Alastair Parvin: Architecture for the people by the people

291,447 views ใƒป 2013-05-23

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
0
0
7000
ืžืชืจื’ื: Guy Sella ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
When we use the word "architect" or "designer,"
1
12884
3169
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื” "ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ" ืื• "ืžืขืฆื‘",
00:16
what we usually mean is a professional,
2
16053
2799
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข,
00:18
someone who gets paid,
3
18852
2472
ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื•,
00:21
and we tend to assume that it's those professionals
4
21324
2923
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉื”ืžืงืฆื•ืขื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
00:24
who are going to be the ones to help us solve
5
24247
1981
ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื™ืขื–ืจื• ืœื ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ
00:26
the really big, systemic design challenges that we face
6
26228
2560
ืืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืื™ืชื
00:28
like climate change, urbanization and social inequality.
7
28788
3845
ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืขื™ื•ืจ ื•ืื™-ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
00:32
That's our kind of working presumption.
8
32633
3084
ื–ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื—ืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:35
And I think it's wrong, actually.
9
35717
3007
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
00:38
In 2008, I was just about to graduate from architecture school
10
38724
3248
ื‘ืฉื ืช 2008, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืœืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช
00:41
after several years, and go out and get a job,
11
41972
2673
ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ื•ืœืžืฆื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
00:44
and this happened.
12
44645
2925
ื•ืื– ื–ื” ืงืจื”.
00:47
The economy ran out of jobs.
13
47570
2250
ื”ืžืฉืจื•ืช ื ื’ืžืจื• ืœื›ืœื›ืœื”.
00:49
And a couple of things struck me about this.
14
49820
2455
ื•ื›ืžื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื™ืžืžื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”.
00:52
One, don't listen to career advisers.
15
52275
3730
ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืืœ ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื™ื•ืขืฆื™ ืงืจื™ื™ืจื”.
00:56
And two, actually this is a fascinating paradox for architecture,
16
56005
4656
ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื”ื• ืคืจื“ื•ืงืก ืžืจืชืง ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช,
01:00
which is that, as a society, we've never needed design thinking more,
17
60661
4270
ืฉื›ื—ื‘ืจื”, ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื ื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช,
01:04
and yet architecture was literally becoming unemployed.
18
64931
3958
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ืœ.
01:08
It strikes me that we talk very deeply about design,
19
68889
3551
ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
01:12
but actually there's an economics behind architecture
20
72440
2116
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช
01:14
that we don't talk about, and I think we need to.
21
74556
2468
ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื.
01:17
And a good place to start is your own paycheck.
22
77024
3631
ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืชืœื•ืฉ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:20
So, as a bottom-of-the-rung architecture graduate,
23
80655
2442
ืื–, ื›ืžื™ ืฉืกื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื•ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ,
01:23
I might expect to earn about 24,000 pounds.
24
83097
2976
ืื ื™ ืืžื•ืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ื‘ืขืจืš 24 ืืœืฃ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜ (ื‘ืฉื ื”).
01:26
That's about 36,000, 37,000 dollars.
25
86073
3616
ืฉื”ื ื‘ืขืจืš 36-37 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ.
01:29
Now in terms of the whole world's population,
26
89689
1705
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:31
that already puts me in the top 1.95 richest people,
27
91394
4882
ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืฆืžืจืช ืฉืœ 1.95 ืื—ื•ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:36
which raises the question of, who is it I'm working for?
28
96276
3760
ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื” - ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืžื™ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“?
01:40
The uncomfortable fact is that
29
100036
2711
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ืœื ื ื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื
01:42
actually almost everything that we call architecture today
30
102747
2884
ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื
01:45
is actually the business of designing
31
105631
2292
ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘
01:47
for about the richest one percent of the world's population,
32
107923
2925
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื—ื•ื– ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
01:50
and it always has been.
33
110848
2229
ื•ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš.
01:53
The reason why we forgot that
34
113077
1747
ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
01:54
is because the times in history when architecture
35
114824
2103
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช
01:56
did the most to transform society were those times
36
116927
2925
ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”, ื”ื™ื• ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื
01:59
when, actually, the one percent would build
37
119852
2657
ื›ืืฉืจ, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืชื• ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื ื”
02:02
on behalf of the 99 percent, for various different reasons,
38
122509
3035
ื‘ืฉืžื ืฉืœ ื™ืชืจ 99 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช,
02:05
whether that was through philanthropy in the 19th century,
39
125544
2615
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคื™ืœื ืชืจื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19,
02:08
communism in the early 20th,
40
128159
2270
ืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20,
02:10
the welfare state, and most recently, of course,
41
130429
3038
ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ -
02:13
through this inflated real estate bubble.
