Alastair Parvin: Architecture for the people by the people

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevoditelj: Mladen Barešić Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

When we use the word "architect" or "designer,"

Kad rabimo riječ "arhitekt" ili "dizajner",

what we usually mean is a professional,

najčešće podrazumijevamo da ona označava profesionalca,

someone who gets paid,

nekoga tko biva plaćen.

and we tend to assume that it's those professionals

I skloni smo pretpostaviti da su ti profesionalci

who are going to be the ones to help us solve

oni koji će nam pomoći riješiti

the really big, systemic design challenges that we face

uistinu velike, sistemske oblikovne izazove s kojima se suočavamo,

like climate change, urbanization and social inequality.

poput klimatskih promjena, urbanizacije i društvene nejednakosti.

That's our kind of working presumption.

To je naša svojevrsna radna pretpostavka.

And I think it's wrong, actually.

A ja, zapravo, mislim da je ona pogrešna.

In 2008, I was just about to graduate from architecture school

Godine 2008. bio sam pred diplomiranjem na arhitektonskom fakultetu,

after several years, and go out and get a job,

nakon nekoliko godina studiranja, i trebao sam početi tražiti posao,

and this happened.

i ovo se dogodilo.

The economy ran out of jobs.

Gospodarstvo je ostalo bez radnih mjesta.

And a couple of things struck me about this.

Nekoliko sam stvari iz toga naučio.

One, don't listen to career advisers.

Prva, ne slušaj savjetnike za razvoj karijera.

And two, actually this is a fascinating paradox for architecture,

I drugo, što je za arhitekturu zapravo nevjerojatan paradoks,

which is that, as a society, we've never needed design thinking more,

a to je da nam, kao društvu, projektantski stil razmišljanja nikad nije bio potrebniji,

and yet architecture was literally becoming unemployed.

a istodobno je arhitektura doslovno postajala besposlena.

It strikes me that we talk very deeply about design,

Nevjerojatno mi je da vrlo promišljeno govorimo o dizajnu,

but actually there's an economics behind architecture

a iza arhitekture, ustvari, postoji ekonomija

that we don't talk about, and I think we need to.

o kojoj ne govorimo, a mislim da bismo trebali.

And a good place to start is your own paycheck.

Dobro bi bilo započeti od vlastite plaće.

So, as a bottom-of-the-rung architecture graduate,

Dakle, kao potpun početnik, diplomirani arhitekt,

I might expect to earn about 24,000 pounds.

mogao bih očekivati da ću zarađivati oko 24.000 funti.

That's about 36,000, 37,000 dollars.

To je oko 36-37.000 dolara.

Now in terms of the whole world's population,

U okviru cjelokupne svjetske populacije,

that already puts me in the top 1.95 richest people,

već me to pozicionira u 1,95% najbogatijih ljudi,

which raises the question of, who is it I'm working for?

što nameće pitanje: A za koga ja to radim?

The uncomfortable fact is that

Neugodna je činjenica da je

actually almost everything that we call architecture today

gotovo sve što danas nazivamo arhitekturom,

is actually the business of designing

zapravo, posao projektiranja

for about the richest one percent of the world's population,

za oko 1% najbogatijih ljudi na svijetu,

and it always has been.

i oduvijek je to i bila.

The reason why we forgot that

Razlog zašto to zaboravljamo

is because the times in history when architecture

je taj što su povijesna razdoblja u kojima je arhitektura

did the most to transform society were those times

ponajviše utjecala na društvene promjene, bila ona vremena

when, actually, the one percent would build

u kojima je tih 1% gradilo

on behalf of the 99 percent, for various different reasons,

za onih 99%, iz raznih pobuda,

whether that was through philanthropy in the 19th century,

bilo to iz čovjekoljublja u 19. stoljeću,

communism in the early 20th,

u komunizmu ranog 20. stoljeća,

the welfare state, and most recently, of course,

u državi blagostanja ili, naravno,

through this inflated real estate bubble.

kroz nedavno napuhani nekretninski balon.

