Alastair Parvin: Architecture for the people by the people

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Stefan Zrnović Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

When we use the word "architect" or "designer,"

Kada koristimo reč "arhitekta" ili "dizajner"

what we usually mean is a professional,

ono što obično pod tim podrazumevamo je profesionalac,

someone who gets paid,

neko ko je plaćen.

and we tend to assume that it's those professionals

Težimo da pretpostavimo da su oni ti

who are going to be the ones to help us solve

koji nam pomažu da rešimo zaista velike,

the really big, systemic design challenges that we face

sistemske projektantske izazove sa kojima se suočavamo -

like climate change, urbanization and social inequality.

poput klimatskih promena, urbanizacije i socijalne nejednakosti.

That's our kind of working presumption.

To je neka vrsta naše pretpostavke.

And I think it's wrong, actually.

A zapravo, mislim da je to pogrešno.

In 2008, I was just about to graduate from architecture school

2008. upravo sam završavao arhitektonski fakultet

after several years, and go out and get a job,

nakon nekoliko godina i krenuo da tražim posao

and this happened.

i desilo se ovo.

The economy ran out of jobs.

Ekonomiji je ponestalo poslova.

And a couple of things struck me about this.

Nekoliko stvari me je pogodilo.

One, don't listen to career advisers.

Jedna je - ne slušaj poslovne savetnike.

And two, actually this is a fascinating paradox for architecture,

A druga je da, a to je fascinantni paradoks arhitekture,

which is that, as a society, we've never needed design thinking more,

društvu nikada nije više bila potrebna projektantska misao,

and yet architecture was literally becoming unemployed.

a arhitektura je doslovno postajala nezaposlena.

It strikes me that we talk very deeply about design,

Govorimo veoma detaljno o projektovanju,

but actually there's an economics behind architecture

a zapravo ekonomija je iza arhitekture,

that we don't talk about, and I think we need to.

o kojoj ne govorimo, a mislim da bi trebalo.

And a good place to start is your own paycheck.

A dobra tačka za početak je vaša plata.

So, as a bottom-of-the-rung architecture graduate,

Kao diplomac arhitekture na začelju liste,

I might expect to earn about 24,000 pounds.

verovatno sam očekivao da ću zarađivati 24.000 funti.

That's about 36,000, 37,000 dollars.

To je oko 36.000 ili 37.000 dolara.

Now in terms of the whole world's population,

U kontekstu čitave svetske populacije,

that already puts me in the top 1.95 richest people,

to me stavlja na vrh od 1.95% najbogatijih ljudi,

which raises the question of, who is it I'm working for?

što povlači pitanje, za koga ja to radim?

The uncomfortable fact is that

Neprijatna činjenica je

actually almost everything that we call architecture today

da je zapravo skoro sve što danas nazivamo arhitekturom,

is actually the business of designing

u stvari posao projektovanja

for about the richest one percent of the world's population,

za otprilike najbogatiji procenat svetske populacije

and it always has been.

i uvek je tako bilo.

The reason why we forgot that

Razlog zbog kojeg to zaboravljamo jeste

is because the times in history when architecture

da su kroz istoriju kada je arhitektura

did the most to transform society were those times

činila najviše da promeni društvo, bila upravo ta vremena

when, actually, the one percent would build

kada je uglavnom 1% gradio zbog interesa

on behalf of the 99 percent, for various different reasons,

onih 99%, iz različitih razloga -

whether that was through philanthropy in the 19th century,

kroz filantropiju u 19. veku,

communism in the early 20th,

komunizam u ranom 20. veku,

the welfare state, and most recently, of course,

u periodu blagostanja i najskorije

through this inflated real estate bubble.

kroz ovaj mehur građevinske inflacije.

And all of those booms, in their own various ways,

Svi ovi udari u svojim raznovrsnim oblicima

have now kicked the bucket,

sad su zamrli, a mi smo se

and we're back in this situation

vratili u situaciju gde su

where the smartest designers and architects in the world

najpametniji dizajneri i arhitekte na svetu,

are only really able to work for one percent of the population.

sposobni samo da rade za 1% populacije.

Now it's not just that that's bad for democracy,

Ipak, to nije baš toliko loše za demokratiju,

though I think it probably is,

iako ja smatram da verovatno jeste,

it's actually not a very clever business strategy, actually.

a to zapravo i nije veoma pametna poslovna strategija.

I think the challenge facing the next generation of architects

Mislim da je izazov za narednu generaciju arhitekata -

is, how are we going to turn our client

kako da promenimo naše klijente

from the one percent to the 100 percent?

sa jednog na 100%?