42
133467
3616
ื‘ื•ืขืช ื ื“ืœ"ืŸ ื”ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ื•ืžืชื ืคื—ืช.
02:17
And all of those booms, in their own various ways,
43
137083
3308
ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:20
have now kicked the bucket,
44
140391
1919
ืคืฉื˜ื• ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ.
02:22
and we're back in this situation
45
142310
2286
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื‘
02:24
where the smartest designers and architects in the world
46
144596
4916
ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:29
are only really able to work for one percent of the population.
47
149512
3780
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืจืง ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.
02:33
Now it's not just that that's bad for democracy,
48
153292
2110
ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœื ืจืง ืฉื–ื” ืจืข ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื”,
02:35
though I think it probably is,
49
155402
1839
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืš,
02:37
it's actually not a very clever business strategy, actually.
50
157241
3096
ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืขืกืงื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื”, ื‘ืขืฆื.
02:40
I think the challenge facing the next generation of architects
51
160337
2859
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื
02:43
is, how are we going to turn our client
52
163196
2042
ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
02:45
from the one percent to the 100 percent?
53
165238
3621
ืžืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืœืžืื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื?
02:48
And I want to offer three slightly counterintuitive ideas
54
168859
3574
ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื
02:52
for how it might be done.
55
172433
1842
ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขืฉื•ืช.
02:54
The first is, I think we need to question this idea
56
174275
3382
ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ืงื‘ื™ืขื”
02:57
that architecture is about making buildings.
57
177657
2291
ืฉืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
02:59
Actually, a building is about the most expensive solution
58
179948
2744
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:02
you can think of to almost any given problem.
59
182692
3016
ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื.
03:05
And fundamentally, design should be much, much more interested
60
185708
2528
ื•ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ืจ
03:08
in solving problems and creating new conditions.
61
188236
2732
ืœืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชื ืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:10
So here's a story.
62
190968
1522
ืื– ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:12
The office was working with a school,
63
192490
1598
ื”ืžืฉืจื“ ืขื‘ื“ ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ,
03:14
and they had an old Victorian school building.
64
194088
2426
ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช-ืกืคืจ ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ ืขืชื™ืง.
03:16
And they said to the architects, "Look,
65
196514
2731
ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื, "ืชืจืื•,
03:19
our corridors are an absolute nightmare.
66
199245
1953
"ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื.
03:21
They're far too small. They get congested between classes.
67
201198
2366
"ื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ืชื•ืช.
03:23
There's bullying. We can't control them.
68
203564
2383
"ื”ื ืžืฆื™ืงื™ื. ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ื.
03:25
So what we want you to do is re-plan our entire building,
69
205947
2842
"ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื”ื•ื ืฉืชืชื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:28
and we know it's going to cost several million pounds,
70
208789
2190
"ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ืขืœื” ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜,
03:30
but we're reconciled to the fact."
71
210979
1911
"ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ื–ื”."
03:32
And the team thought about this, and they went away,
72
212890
2706
ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
03:35
and they said, "Actually, don't do that.
73
215596
2017
ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•, "ื‘ืขืฆื, ืืœ ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”.
03:37
Instead, get rid of the school bell.
74
217613
2780
"ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ื”ื™ืคื˜ืจื• ืžืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ.
03:40
And instead of having one school bell that goes off once,
75
220393
2829
"ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืคืขืžื•ืŸ ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื™ืฆืœืฆืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื,
03:43
have several smaller school bells that go off
76
223222
2258
"ื”ืชืงื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฆืœืฆืœื•
03:45
in different places and different times,
77
225480
2248
"ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:47
distribute the traffic through the corridors."
78
227728
2248
"ื•ื™ืคืฆืœื• ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช."
03:49
It solves the same problem,
79
229976
1417
ื–ื” ืคื•ืชืจ ืืช ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
03:51
but instead of spending several million pounds,
80
231393
2808
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ื–ื‘ื– ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜,
03:54
you spend several hundred pounds.