And all of those booms, in their own various ways,

I svi su ti procvati, svaki na svoj način,

have now kicked the bucket,

danas prošlost,

and we're back in this situation

a mi smo ponovno u situaciji

where the smartest designers and architects in the world

u kojoj najdomišljatiji svjetski dizajneri i arhitekti

are only really able to work for one percent of the population.

mogu raditi jedino za 1% populacije.

Now it's not just that that's bad for democracy,

To nije loše samo za demokraciju,

though I think it probably is,

iako mislim da vjerojatno jest;

it's actually not a very clever business strategy, actually.

to nije baš osobito pametna poslovna strategija.

I think the challenge facing the next generation of architects

Vjerujem da je pred sljedećom generacijom arhitekata izazov

is, how are we going to turn our client

kako našega klijenta dovesti

from the one percent to the 100 percent?

od 1% do 100%?

And I want to offer three slightly counterintuitive ideas

Želim vam ponuditi tri pomalo nerazumne ideje

for how it might be done.

o tome kako bi se to moglo učiniti.

The first is, I think we need to question this idea

Prva: Vjerujem da trebamo preispitati tu ideju

that architecture is about making buildings.

da je arhitektura - gradnja građevina.

Actually, a building is about the most expensive solution

Građevina je, zapravo, jedno od najskupljih rješenja

you can think of to almost any given problem.

koja možete zamisliti kao odgovor na neki problem.

And fundamentally, design should be much, much more interested

A dizajn bi, u suštini, trebao biti mnogo, mnogo zainteresiraniji

in solving problems and creating new conditions.

za rješavanje problema i stvaranje novih uvjeta.

So here's a story.

Evo jednog primjera.

The office was working with a school,

Arhitektonski ured radio je na projektu sa školom,

and they had an old Victorian school building.

smještenom u staroj viktorijanskoj zgradi.

And they said to the architects, "Look,

Iz škole su arhitektima rekli: "Gledajte,

our corridors are an absolute nightmare.

naši su hodnici potpuni užas.

They're far too small. They get congested between classes.

Premali su. Previše je djece u njima tijekom odmora.

There's bullying. We can't control them.

Ne možemo obuzdati vršnjačko nasilje.

So what we want you to do is re-plan our entire building,

Stoga bismo željeli da vi preobrazite čitavu našu zgradu.

and we know it's going to cost several million pounds,

Znamo da će to koštati nekoliko milijuna funti,

but we're reconciled to the fact."

ali pomirili smo se s tom činjenicom."

And the team thought about this, and they went away,

Tim je razmišljao o tome

and they said, "Actually, don't do that.

i zaključio: "Zapravo, nemojte to činiti.

Instead, get rid of the school bell.

Umjesto toga, uklonite školsko zvono.

And instead of having one school bell that goes off once,

I umjesto jednog snažnog školskog zvona,

have several smaller school bells that go off

ugradite nekoliko manjih zvona koja se oglašavaju

in different places and different times,

na različitim mjestima i u različitim trenucima,

distribute the traffic through the corridors."

i tako rasporedite kretanje po hodnicima."

It solves the same problem,

Riješit ćete tako isti problem,

but instead of spending several million pounds,

jedino što umjesto da potrošite nekoliko milijuna funti,

you spend several hundred pounds.

trošite nekoliko stotina funti.

Now, it looks like you're doing yourself out of a job,

Ovo se čini kao da sami sebi tako oduzimate posao,

but you're not. You're actually making yourself more useful.

ali nije tako. Zapravo, činite sami sebe korisnijima.

Architects are actually really, really good

Arhitekti su, zapravo, stvarno, stvarno dobri

at this kind of resourceful, strategic thinking.

u takvim oblicima domišljatog, strateškog mišljenja.

And the problem is that, like a lot of design professions,

Problem je u tome, a slično je u mnogim oblikovnim profesijama,

we got fixated on the idea of providing

što smo se vezali uz ideju pružanja

a particular kind of consumer product,

svojevrsne komercijalne usluge,

and I don't think that needs to be the case anymore.

a ne mislim da to tako više treba biti.