And I want to offer three slightly counterintuitive ideas

Želim da predložim tri pomalo nelogične ideje

for how it might be done.

za rešenje ovog problema.

The first is, I think we need to question this idea

Prva je, smatram da treba da ispitamo ovu ideju

that architecture is about making buildings.

da se arhitektura bavi pravljenjem zgrada.

Actually, a building is about the most expensive solution

Zapravo, zgrada je najskuplje rešenje

you can think of to almost any given problem.

koje možete zamisliti za bilo kakav problem.

And fundamentally, design should be much, much more interested

A u stvari, projektovanje bi trebalo da ima mnogo više udela

in solving problems and creating new conditions.

u rešavanju problema i stvaranju novih uslova.

So here's a story.

Pa, evo priče.

The office was working with a school,

Arhitektonski biro je radio projekat škole,

and they had an old Victorian school building.

stare viktorijanske školske zgrade.

And they said to the architects, "Look,

Rekli su arhitektama: "Vidite,

our corridors are an absolute nightmare.

hodnici su nam velika noćna mora.

They're far too small. They get congested between classes.

Veoma su mali. Zakrčeni su na odmorima.

There's bullying. We can't control them.

Javlja se maltretiranje. Ne možemo da ih kontrolišemo.

So what we want you to do is re-plan our entire building,

Stoga ono što želim da uradimo je da ponovo isprojektujemo čitavu zgradu

and we know it's going to cost several million pounds,

i znamo da će nas to koštati nekoliko miliona funti,

but we're reconciled to the fact."

ali pomirili smo se sa tom činjenicom."

And the team thought about this, and they went away,

Tim je razmišljao o ovome, otišli su i rekli:

and they said, "Actually, don't do that.

"U stvari, nemojte to da radite.

Instead, get rid of the school bell.

Umesto toga, rešite se školskih zvona.

And instead of having one school bell that goes off once,

Umesto jednog zvona koje zvoni jednom,

have several smaller school bells that go off

postavite nekoliko manjih koja zvone

in different places and different times,

na različitim mestima u različito vreme

distribute the traffic through the corridors."

i tako rasporedite gužvu u hodnicima."

It solves the same problem,

To je rešilo problem

but instead of spending several million pounds,

i umesto da potrošite nekoliko miliona funti,

you spend several hundred pounds.

potrošićete nekoliko stotina funti.

Now, it looks like you're doing yourself out of a job,

Deluje kao da sami sebi uzimate posao, ali ne.

but you're not. You're actually making yourself more useful.

Vi zapravo sebe činite još korisnijim.

Architects are actually really, really good

Arhitekte su u stvari veoma, veoma dobri

at this kind of resourceful, strategic thinking.

u ovoj vrsti dovitljivog, strategijskog razmišljanja.

And the problem is that, like a lot of design professions,

Problem je to što smo, poput većine profesionalnih projektanata

we got fixated on the idea of providing

fiksirani idejom snabdevanja

a particular kind of consumer product,

kupaca određenom vrstom proizvoda,

and I don't think that needs to be the case anymore.

ali ne smatram da to treba da bude slučaj nadalje.

The second idea worth questioning is this 20th-century thing

Druga ideja vredna razmatranja je dvadesetovekovna stvar,

that mass architecture is about big --

da masivna arhitektura predstavlja veliko -

big buildings and big finance.

velike zgrade i velike prihode.

Actually, we've got ourselves locked into this

Mi smo, u stvari, zaključani u ovom

Industrial Era mindset which says that

industrijskom načinu razmišljanja, koje kaže da samo

the only people who can make cities are large organizations

velike organizacije mogu da grade gradove

or corporations who build on our behalf,

ili korporacije koje grade u našu korist,

procuring whole neighborhoods

obezbeđivanjem čitavih naselja,

in single, monolithic projects, and of course,

u malim, monolitnim projektima i naravno,

form follows finance.

da forma prati finansije.

So what you end up with are single, monolithic neighborhoods

Ono na čemu se sve završi su pojedinačna monolitna naselja

based on this kind of one-size-fits-all model.

bazirana na ovoj vrsti modela jedne veličine.

And a lot of people can't even afford them.

A dosta ljudi to ne može da priušti.

But what if, actually, it's possible now for cities

A šta ako je danas moguće da gradove gradi

to be made not just by the few with a lot

ne samo nekolicina onih koji imaju puno,

but also by the many with a bit?

već mnogi koji imaju malo?

And when they do, they bring with them

A kad grade, oni donose sa sobom

a completely different set of values about the place that they want to live.

potpuno različite vrednosti mesta u kojem žele da žive.

