Aris Venetikidis: Making sense of maps

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Prevodilac: Bojan Mijić Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic

What I do is I organize information.

Ja se bavim organizovanjem informacija. Ja sam grafički dizajner.

I'm a graphic designer.

Professionally, I try to make sense

U svom poslu pokušavam da napravim smisao

often of things that don't make much sense themselves.

od stvari koje često nemaju mnogo smisla.

So my father might not understand what it is that I do for a living.

Tako da moj otac možda neće razumeti šta je to

što radim da zaradim za hleb.

Moji preci sa njegove strane su bili zemljoradnici.

His part of my ancestry has been farmers.

He's part of this ethnic minority called the Pontic Greeks.

On je pripadnik etničke manjine zvane pontski Grci.

They lived in Asia Minor and fled to Greece after a genocide

Živeli su u Maloj Aziji i pobegli su u Grčku

nakon genocida pre oko sto godina

about a hundred years ago.

And ever since that, migration has somewhat been a theme in my family.

i od tog trenutka, migracija je na neki način postala

tema u mojoj porodici.

Moj otac je emigrirao u Nemačku, tamo studirao i oženio se

My father moved to Germany, studied there and married,

and as a result, I now have this half-German brain,

i kao rezultat toga ja sada imam polunemački mozak

sa svim analitičkim mišljenjem

with all the analytical thinking and that slightly dorky demeanor

i pomalo štreberskim stavom koji ide uz to.

that come with that.

And of course it meant that I was a foreigner in both countries,

To je takođe značilo da sam stranac u obe zemlje,

and that of course made it pretty easy for me to migrate as well,

a to mi je naravno vrlo olakšalo

da migriram, u dobroj porodičnoj tradiciji, da tako kažem.

in good family tradition, if you like.

But of course, most journeys that we undertake from day to day

Ali naravno, većina putovanja na koje se uputimo

iz dana u dan su u okvirima grada,

are within a city.

And, especially if you know the city,

a naročito ako znate grad, doći od tačke A do tačke B

getting from A to B may seem pretty obvious, right?

izgleda prilično očigledno, zar ne?

But the question is, why is it obvious?

Ali pitanje je, zašto je to očigledno?

How do we know where we're going?

Kako znamo kuda idemo?

So I washed up on a Dublin ferry port about 12 years ago,

Završio sam u Dablinskoj trajektnoj luci

pre oko 12 godina, profesionalni stranac, da tako kažem,

a professional foreigner, if you like,

and I'm sure you've all had this experience before, yeah?

siguran sam da ste svi nekad imali ovo iskustvo, zar ne?

You arrive in a new city,

Dođete u novi grad i vaš mozak pokušava

and your brain is trying to make sense of this new place.

da nađe neki smisao u ovom novom mestu.

Once you find your base, your home,

Kada nađete vašu bazu, vašu kuću,

krenete da pravite kognitivnu mapu svog okruženja.

you start to build this cognitive map of your environment.

It's essentially this virtual map that only exists in your brain.

To je u suštini virtuelna mapa koja postoji samo u vašem mozgu.

All animal species do it,

Sve životinjske vrste to rade,

even though we all use slightly different tools.

iako svi koristimo blago drugačije alate.

Us humans, of course, we don't move around marking our territory by scent, like dogs.

Mi ljudi naravno ne idemo unaokolo

označavajući našu teritoriju mirisom, kao psi.

We don't run around emitting ultrasonic squeaks, like bats.

Ne jurimo unaokolo praveći ultrazvučne piskove, kao slepi miševi.

We just don't do that,

Jednostavno to ne radimo,

although a night in the Temple Bar district can get pretty wild.

iako u ulici punoj kafana zna da bude prilično ludo. (Smeh)

(Laughter)

No, we do two important things to make a place our own.

Ne, mi činimo dve važne stvari kako bismo neko mesto označili kao svoje.

First, we move along linear routes.

Prvo, krećemo se pravolinijskim putanjama.

Typically, we find a main street,

Obično nađemo glavnu ulicu i onda ta glavna ulica

and this main street becomes a linear strip map in our minds.

postaje mentalna skica mape u našim mislima.

But our mind keeps it pretty simple, yeah?

Ali naš um ih pravi prilično jednostavnim, zar ne?

Every street is generally perceived as a straight line,

Svaka ulica se obično doživljava kao prava linija

and we kind of ignore the little twists and turns that the streets make.

i kao da ignorišemo mala vijuganja i skretanja koje ulica pravi.