The second idea worth questioning is this 20th-century thing

Druga ideja vrijedna propitkivanja je ona u 20. stoljeću uvriježena misao

that mass architecture is about big --

o masovnoj arhitekturi kao nečemu velikome -

big buildings and big finance.

velikim građevinama i velikim novcima.

Actually, we've got ourselves locked into this

Zapravo, zaostali smo u tom

Industrial Era mindset which says that

mentalitetu Industrijskog doba koji kaže da

the only people who can make cities are large organizations

jedini koji mogu izgrađivati gradove su velike organizacije

or corporations who build on our behalf,

ili korporacije koje grade u naše ime,

procuring whole neighborhoods

stvarajući čitave četvrti

in single, monolithic projects, and of course,

kroz izdvojene, jednoobrazne projekte i, naravno,

form follows finance.

forma je rezultat financijskih mogućnosti.

So what you end up with are single, monolithic neighborhoods

I zato dobivamo te izdvojene, jednoobrazne četvrti

based on this kind of one-size-fits-all model.

zasnovane na modelu jednako za sve.

And a lot of people can't even afford them.

A mnogi si ljudi to ne mogu niti priuštiti.

But what if, actually, it's possible now for cities

Ali, što ako je moguće da gradove danas

to be made not just by the few with a lot

ne gradi manjina s mnogo,

but also by the many with a bit?

nego i većina s malo?

And when they do, they bring with them

I kad to učine, sa sobom donose

a completely different set of values about the place that they want to live.

potpuno različit skup vrijednosti o tome na kakvom mjestu žele živjeti.

And it raises really interesting questions about,

I to rađa istinski zanimljiva pitanja o tome

how will we plan cities? How will finance development?

kako ćemo planirati svoje gradove? Kako ćemo financirati razvoj?

How will we sell design services?

Kako ćemo prodavati oblikovne usluge?

What would it mean for democratic societies

Što bi za demokratska društva značilo

to offer their citizens a right to build?

kad bismo građanima ponudili pravo da grade?

And in a way it should be kind of obvious, right,

Na izvjestan bi način to bilo razumljivo i ispravno

that in the 21st century, maybe cities can be developed by citizens.

da u 21. stoljeću građani mogu graditi gradove.

And thirdly, we need to remember that,

I treće: Trebamo upamtiti da,

from a strictly economic point of view,

iz isključivo ekonomskog gledišta,

design shares a category with sex and care of the elderly --

dizajn je u istoj kategoriji sa seksom i s brigom za starije osobe --

mostly it's done by amateurs.

uglavnom se njime bave amateri.

And that's a good thing.

I to je dobro.

Most of the work takes place outside of the monetary economy

Većina toga posla zbiva se izvan monetarne ekonomije,

in what's called the social economy or the core economy,

u onome što se naziva socijalnom ekonomijom ili bazičnom ekonomijom,

which is people doing it for themselves.

što znači da ljudi sami sebi nešto izrađuju.

And the problem is that, up until now,

Problem je u tome što je sve dosad

it was the monetary economy which had

monetarna ekonomija posjedovala

all the infrastructure and all the tools.

svu infrastrukturu i sve alate.

So the challenge we face is, how are we going

Stojimo pred izazovom

to build the tools, the infrastructure and the institutions

kako izgraditi alate, infrastrukturu i institucije

for architecture's social economy?

za arhitekturu socijalne ekonomije?

And that began with open-source software.

I to je započelo sa svima dostupnim softverom.

And over the last few years, it's been moving

Tijekom posljednjih godina, ušlo se i

into the physical world with open-source hardware,

u fizički svijet sa svima dostupnim hardverom,

which are freely shared blueprints

u obliku nacrta

that anyone can download and make for themselves.

koje svatko može preuzeti i sam izraditi.

And that's where 3D printing gets really, really interesting.

I tu zbilja zanimljivi postaju 3D štampači.