81
234201
2143
ืืชื ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืžื” ืžืื•ืช ืœื™ืฉ"ื˜.
03:56
Now, it looks like you're doing yourself out of a job,
82
236344
2800
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื›ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
03:59
but you're not. You're actually making yourself more useful.
83
239144
2561
ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื. ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืœื™ืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:01
Architects are actually really, really good
84
241705
1473
ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื
04:03
at this kind of resourceful, strategic thinking.
85
243178
2342
ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ืช ื•ืคื•ืชืจืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
04:05
And the problem is that, like a lot of design professions,
86
245520
1962
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•, ื›ืžื• ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘,
04:07
we got fixated on the idea of providing
87
247482
2183
ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืขื™ื ืžืงื•ื‘ืขื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืœืกืคืง
04:09
a particular kind of consumer product,
88
249665
2281
ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืฆืจื™ื›ื”,
04:11
and I don't think that needs to be the case anymore.
89
251946
2470
ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืจื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:14
The second idea worth questioning is this 20th-century thing
90
254416
4201
ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20
04:18
that mass architecture is about big --
91
258617
3261
ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื•ืกืงืช ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
04:21
big buildings and big finance.
92
261878
2594
ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืื•ื“, ื•ื‘ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:24
Actually, we've got ourselves locked into this
93
264472
2089
ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื‘ืขื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืชื•ืš
04:26
Industrial Era mindset which says that
94
266561
2407
ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืื•ืžืจืช
04:28
the only people who can make cities are large organizations
95
268968
3486
ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื ื”ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
04:32
or corporations who build on our behalf,
96
272454
2518
ืื• ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•,
04:34
procuring whole neighborhoods
97
274972
1808
ืจื•ื›ืฉื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช
04:36
in single, monolithic projects, and of course,
98
276780
3433
ื‘ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื, ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
04:40
form follows finance.
99
280213
2219
ื”ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ.
04:42
So what you end up with are single, monolithic neighborhoods
100
282432
3024
ืื– ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ืžื•ื ื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช
04:45
based on this kind of one-size-fits-all model.
101
285456
3688
ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ "ื’ื•ื“ืœ-ืื—ื“-ืžืชืื™ื-ืœื›ื•ืœื".
04:49
And a lot of people can't even afford them.
102
289144
2513
ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื.
04:51
But what if, actually, it's possible now for cities
103
291657
2967
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจื™ื
04:54
to be made not just by the few with a lot
104
294624
2770
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืžืžืขื˜ื™ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:57
but also by the many with a bit?
105
297394
3188
ืืœื ื’ื ืžืจื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืžืขื˜?
05:00
And when they do, they bring with them
106
300582
1294
ื•ื›ื–ื” ื›ืš, ื”ื ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ืื™ืชื
05:01
a completely different set of values about the place that they want to live.
107
301876
3339
ืขืจื›ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืขืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•.
05:05
And it raises really interesting questions about,
108
305215
2104
ื•ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉื,
05:07
how will we plan cities? How will finance development?
109
307319
3283
ืื™ืš ื ืชื›ื ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืขืชื™ื“? ืื™ืš ื ืžืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื—?
05:10
How will we sell design services?
110
310602
1661
ืื™ืš ื ืžื›ื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘?
05:12
What would it mean for democratic societies
111
312263
2240
ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื•ืช
05:14
to offer their citizens a right to build?
112
314503
2400
ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื”ืŸ ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช?
05:16
And in a way it should be kind of obvious, right,
113
316903
2280
ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื–ื” ืืžื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ, ื›ืŸ,
05:19
that in the 21st century, maybe cities can be developed by citizens.
114
319183
5469
ืฉื‘ืžืื” ื”-21, ืื•ืœื™ ืขืจื™ื ืชื•ื›ืœื ื” ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืข"ื™ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื”ืŸ.
05:24
And thirdly, we need to remember that,
115
324652
3164
ื•ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ,
05:27
from a strictly economic point of view,
116
327816
2351
ืฉืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ืžื‘ื˜ ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื’ืจื™ื“ื,
05:30
design shares a category with sex and care of the elderly --
117
330167
4846
ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื•ืœืง ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ืขื ืžื™ืŸ ื•ื“ืื’ื” ืœื’ื™ืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ -
05:35
mostly it's done by amateurs.
118
335013
2596
ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื ืขืฉื” ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื.
05:37
And that's a good thing.