When we do, however, make a turn into a side street,

Međutim, kada skrenemo u sporednu ulicu,

our mind tends to adjust that turn to a 90-degree angle.

naš um teži da to skretanje pretvori u ugao od 90 stepeni.

To naravno dovodi do smešnih trenutaka

This of course makes for some funny moments

when you're in some old city layout

kada se nalazite u nekom starom gradu koji prati neku vrstu

that follows some sort of circular city logic, yeah?

kružne logike grada, zar ne?

Možda ste i vi već imali takvo iskustvo?

Maybe you've had that experience as well.

Recimo da se nalazite negde u sporednoj ulici koja se pruža

Let's say you're on some spot on a side street

that projects from a main cathedral square,

od glavnog trga katedrale i želite da dođete

and you want to get to another point on a side street just like that.

do druge tačke na sporednoj ulici.

The cognitive map in your mind may tell you,

Kognitivna mapa u vašem umu vam kaže: "Aris,

"Aris, go back to the main cathedral square,

idi nazad do glavnog trga katedrale,

take a 90-degree turn and walk down that other side street."

skreni pod uglom od 90 stepeni i pređi u drugu sporednu ulicu."

But somehow you feel adventurous that day, and you suddenly discover

Ali tog dana se nekako osećate avanturistički

i odjednom otkrijete da su te dve tačke

that the two spots were actually only a single building apart.

zapravo bile udaljene samo jednu zgradu.

Now, I don't know about you,

Ne znam za vas, ali ja se uvek osećam kao da nađem

but I always feel like I find this wormhole

tunel ili interdimenzionalni portal.

or this inter-dimensional portal.

(Laughter)

So we move along linear routes

Tako da se mi krećemo pravolinijskim putanjama

and our mind straightens streets and perceives turns as 90-degree angles.

i naš um ispravlja ulice i poima skretanja

kao uglove od 90 stepeni.

Druga stvar koju činimo da označimo mesto kao svoje

The second thing that we do to make a place our own

je pridodavanje značenja i emocija stvarima

is we attach meaning and emotions to the things

that we see along those lines.

koje vidimo duž ovih putanja.

Ako odete u neko selo u Irskoj i ako upitate staricu za pravac,

If you go to the Irish countryside and you ask an old lady for directions,

spremite se na podugačke

brace yourself for some elaborate Irish storytelling

irske priče o orijentirima.

about all the landmarks, yeah?

She'll tell you the pub where her sister used to work,

Starica će vam reći za pab u kojem je radila njena sestra

and "... go past that church where I got married," that kind of thing.

i da prođete pored crkve gde se udala, takve stvari.

So we fill our cognitive maps with these markers of meaning.

Dakle, popunjavamo kognitivne mape markerima sa značenjem.

Čak, mi apstrahujemo,

What's more, we abstract repeat patterns and recognize them.

ponavljamo obrasce i prepoznajemo ih.

We recognize them by the experiences and we abstract them into symbols.

Prepoznajemo ih iz iskustva

i apstrahujemo ih u simbole.

And of course, we're all capable of understanding these symbols.

I naravno, sposobni smo da razumemo ove simbole.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Štaviše, sposobni smo da razumemo

What's more, we're all capable of understanding the cognitive maps,

kognitivne mape, a vi ste sposobni

and you are all capable of creating these cognitive maps yourselves.

da sami pravite ove kognitivne mape.

So next time, when you want to tell your friend how to get to your place,

Tako da sledeći put kad budete hteli da objasnite prijatelju kako da dođe do vas,

you grab a beermat, grab a napkin, and you just observe yourself

uzmite podmetač za pivo ili uzmite salvetu

i samo posmatrajte kako pravite ovaj sjajan primerak

create this awesome piece of communication design.

komunikacionog dizajna. Ima prave linije.

It's got straight lines.

It's got 90-degree corners.

Ima skretanja sa uglovima od 90 stepeni.

Možda dodate male simbole duž puta.

You might add little symbols along the way.

I kada pogledate to što ste nacrtali,

And when you look at what you've just drawn,

you realize it does not resemble a street map.

shvatite da to ne liči na mapu ulice.

If you were to put an actual street map on top of what you've just drawn,

Kada biste postavili pravu mapu ulice

preko toga što ste upravo nacrtali, shvatili biste da bi vaše ulice

you'd realize your streets and the distances -- they'd be way off.

i vaše udaljenosti bile potpuno pogrešne.

No, what you've just drawn is more like a diagram or a schematic.

Ne, to što ste upravo nacrtali

više liči na dijagram ili šemu.