And it raises really interesting questions about,

To rađa veoma interesantno pitanje:

how will we plan cities? How will finance development?

kako ćemo planirati gradove? Kako ćemo finansirati razvoj?

How will we sell design services?

Kako ćemo prodavati projektantske usluge?

What would it mean for democratic societies

Šta bi značilo za demokratsko društvo

to offer their citizens a right to build?

da ponudi svojim građanima pravo da grade?

And in a way it should be kind of obvious, right,

I na način na koji bi to trebalo da bude očigledno,

that in the 21st century, maybe cities can be developed by citizens.

da u 21. veku, građani možda mogu izgraditi gradove.

And thirdly, we need to remember that,

I treća ideja je, treba da zapamtimo,

from a strictly economic point of view,

da sa potpuno ekonomske tačke gledišta,

design shares a category with sex and care of the elderly --

projektovanje deli istu kategoriju sa seksom i brigom o starijima -

mostly it's done by amateurs.

uglavnom se radi amaterski.

And that's a good thing.

To je dobra stvar.

Most of the work takes place outside of the monetary economy

Najviše posla se odvija van monetarne ekonomije

in what's called the social economy or the core economy,

koja se naziva društvena ekonomija ili jezgrovita ekonomija,

which is people doing it for themselves.

koju ljudi stvaraju za sebe.

And the problem is that, up until now,

Problem je to što, sve do sad,

it was the monetary economy which had

to je bila monetarna ekonomija koja je imala

all the infrastructure and all the tools.

čitavu infrastrukturu i sve alate.

So the challenge we face is, how are we going

Tako da je izazov sa kojim se suočavamo,

to build the tools, the infrastructure and the institutions

kako ćemo graditi alate, infrastuktru i institucije

for architecture's social economy?

za arhitektonsku društvenu ekonomiju?

And that began with open-source software.

To je počelo sa otvorenim softverom.

And over the last few years, it's been moving

Tokom prošle godine, prerastalo je

into the physical world with open-source hardware,

u stvarni, fizički svet sa otvorenim hardverom,

which are freely shared blueprints

slobodno deljenim nacrtima

that anyone can download and make for themselves.

koje svako može da preuzme i napravi za sebe.

And that's where 3D printing gets really, really interesting.

Tu su 3D štampači postali veoma zanimljivi.

Right? When suddenly you had a 3D printer

Zar ne? Kada imate 3D štampač

that was open-source, the parts for which

otvorenog koda, njegovi delovi bi mogli

could be made on another 3D printer.

biti napravljeni na drugom 3D štampaču.

Or the same idea here, which is for a CNC machine,

Ili ista ideja ovde, a to je CNC mašina,

which is like a large printer that can cut sheets of plywood.

koja je kao veliki štampač koji može da seče šperploču.

What these technologies are doing is radically

Ono što ove tehnologije rade zapravo je drastično

lowering the thresholds of time and cost and skill.

smanjenje problema vremena, troškova i veština.

They're challenging the idea that

One izazivaju ideju da ukoliko želite

if you want something to be affordable it's got to be one-size-fits-all.

da nešto bude pristupačno, sve treba da stane u jednu veličinu.

And they're distributing massively

Oni imaju masivne i prilično složene

really complex manufacturing capabilities.

proizvodne mogućnosti.

We're moving into this future where the factory is everywhere,

Idemo ka budućnosti gde su fabrike svuda,

and increasingly that means

a to znači

that the design team is everyone.

da svako može da bude dizajnerski tim.

That really is an industrial revolution.

To je zaista industrijska revolucija.

And when we think that the major ideological conflicts

Kada mislimo da su glavni ideološki sukobi

that we inherited were all based around this question

koje smo usvojili, bili bazirani na ovom pitanju

of who should control the means of production,

ko treba da kontroliše stvaranje,

and these technologies are coming back with a solution:

ove tehnologije se vraćaju sa rešenjem:

actually, maybe no one. All of us.

u stvari, možda niko. Svi mi.

And we were fascinated by

Bili smo fascinirani onim

what that might mean for architecture.

što bi to značilo za arhitekturu.

So about a year and a half ago,

Tako da pre oko godinu i po dana

we started working on a project called WikiHouse,

počeli smo sa radom na projektu pod nazivom WikiHouse,

and WikiHouse is an open-source construction system.

a to je sistem građenja otvorenog koda.