Right? When suddenly you had a 3D printer

Zar ne? Odjednom imate 3D štampač

that was open-source, the parts for which

koji je svima dostupan, i za kojeg se dijelovi

could be made on another 3D printer.

mogu izraditi na drugom 3D štampaču.

Or the same idea here, which is for a CNC machine,

Ili poput ove zamisli, za CNC stroj,

which is like a large printer that can cut sheets of plywood.

koja sliči velikom štampaču koji reže listove šperploče.

What these technologies are doing is radically

Ovim se tehnologijama drastično

lowering the thresholds of time and cost and skill.

smanjuje potrebno vrijeme, trošak i vještina.

They're challenging the idea that

Njima se izaziva aktualno uvjerenje da

if you want something to be affordable it's got to be one-size-fits-all.

ako želite nešto financijski prihvatljivo, to treba biti "jednako za sve".

And they're distributing massively

I njima se masovno raspodjeljuju

really complex manufacturing capabilities.

istinski složene proizvodne vještine.

We're moving into this future where the factory is everywhere,

Na putu smo u budućnost u kojoj su tvornice posvuda,

and increasingly that means

što sve više znači

that the design team is everyone.

i da je svatko - dizajnerski tim.

That really is an industrial revolution.

To uistinu jest industrijska revolucija.

And when we think that the major ideological conflicts

Kad pomislimo da su glavni naslijeđeni ideološki konflikti

that we inherited were all based around this question

svi bili zasnovani na pitanju

of who should control the means of production,

tko bi trebao nadzirati sredstva za proizvodnju,

and these technologies are coming back with a solution:

a ove tehnologije uzvraćaju rješenjem:

actually, maybe no one. All of us.

Zapravo, možda nitko. Svi mi.

And we were fascinated by

Dojmilo nas se

what that might mean for architecture.

što bi to moglo značiti za arhitekturu.

So about a year and a half ago,

Prije godinu i pol dana

we started working on a project called WikiHouse,

započeli smo s projektom nazvanim WikiHouse,

and WikiHouse is an open-source construction system.

svima dostupnim konstrukcijskim sustavom.

And the idea is to make it possible for anyone

Zamislili smo svima omogućiti

to go online, access a freely shared library

da na Internetu slobodno pristupaju bazi

of 3D models which they can download and adapt in,

3D modela koje mogu preuzimati i prilagoditi -

at the moment, SketchUp, because it's free, and it's easy to use,

trenutno u SketchUpu, jer je besplatan i jednostavan za korištenje -

and almost at the click of a switch

i praktično samo na "klik"

they can generate a set of cutting files

dobiti niz isječaka

which allow them, in effect,

koji vam, posljedično, omogućuju

to print out the parts from a house using a CNC machine

da tiskate dijelove kuće koristeći CNC-stroj

and a standard sheet material like plywood.

i standardni lisni materijal poput šperploče.

And the parts are all numbered,

Svi su dijelovi numerirani

and basically what you end up with is a really big IKEA kit.

i, zapravo, na kraju dobijete stvarno velik Ikein pribor.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And it goes together without any bolts.

Spajati se mogu bez ikakvih vijaka.

It uses wedge and peg connections.

Koriste se klinovi i igle.

And even the mallets to make it

Čak i batiće možete dobiti

can be provided on the cutting sheets as well.

zajedno s ostalim priborom.

And a team of about two or three people,

Dvoje ili troje ljudi,

working together, can build this.

radeći zajedno, mogu to načiniti.

They don't need any traditional construction skills.

Nisu im potrebne nikakve tradicionalne konstruktorske vještine.

They don't need a huge array of power tools or anything like that,

Nije im potrebna silna oprema ni alati, niti išta slično,

and they can build a small house of about this size

a kućicu otprilike ove veličine mogu izgraditi

in about a day.

u jednome danu.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

And what you end up with is just the basic chassis of a house

Na kraju dobijete samo skelet kuće

onto which you can then apply systems like windows

na koju onda možete ugraditi prozore,

and cladding and insulation and services

obloge, izolaciju i instalacije,

based on what's cheap and what's available.

ovisno o cijeni i o raspoloživosti.