119
337609
1886
ื•ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:39
Most of the work takes place outside of the monetary economy
120
339495
3470
ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืืจื™ืช
05:42
in what's called the social economy or the core economy,
121
342965
2060
ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืื• ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ื”,
05:45
which is people doing it for themselves.
122
345025
2392
ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื.
05:47
And the problem is that, up until now,
123
347417
3248
ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
05:50
it was the monetary economy which had
124
350665
1802
ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ืืจื™ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”
05:52
all the infrastructure and all the tools.
125
352467
2158
ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื™ื.
05:54
So the challenge we face is, how are we going
126
354625
1823
ืื– ื”ืืชื’ืจ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื•ืœื• ื”ื•ื, ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื
05:56
to build the tools, the infrastructure and the institutions
127
356448
3234
ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื, ืืช ื”ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
05:59
for architecture's social economy?
128
359682
1740
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช?
06:01
And that began with open-source software.
129
361422
2732
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืคืชื•ื—.
06:04
And over the last few years, it's been moving
130
364154
2368
ื•ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื•ืžืชืžืžืฉ
06:06
into the physical world with open-source hardware,
131
366522
2495
ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™, ืขื ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ,
06:09
which are freely shared blueprints
132
369017
1530
ืฉื”ื ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื“ืกื™ื™ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
06:10
that anyone can download and make for themselves.
133
370547
4046
ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•.
06:14
And that's where 3D printing gets really, really interesting.
134
374593
3241
ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื• ื”ื“ืคืกื” ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
06:17
Right? When suddenly you had a 3D printer
135
377834
3536
ื›ืฉืคืชืื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืš ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช
06:21
that was open-source, the parts for which
136
381370
1554
ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ, ืžื“ืคืกืช ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช
06:22
could be made on another 3D printer.
137
382924
2281
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืฉืœื”.
06:25
Or the same idea here, which is for a CNC machine,
138
385205
3061
ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืืŸ, ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจ CNC,
06:28
which is like a large printer that can cut sheets of plywood.
139
388266
4496
ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืžื“ืคืกืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื—ืชื•ืš ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฅ ื“ืงื™ื.
06:32
What these technologies are doing is radically
140
392762
2814
ืžื” ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืขื•ืฉื•ืช
06:35
lowering the thresholds of time and cost and skill.
141
395576
3081
ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ืช ืืช ืกืคื™ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ืช.
06:38
They're challenging the idea that
142
398657
1582
ื”ื ืžื˜ื™ืœื™ื ืกืคืง ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
06:40
if you want something to be affordable it's got to be one-size-fits-all.
143
400239
3826
ืฉืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืœ ื›ื™ืก, ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื•ืฆืจ-ืื—ื“-ืžืชืื™ื-ืœื›ื•ืœื.
06:44
And they're distributing massively
144
404065
2333
ื•ื”ื ืžืคื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ
06:46
really complex manufacturing capabilities.
145
406398
2887
ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช.
06:49
We're moving into this future where the factory is everywhere,
146
409285
4131
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืขื“ื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืคืขืœ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื,
06:53
and increasingly that means
147
413416
1195
ื•ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ
06:54
that the design team is everyone.
148
414611
3287
ืฉืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
06:57
That really is an industrial revolution.
149
417898
2526
ื–ื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ.
07:00
And when we think that the major ideological conflicts
150
420424
3216
ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื”ืื™ื“ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
07:03
that we inherited were all based around this question
151
423640
2018
ืฉื™ืจืฉื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ื›ื•ืœื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
07:05
of who should control the means of production,
152
425658
1912
ืฉืœ ืžื™ ื™ืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
07:07
and these technologies are coming back with a solution:
153
427570
2727
ื•ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืขื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ:
07:10
actually, maybe no one. All of us.
154
430297
3989
ื‘ืขืฆื, ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“. ืื•ืœื™ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
07:14
And we were fascinated by
155
434286
2169
ื•ื”ืชืœื”ื‘ื ื• ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
07:16
what that might mean for architecture.
156
436455
2607
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืขืœ ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช.
07:19
So about a year and a half ago,
157
439062
2522
ืื– ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™,
07:21
we started working on a project called WikiHouse,
158
441584
1896
ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื•ื™ืงื™-ื”ืื•ืก",
07:23
and WikiHouse is an open-source construction system.