And the idea is to make it possible for anyone

Ideja je da se omoći svakome

to go online, access a freely shared library

da ode na internet, pristupi besplatnoj biblioteci

of 3D models which they can download and adapt in,

3D modela, koje mogu da preuzmu i preoblikuju trenutno

at the moment, SketchUp, because it's free, and it's easy to use,

u SketcUp-u jer je besplatan i jednostavan za korišćenje

and almost at the click of a switch

i gotovo klikom miša

they can generate a set of cutting files

mogu da stvore set izvođačkih planova

which allow them, in effect,

koji im omogućavaju

to print out the parts from a house using a CNC machine

da štampaju delove kuće korišćenjem CNC mašine

and a standard sheet material like plywood.

i standardnog izvoda materijala, poput šperploče.

And the parts are all numbered,

Delovi su numerisani

and basically what you end up with is a really big IKEA kit.

i ono što proizvedete je gotovo veoma velika IKEA granitura.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And it goes together without any bolts.

Sve se spaja bez ikakvih šrafova.

It uses wedge and peg connections.

Koriste se šipke i metalni zglobovi.

And even the mallets to make it

Čak i čekići za pravljenje

can be provided on the cutting sheets as well.

mogu biti obezbeđeni na izvođačkim planovima.

And a team of about two or three people,

I tim od otprilike dvoje ili troje ljudi,

working together, can build this.

zajedničkim radom, može ovo da napravi.

They don't need any traditional construction skills.

Nisu im potrebna tradicionalna znanja iz konstrukcija.

They don't need a huge array of power tools or anything like that,

Nije im potreban nikakav arsenal alata na struju ili bilo čega sličnog.

and they can build a small house of about this size

Mogu napraviti malu kuću ove veličine

in about a day.

za jedan dan.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

And what you end up with is just the basic chassis of a house

Ono što napravite je osnovni okvir za kuću

onto which you can then apply systems like windows

na kom možete primenjivati sisteme: poput prozora

and cladding and insulation and services

obloga, izolacija i drugih radova,

based on what's cheap and what's available.

baziranih na tome šta je jeftino i dostupno.

Of course, the house is never finished.

Naravno, kuća nikada nije završena.

We're shifting our heads here, so the house is not a finished product.

Mi gledamo u ovo, a kuća nije završen proizvod.

With the CNC machine, you can make new parts for it

Sa CNC mašinom, možete napraviti nove delove

over its life or even use it to make the house next door.

izvan plana kuće i čak da napravite susednu kuću.

So we can begin to see the seed of a completely open-source,

Možemo početi da gledamo začetak kompletno otvorenog pristupa

citizen-led urban development model, potentially.

modela urbanog razvoja koji stvara stanovništvo.

And we and others have built a few prototypes around the world now,

Trenutno smo napravili i nekoliko prototipova širom sveta

and some really interesting lessons here.

i izvukli nekoliko zanimljivih lekija.

One of them is that it's always incredibly sociable.

Jedna od njih je da je to uvek neverovatno druželjubiva aktivnost.

People get confused between construction work and having fun.

Ljudi se zbunjuju između građevinskih radova i zabave.

But the principles of openness go right down

Ali principi otvorenosti sažimaju se

into the really mundane, physical details.

u prilično rutinskim, fizičkim detaljima -

Like, never designing a piece that can't be lifted up.

poput, nikada ne dizajnirajte deo koji se ne može podići.

Or, when you're designing a piece,

Ili kada dizajnirate deo,

make sure you either can't put it in the wrong way round,

budite sigurni da ga ne možete staviti na pogrešno mesto

or, if you do, it doesn't matter, because it's symmetrical.

ili ako to uradite, da to nema veze jer je simetrično.

Probably the principal which runs deepest with us

Princip koji nam verovatno najviše odgovara

is the principal set out by Linus Torvalds,

je princip projektovanja Linusa Torvaldsa,

the open-source pioneer,

pionira slobodnog pristupa,

which was that idea of, "Be lazy like a fox."

a njegova ideja je bila: "Budite lenji kao pas."

Don't reinvent the wheel every time.

Ne izmišljajte stalno nove delove.

Take what already works, and adapt it for your own needs.

Koristite ono što već funkcioniše i prilagodite to svojim potrebama.

Contrary to almost everything that you might get taught

Nasuprot gotovo svemu čemu su vas učili

at an architecture school, copying is good.

u školama arhitekture, kopiranje je dobro.

Which is appropriate, because actually,

Što je i logično jer u stvari

this approach is not innovative.

ovaj pristup nije inovativan.

It's actually how we built buildings

To je način građenja objekata,

for hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution

kao ovo zajedničko podizanje štala,

in these sorts of community barn-raisings.

stotinama godina pre industrijske revolucije.

The only difference between traditional

Jedina razlika između tradicionalne

vernacular architecture and open-source architecture

narodne arhitekture i arhitekture otvorenog pristupa,

might be a web connection,

može biti internet veza,

but it's a really, really big difference.

ali to je mnogo, mnogo velika razlika.

