he hadn't seen a computer before

他在這之前從來沒有見過電腦

we did this movie. We taught him Photoshop and --

我們做成了這個影片。我們教會他使用Photoshop，並且——

yeah, we can play it.

可以，我們可以播放這個影片。

This is an old Mayan funeral chant

這是一個他從他祖父那裡學來的

that he got from his grandfather.

一個古老的瑪雅葬禮吟唱。

Thank you very much.

非常感謝！

(Applause)

（掌聲）