159
443480
3274
ื•"ื•ื™ืงื™-ื”ืื•ืก" ื”ื•ื ืžืขืจื›ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื”ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื›ืœ.
07:26
And the idea is to make it possible for anyone
160
446754
2798
ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืคืฉืจื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“
07:29
to go online, access a freely shared library
161
449552
2384
ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืจืฉืช, ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืชื™ืงื™ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™,
07:31
of 3D models which they can download and adapt in,
162
451936
4461
ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื•ืœื”ืชืื™ื
07:36
at the moment, SketchUp, because it's free, and it's easy to use,
163
456397
3391
ื›ืจื’ืข, ืœืกืงื˜ืฆ'ืืค, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื™, ื•ืงืœ ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ,
07:39
and almost at the click of a switch
164
459788
2559
ื•ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆืช ื›ืคืชื•ืจ
07:42
they can generate a set of cutting files
165
462347
2484
ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš
07:44
which allow them, in effect,
166
464831
2041
ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ื, ืžืขืฉื™ืช,
07:46
to print out the parts from a house using a CNC machine
167
466872
3188
ืœื”ื“ืคื™ืก ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ื ืช CNC
07:50
and a standard sheet material like plywood.
168
470060
3211
ื•ืœื•ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ืงื˜.
07:53
And the parts are all numbered,
169
473271
3120
ื•ื”ื—ืœืงื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืžื•ืกืคืจื™ื,
07:56
and basically what you end up with is a really big IKEA kit.
170
476391
4177
ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืขืจื›ื” ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ "ืื™ืงืื”".
08:00
(Laughter)
171
480568
2271
( ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:02
And it goes together without any bolts.
172
482839
2266
ื•ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืœื ื‘ืจื’ื™ื.
08:05
It uses wedge and peg connections.
173
485105
2190
ื™ืฉ ื‘ื–ื” ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืชื“ื•ืช ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
08:07
And even the mallets to make it
174
487295
2144
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืงื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ืืช ื–ื”
08:09
can be provided on the cutting sheets as well.
175
489439
2480
ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืžืœื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ืชื•ืš ื”ืืœื”.
08:11
And a team of about two or three people,
176
491919
2537
ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืื ืฉื™ื,
08:14
working together, can build this.
177
494456
2039
ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•, ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
08:16
They don't need any traditional construction skills.
178
496495
2480
ืœื ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
08:18
They don't need a huge array of power tools or anything like that,
179
498975
3151
ื”ื ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืขืจืš ืื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืื• ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ืžื”,
08:22
and they can build a small house of about this size
180
502126
2513
ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”
08:24
in about a day.
181
504639
4764
ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš.
08:29
(Applause)
182
509403
7277
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
08:36
And what you end up with is just the basic chassis of a house
183
516706
2995
ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืœืš ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช
08:39
onto which you can then apply systems like windows
184
519701
2459
ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช
08:42
and cladding and insulation and services
185
522160
2058
ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ื™, ื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
08:44
based on what's cheap and what's available.
186
524218
3049
ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื•ืœ ื•ืžื” ืฉื–ืžื™ืŸ.
08:47
Of course, the house is never finished.
187
527267
2185
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจ.
08:49
We're shifting our heads here, so the house is not a finished product.
188
529452
2881
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกื™ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืจืืฉื™ื ื• ื›ืืŸ, ืื– ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืžื•ืฆืจ ื’ืžื•ืจ.
08:52
With the CNC machine, you can make new parts for it
189
532333
2757
ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”-CNC, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•
08:55
over its life or even use it to make the house next door.
190
535090
3857
ืœืื•ืจืš ื—ื™ื™ื• ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืœื™ื“.
08:58
So we can begin to see the seed of a completely open-source,
191
538947
3438
ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™,
09:02
citizen-led urban development model, potentially.
192
542385
4275
ืคืชื•ื— ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื, ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช.
09:06
And we and others have built a few prototypes around the world now,
193
546660
3550
ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื” ืžื•ื“ืœื™ ืื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื,
09:10
and some really interesting lessons here.
194
550210
2121
ื•ื›ืžื” ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื.
09:12
One of them is that it's always incredibly sociable.
195
552331
2327
ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
09:14
People get confused between construction work and having fun.
196
554658
4698
ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฃ.
09:19
But the principles of openness go right down
197
559356
2659
ืืš ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื
09:22
into the really mundane, physical details.