We shared the whole of WikiHouse

Delili smo sve kolekcije WikiHouse

under a Creative Commons license,

pod Creative Commons licencom

and now what's just beginning to happen

i ono što počinje da se dešava je

is that groups around the world are beginning to take it

da grupe širom sveta počinju da ih uzimaju

and use it and hack it and tinker with it, and it's amazing.

koriste, dorađuju i bave se njima i rezultati su iznenađujući.

There's a cool group over in Christchurch in New Zealand

Postoji veoma kul grupa u Kristčurču na Novom Zelandu

looking at post-earthquake development housing,

koja se bavi gradnjom kuća otpornih na zemljotres

and thanks to the TED city Prize,

i zahvaljujući TED City nagradi

we're working with an awesome group in one of Rio's favelas

sarađujemo sa fenomenalnom grupom u jednoj od favela u Rio de Žaneiru

to set up a kind of community factory

kako bismo smestili neku vrstu lokalne fabrike

and micro-university.

i mikro-univerzitet.

These are very, very small beginnings,

Ovo su veoma mali počeci

and actually there's more people in the last week

i više ljudi tokom poslednje nedelje

who have got in touch and they're not even on this map.

je ostalo u kontaktu, a koji čak ni nisu na ovoj mapi.

I hope next time you see it, you won't even be able to see the map.

Nadam se da kada ga sledeći put pogledate, nećete moći da vidite mapu.

We're aware that WikiHouse is a very, very small answer,

Svesni smo da je WikiHouse veoma mali odgovor,

but it's a small answer to a really, really big question,

ali je mali odgovor na zaista veliko pitanje

which is that globally, right now, the fastest-growing cities

koje je globalno - trenutno, najbrže rastući gradovi

are not skyscraper cities.

nisu oni sa oblakoderima.

They're self-made cities in one form or another.

To su samostalno pravljeni gradovi u jednom ili drugom obliku.

If we're talking about the 21st-century city,

Ako govorimo o gradovima 21. veka

these are the guys who are going to be making it.

ovo su ljudi koji će ih napraviti.

You know, like it or not, welcome to the world's biggest design team.

Znate, sviđalo vam se ili ne, dobrodošli u najveći svetski dizajnerski tim.

So if we're serious about problems

Ako budemo ozbiljno razmišljali o problemima

like climate change, urbanization and health,

kimatskih promena, urbanizacije i zdravlja

actually, our existing development models aren't going to do it.

naši postojeći modeli razvoja nisu dovoljni.

As I think Robert Neuwirth said, there isn't a bank

Mislim da je Robert Nojrvirt rekao da ne postoji banka

or a corporation or a government or an NGO

preduzeće, vlada ili nevladina organizacija

who's going to be able to do it

koja će to moći da uradi

if we treat citizens only as consumers.

ako budemo tretirali stanovnike samo kao potrošače.

How extraordinary would it be, though, if collectively

Kako bi samo bilo izvanredno, kada bi zajedno

we were to develop solutions not just to the problem

razvili rešenja ne samo za problem

of structure that we've been working on,

strukture na kom radimo,

but to infrastructure problems like solar-powered air conditioning,

već probleme infrastukture, poput klimatizacije na solarnu energiju

off-grid energy, off-grid sanitation --

struje van mreže, kanalizacije van mreže -

low-cost, open-source, high-performance solutions

nisko-tarifna, otvorenih izvora, rešenja visokih performansi,

that anyone can very, very easily make,

koja svako može veoma lako da napravi

and to put them all into a commons

i da ih implementira u zajednicu,

where they're owned by everyone and they're accessible by everyone?

gde bi ih svako imao i gde bi svima bili pristupačna.

A kind of Wikipedia for stuff?

Neka vrsta Vikipedije za robu?

And once something's in the commons,

A kad nešto postane zajedničko,

it will always be there.

uvek će i biti.

How much would that change the rules?

Koliko bi to promenilo pravila?

And I think the technology's on our side.

Mislim da je tehnologija na našoj strani.

If design's great project in the 20th century

Ukoliko je dobar dizajnerski projekat u 20. veku

was the democratization of consumption --

bila demokratizacija potrošnje

that was Henry Ford, Levittown, Coca-Cola, IKEA —

kao što je Henri Ford, Levitaun, Koka kola, IKEA -

I think design's great project in the 21st century

smatram da je dobar dizajnerski projekat u 21. veku

is the democratization of production.

demokratizacija proizvodnje.

And when it comes to architecture in cities,

A kad govorimo o arhitekturi u gradovima

that really matters.

to je veoma značajno.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)