It's a visual construct of lines, dots, letters,

To je vizuelni konstrukt linija, tačaka, slova,

dizajniran u jeziku našeg mozga.

designed in the language of our brains.

So it's no big surprise

Tako da nije čudo što poznatu ikonu dizajna informacija

that the big information-design icon of the last century --

prošlog veka, vrhunac objašnjavanja kako se stiže

the pinnacle of showing everybody how to get from A to B,

od tačke A do tačke B, mape londonskog metroa,

the London Underground map --

nije osmislio kartograf ili gradski planer.

was not designed by a cartographer or a city planner;

it was designed by an engineering draftsman.

Napravio ju je crtač inženjerskih planova.

In the 1930s,

Heri Bek je 1930-ih primenio principe

Harry Beck applied the principles of schematic diagram design

dizajna šematskih dijagrama i zauvek promenio način

and changed the way public transport maps are designed forever.

na koji se prave mape javnog prevoza.

Now the very key to the success of this map

Ključ uspeha ove mape

je u izostavljanju manje važnih informacija

is in the omission of less important information

and in the extreme simplification.

i u ogromnom uprošćavanju.

Dakle pravolinijske ulice, uglovi od 90 ili 45 stepeni,

So, straightened streets, corners of 90 and 45 degrees,

ali isto tako krajnje geografsko iskrivljenje mape.

but also the extreme geographic distortion in that map.

Ako biste pogledali pravi položaj ovih stanica,

If you were to look at the actual locations of these stations,

you'd see they're very different.

videli biste da su one skroz drukčije.

But this is all for the clarity of the public Tube map.

Ali to je sve u cilju jasnoće mape javnog prevoza.

If you, say, wanted to get from Regent's Park station

Ako biste, na primer, hteli da dođete od stanice Ridžents Park

to Great Portland Street,

do Grejt Portland ulice, mapa prevoza bi vam rekla

the Tube map would tell you:

da odete na podzemni voz do Bejker Strita i presednete na drugi voz.

take the Tube, go to Baker Street, change over, take another Tube.

Of course, what you don't know is that the two stations

Naravno, ono što ne biste znali je da su te dve stanice

u stvarnosti udaljene oko sto metara.

are only about a hundred meters apart.

Dotakli smo temu javnog prevoza,

Now we've reached the subject of public transport,

and public transport here in Dublin

a javni prevoz ovde u Dabbling je pomalo škakljiva tema.

is a somewhat touchy subject.

(Smeh)

(Laughter)

For everybody who does not know the public transport here in Dublin,

Za svakoga ko ne poznaje javni prevoz ovde u Dablinu,

essentially, we have this system of local buses that grew with the city.

u suštini imamo sistem lokalnih autobusa koji se širio sa rastom grada.

Za svako novo prigradsko naselje

For every outskirt that was added, there was another bus route added,

dodata je nova autobuska linija

running from the outskirt all the way to the city center.

koja je išla od prigradskog naselja do centra grada

i kako ovi lokalni autobusi prilaze centru grada,

And as these local buses approach the city center,

they all run side by side and converge in pretty much one main street.

oni se kreću jedan do drugog i praktično se slivaju

u jednu glavnu ulicu.

So when I stepped off the boat 12 years ago,

Kada sam pre 12 godina prvi put kročio sa broda,

I tried to make sense of that.

pokušao sam da napravim neki smisao,

Because exploring a city on foot only gets you so far.

jer kada istražujete grad peške, ne možete baš mnogo daleko.

But when you explore a foreign and new public transport system,

Ali kada istražujete strani i vama novi sistem javnog prevoza,

počećete da pravite kognitivnu mapu u svojim mislima

you will build a cognitive map in your mind in pretty much the same way.

na sasvim isti način.

Typically, you choose yourself a rapid transport route,

Obično ćete izabrati brzu rutu prevoza

and in your mind, this route is perceived as a straight line.

i u vašim mislima rutu ćete doživljavati kao pravu liniju

And like a pearl necklace,

i baš poput biserne ogrlice, sve usputne stanice

all the stations and stops are nicely and neatly aligned along the line.

su lepo i uredno poređane duž linije

And only then you start to discover some local bus routes

i tek onda počnete da otkrivate neke lokalne autobuske linije

koje će popuniti praznine i koje vam omogućavaju

that would fill in the gaps,

and that allow for those wormhole, inter-dimensional portal shortcuts.

one prolaze ili prečice do interdimenzionalnih portala.