198
562015
2806
ืžืื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื.
09:24
Like, never designing a piece that can't be lifted up.
199
564821
3003
ืœืžืฉืœ, ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
09:27
Or, when you're designing a piece,
200
567824
1299
ืื•, ื›ืฉืืชื” ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื—ืœืง,
09:29
make sure you either can't put it in the wrong way round,
201
569123
2880
ื•ื“ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืœื-ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
09:32
or, if you do, it doesn't matter, because it's symmetrical.
202
572003
2953
ืื•, ืื ืืคืฉืจ - ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” - ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืœืง ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™.
09:34
Probably the principal which runs deepest with us
203
574956
4042
ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ื‘ื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื
09:38
is the principal set out by Linus Torvalds,
204
578998
2955
ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ื ื•ืก ื˜ื•ืจื•ื•ืืœื“ืก,
09:41
the open-source pioneer,
205
581953
2725
ื—ืœื•ืฅ ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืคืชื•ื—,
09:44
which was that idea of, "Be lazy like a fox."
206
584678
3289
ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”, "ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืฆืœืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉื•ืขืœ".
09:47
Don't reinvent the wheel every time.
207
587967
1709
ืืœ ืชืžืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ืœื’ืœ ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
09:49
Take what already works, and adapt it for your own needs.
208
589676
3793
ืงื— ืžื” ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื•ื‘ื“, ื•ืชืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืœืฆืจื›ื™ืš.
09:53
Contrary to almost everything that you might get taught
209
593469
2583
ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืชืœืžื“,
09:56
at an architecture school, copying is good.
210
596052
4097
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช - ื”ืขืชืงื” ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘.
10:00
Which is appropriate, because actually,
211
600149
2001
ืฉื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืœืžืขืฉื”,
10:02
this approach is not innovative.
212
602150
1780
ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช.
10:03
It's actually how we built buildings
213
603930
1609
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
10:05
for hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution
214
605539
2496
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
10:08
in these sorts of community barn-raisings.
215
608035
2427
ื‘ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ ืขื–ืจื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ื“.
10:10
The only difference between traditional
216
610462
2144
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ
10:12
vernacular architecture and open-source architecture
217
612606
2408
ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ื•ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืœ
10:15
might be a web connection,
218
615014
2120
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืจืฉืช,
10:17
but it's a really, really big difference.
219
617134
2812
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
10:19
We shared the whole of WikiHouse
220
619946
1431
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื™ืชืคื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ "ื•ื™ืงื™-ื”ืื•ืก"
10:21
under a Creative Commons license,
221
621377
1842
ืชื—ืช ืจืฉื™ื•ืŸ ืžื˜ืขื "ืงืจื™ืื™ื™ื˜ื™ื‘-ืงื•ืžื•ื ืก",
10:23
and now what's just beginning to happen
222
623219
1422
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื” ืฉืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืงืจื•ืช
10:24
is that groups around the world are beginning to take it
223
624641
1982
ืฉืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื•
10:26
and use it and hack it and tinker with it, and it's amazing.
224
626623
2739
ื•ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื• ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื•, ื•ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
10:29
There's a cool group over in Christchurch in New Zealand
225
629362
2965
ื™ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžื’ื ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืกื˜ืฆ'ืจืฅ' ื‘ื ื™ื• ื–ื™ืœื ื“
10:32
looking at post-earthquake development housing,
226
632327
3135
ืฉื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืื—ืจื™ ืจืขื™ื“ื•ืช ืื“ืžื”,
10:35
and thanks to the TED city Prize,
227
635462
3248
ื•ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคืจืก ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžื˜ืขื "TED",
10:38
we're working with an awesome group in one of Rio's favelas
228
638710
2739
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืฉื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื• ื“ื” ื–'ื ื™ื™ืจื•
10:41
to set up a kind of community factory
229
641449
2489
ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืคืขืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืชื™
10:43
and micro-university.
230
643938
1914
ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
10:45
These are very, very small beginnings,
231
645852
1864
ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช,
10:47
and actually there's more people in the last week
232
647716
2875
ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉืขื‘ืจ
10:50
who have got in touch and they're not even on this map.
233
650591
2183
ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื™ืชื ื• ื‘ืงืฉืจ ื•ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืžืคื”.
10:52
I hope next time you see it, you won't even be able to see the map.