Of course, the house is never finished.

Kuća, dakako, nikad nije dovršena.

We're shifting our heads here, so the house is not a finished product.

Ovo je za nas velika promjena; stoga ni kuća nije dovršen proizvod.

With the CNC machine, you can make new parts for it

S CNC-strojem, za nju možete načiniti nove dijelove

over its life or even use it to make the house next door.

tijekom vremena, ili ih čak iskoristiti za gradnju susjedne kuće.

So we can begin to see the seed of a completely open-source,

Možemo uočiti začetak apsolutno svima dostupnog

citizen-led urban development model, potentially.

urbanog razvojnog modela čiji su protagonisti - građani.

And we and others have built a few prototypes around the world now,

Nekoliko nas izradilo je nekoliko prototipova diljem svijeta,

and some really interesting lessons here.

i evo nekoliko uistinu zanimljivih pouka.

One of them is that it's always incredibly sociable.

To je uvijek nevjerojatno društveno iskustvo.

People get confused between construction work and having fun.

Ljudi ne vide razliku između gradnje i zabave.

But the principles of openness go right down

Ali, načela otvorenosti očituju se

into the really mundane, physical details.

i u stvarno prizemnim, fizičkim detaljima.

Like, never designing a piece that can't be lifted up.

Recimo, ne konstruirajmo elemente koje ne možemo podići.

Or, when you're designing a piece,

Ili, kad konstruirate element,

make sure you either can't put it in the wrong way round,

osigurajte da ga ili ne možete pogrešno postaviti,

or, if you do, it doesn't matter, because it's symmetrical.

ili, ako to i učinite, to nije važno, jer je element simetričan.

Probably the principal which runs deepest with us

Načelo s vjerojatno za nas najdubljim implikacijama

is the principal set out by Linus Torvalds,

načelo je Linusa Torvaldsa,

the open-source pioneer,

pionira ovog pokreta,

which was that idea of, "Be lazy like a fox."

a to je misao: "Budi lijen poput lisice."

Don't reinvent the wheel every time.

Ne izmišljaj toplu vodu.

Take what already works, and adapt it for your own needs.

Prihvati što je već prokušano, i prilagodi to svojim potrebama.

Contrary to almost everything that you might get taught

Oprečno svemu čemu vas možda poučavaju

at an architecture school, copying is good.

na arhitektonskom fakultetu - oponašanje je dobro.

Which is appropriate, because actually,

Što je primjereno, jer, zapravo,

this approach is not innovative.

ovaj pristup nije inovativan.

It's actually how we built buildings

Tako smo, ustvari, gradili

for hundreds of years before the Industrial Revolution

stotinama godina prije industrijske revolucije

in these sorts of community barn-raisings.

u poznatim "zajedničnim" podizanjima sjenika.

The only difference between traditional

Jedina razlika između tradicionalne,

vernacular architecture and open-source architecture

pučke arhitekture i ove "svima dostupne" arhitekture

might be a web connection,

moglo bi biti internetsko povezivanje,

but it's a really, really big difference.

no to je stvarno, stvarno velika razlika.

We shared the whole of WikiHouse

Razdijelili smo čitav WikiHouse

under a Creative Commons license,

pod dopusnicom Creative Commons,

and now what's just beginning to happen

i sad se počinje primjećivati

is that groups around the world are beginning to take it

da ga skupine diljem svijeta počinju prepoznavati,

and use it and hack it and tinker with it, and it's amazing.

i koristiti, i komadati ih, i spajati, i to je čudesno!

There's a cool group over in Christchurch in New Zealand

Postoji jedna sjajna skupina u Christchurchu, na Novom Zelandu,

looking at post-earthquake development housing,

koja se bavi razvojem gradnje nakon potresa.

and thanks to the TED city Prize,

A zahvaljujući TED City Prizeu,

we're working with an awesome group in one of Rio's favelas

mi surađujemo s impresivnom skupinom u jednoj od favela Rio de Janeira

to set up a kind of community factory

na uspostavljanju "zajednične" tvornice

and micro-university.

i mini-sveučilišta.

These are very, very small beginnings,

To su vrlo, vrlo mali začeci,

and actually there's more people in the last week

a više je ljudi koji su prošloga tjedna

who have got in touch and they're not even on this map.

uspostavili kontakte i njih na ovom prikazu niti nema.

I hope next time you see it, you won't even be able to see the map.

Nadam se da sljedećeg puta kad ga vidite, nećete moći vidjeti kontinente.

We're aware that WikiHouse is a very, very small answer,

Svjesni smo da je WikiHouse vrlo, vrlo mali odgovor,

but it's a small answer to a really, really big question,

ali je mali odgovor na zbilja, zbilja veliko pitanje.

which is that globally, right now, the fastest-growing cities

A to je da globalno, upravo sad, najbrže rastući gradovi

are not skyscraper cities.

nisu gradovi nebodera.

They're self-made cities in one form or another.

To su samo-podignuti gradovi, ove ili one vrste.

If we're talking about the 21st-century city,

Govorimo li o gradu 21. stoljeća,

these are the guys who are going to be making it.

ovi će ga dečki graditi.

You know, like it or not, welcome to the world's biggest design team.

Sviđalo vam se ili ne, dobrodošli u najveći svjetski projektantski tim.

So if we're serious about problems

Dakle, ako se kanimo ozbiljno suočiti s problemima

like climate change, urbanization and health,

poput klimatskih promjena, urbanizacije i zdravlja,

actually, our existing development models aren't going to do it.

postojeći naši razvojni modeli ih, zapravo, neće moći razriješiti.

As I think Robert Neuwirth said, there isn't a bank

Mislim da je Robert Neuwirth rekao kako ne postoji banka,

or a corporation or a government or an NGO

niti kompanija, ni vlada, ili nevladina organizacija,

who's going to be able to do it

koja će to biti kadra učiniti

if we treat citizens only as consumers.

nastavimo li građane tretirati samo kao potrošače.

How extraordinary would it be, though, if collectively

No, kako bi tek izvanredno bilo kad bismo skupno

we were to develop solutions not just to the problem

razvijali rješenja ne samo

of structure that we've been working on,

strukturalnih problema na kojima radimo,

but to infrastructure problems like solar-powered air conditioning,

već i infrastrukturnih problema, poput solarne klimatizacije,

off-grid energy, off-grid sanitation --

izvanmrežne energije, izvanmrežnog zdravstva -

low-cost, open-source, high-performance solutions

niskotarifnih, svima dostupnih, visokodjelotvornih rješenja

that anyone can very, very easily make,

koja svatko vrlo lako može izraditi,

and to put them all into a commons

i sve ih pohraniti u Wikimedia Commons

where they're owned by everyone and they're accessible by everyone?

gdje ih svatko može posjedovati i svatko im može pristupiti?

A kind of Wikipedia for stuff?

Neku vrstu Wikipedije za predmete?

And once something's in the commons,

A jednom kad se nešto nađe u Wikimedia Commons,

it will always be there.

zauvijek će ondje ostati.

How much would that change the rules?

Koliko bi to izmijenilo pravila igre?

And I think the technology's on our side.

Mislim da je tehnologija na našoj strani.

If design's great project in the 20th century

Ako je veliki dizajnerski projekt 20. stoljeća

was the democratization of consumption --

bila demokratizacija potrošnje -

that was Henry Ford, Levittown, Coca-Cola, IKEA —

primjerice, Henry Ford, Levittown, Coca-Cola, IKEA -

I think design's great project in the 21st century

mislim da je veliki dizajnerski projekt 21. stoljeća

is the democratization of production.

demokratizacija proizvodnje.

And when it comes to architecture in cities,

A što se tiče arhitekture u gradovima,

that really matters.

to je uistinu bitno.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam najljepša.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)