234
652774
3740
ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืจืื• ืืช ื–ื”, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืคื”.
10:56
We're aware that WikiHouse is a very, very small answer,
235
656514
4449
ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืจื™ื ืœื›ืš ืฉ"ื•ื™ืงื™ื”ืื•ืก" ื”ื•ื ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืœืงื™ืช,
11:00
but it's a small answer to a really, really big question,
236
660963
3572
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื—ืœืงื™ืช ืœืฉืืœื” ืžืื•ื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
11:04
which is that globally, right now, the fastest-growing cities
237
664535
3776
ืฉื”ื™ื ืฉื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ื›ืจื’ืข, ื”ืขืจื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ืจ
11:08
are not skyscraper cities.
238
668311
2231
ื”ืŸ ืœื ืขืจื™ื ืขื ื’ื•ืจื“ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื.
11:10
They're self-made cities in one form or another.
239
670542
4096
ื”ืŸ ืขืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื›ื‘ื” ืขืฆืžื™ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช.
11:14
If we're talking about the 21st-century city,
240
674638
3624
ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-21,
11:18
these are the guys who are going to be making it.
241
678262
2624
ืืœื• ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
11:20
You know, like it or not, welcome to the world's biggest design team.
242
680886
4482
ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ืืชื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื•ืื ืœืื•, ื‘ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
11:25
So if we're serious about problems
243
685368
2126
ืื– ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช
11:27
like climate change, urbanization and health,
244
687494
4154
ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื, ืขื™ื•ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช,
11:31
actually, our existing development models aren't going to do it.
245
691648
3898
ื‘ืขืฆื, ื“ื’ืžื™ ื”ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื–ื”.
11:35
As I think Robert Neuwirth said, there isn't a bank
246
695546
2088
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื ื•ื™ื•ื™ืจืช', ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ืง
11:37
or a corporation or a government or an NGO
247
697634
2777
ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืื• ืžืžืฉืœื” ืื• ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™
11:40
who's going to be able to do it
248
700411
1386
ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”
11:41
if we treat citizens only as consumers.
249
701797
3649
ืื ื ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื.
11:45
How extraordinary would it be, though, if collectively
250
705446
3781
ื›ืžื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžื’ื“ืจ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื”, ืื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
11:49
we were to develop solutions not just to the problem
251
709227
2273
ื ืคืชื— ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ืœื‘ืขื™ื”
11:51
of structure that we've been working on,
252
711500
2414
ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
11:53
but to infrastructure problems like solar-powered air conditioning,
253
713914
4720
ืืœื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ,
11:58
off-grid energy, off-grid sanitation --
254
718634
2816
ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช, ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจื•ืื” ื”ืืจืฆื™ืช -
12:01
low-cost, open-source, high-performance solutions
255
721450
3929
ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื‘ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
12:05
that anyone can very, very easily make,
256
725379
1940
ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช,
12:07
and to put them all into a commons
257
727319
1901
ื•ืœืฉืชืฃ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื
12:09
where they're owned by everyone and they're accessible by everyone?
258
729220
4348
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืฉืช ืืœื™ื”ื?
12:13
A kind of Wikipedia for stuff?
259
733568
4170
ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
12:17
And once something's in the commons,
260
737738
2041
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ,
12:19
it will always be there.
261
739779
1356
ื”ื•ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื.
12:21
How much would that change the rules?
262
741135
3528
ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื?
12:24
And I think the technology's on our side.
263
744663
3436
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื“ ืฉืœื ื•.
12:28
If design's great project in the 20th century
264
748099
3660
ืื ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20
12:31
was the democratization of consumption --
265
751759
3761
ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช -
12:35
that was Henry Ford, Levittown, Coca-Cola, IKEA โ€”
266
755520
6426
ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ื”ื ืจื™ ืคื•ืจื“, ืœื•ื™ื˜ืื•ืŸ, ืงื•ืงื”-ืงื•ืœื”, ืื™ืงืื” -
12:41
I think design's great project in the 21st century
267
761946
3622
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-21
12:45
is the democratization of production.
268
765568
2872
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™.
12:48
And when it comes to architecture in cities,
269
768440
2680
ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขืจื™ื,
12:51
that really matters.
270
771120
2072
ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื“.
12:53
Thank you very much.
271
773192
1754
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
12:54
(Applause)
272
774946
5124
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7