So I tried to make sense, and when I arrived,

Kada sam stigao, pokušao sam da nađem smisao,

I was looking for some information leaflets

tražio sam informativne letke koji bi mi pomogli

that would help me crack this system and understand it,

da proniknem u sistem i da ga razumem i tako sam našao ove brošure.

and I found those brochures.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

They were not geographically distorted.

One nisu geografski izobličene.

U njima je dosta informacija izostavljeno,

They had a lot of omission of information,

but unfortunately, the wrong information.

ali nažalost pogrešnih informacija, npr. u centru grada.

Say, in the city center --

there were never actually any lines that showed the routes.

Nije bilo linija koje su prikazivale rute prevoza.

(Laughter)

There are actually not even any stations with names.

Zapravo nije bilo ni stanica sa imenima.

(Laughter)

Now, the maps of Dublin transport have gotten better,

Sada su mape dablinskog prevoza postale bolje

and after I finished the project, they got a good bit better,

i nakon što sam završio projekat, postale su mnogo bolje,

but still no station names, still no routes.

ali i dalje nije bilo imena stanica, niti ruta prevoza.

So, being naive, and being half-German, I decided,

I kako sam bio naivan i polu-Nemac, rekao sam sebi:

"Aris, why don't you build your own map?"

„Aris, a što ne bi napravio svoju mapu?”

So that's what I did.

Tako sam to i uradio.

I researched how each and every bus route moved through the city, nice and logical,

Istražio sam kako su se sve autobuske rute prostirale kroz grad,

lepo i logično, svaka autobuska ruta kao odvojena linija,

every bus route a separate line.

I plotted it into my own map of Dublin,

i ucrtao sam ih u moju mapu Dablina,

and in the city center ...

a u centru grada sam dobio fin tanjir špageta.

I got a nice spaghetti plate.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Now, this is a bit of a mess,

To je bilo pomalo haotično, pa sam naravno odlučio

so I decided, of course,

"You're going to apply the rules of schematic design,"

da primenim pravilo šematskog dizajna,

cleaning up the corridors,

očistio sam puteve, proširio ulice gde je bilo

widening the streets where there were loads of buses

mnoštvo autobusa i nacrtao sve ulice

and making the streets at straight, 90-degree corners, 45-degree corners

pravolinijske ili pod uglovima od 90 i 45 stepeni ili manjim uglovima

or fractions of that,

and filled it in with the bus routes.

i popunio ih autobuskim rutama.

And I built this city center bus map of the system,

A napravio sam i ovu mapu autobuskih linija centra grada,

how it was five years ago.

onako kako je izgledala pre pet godina.

I'll zoom in again so that you get the full impact

Uvećaću je kako biste dobili pun pregled pristaništa i ulice Westmoreland.

of the quays and Westmoreland Street.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Sada mogu sa ponosom reći –

Now I can proudly say --

(Applause)

(Aplauz) –

I can proudly say, as a public transport map,

mogu sa ponosom reći, da je kao mapa prevoza

this diagram is an utter failure.

ovaj dijagram totalna propast – (Smeh) –

(Laughter)

Except, probably, in one aspect:

osim možda u jednom pogledu:

I now had a great visual representation

sada sam imao bolju vizuelnu predstavu

of just how clogged up and overrun the city center really was.

koliko je zapravo pretrpan i zagušen centar grada.

Now, call me old-fashioned,

Nazovite me staromodnim, ali smatram

but I think a public transport route map should have lines,

da mapa ruta javnog prevoza treba da ima linije,

because that's what they are, yeah?

jer to je ono što su one. Zar ne?

One su kratke pruge koje vijugaju kroz

They're little pieces of string that wrap their way

through the city center or through the city.

centar grada ili kroz grad.

If you will, the Greek guy inside of me feels if I don't get a line,

Sa druge strane, Grk u meni, da tako kažem, oseća

da ako ne napravim liniju, to je kao da uđem u Minotaurov lavirint

it's like entering the labyrinth of the Minotaur

without having Ariadne giving you the string to find your way.

bez da mi Arijadna da klupko da nađem put.

So the outcome of my academic research,

Tako da je rezultat mog akademskog istraživanja

loads of questionnaires, case studies and looking at a lot of maps,

gomile upitnika, studija slučaja

i gledanja mnogo mapa, bio taj da je veliki broj problema

was that a lot of the problems and shortcomings

i mana sistema javnog prevoza ovde u Dablinu

of the public transport system here in Dublin

was the lack of a coherent public transport map --

poticao od nedostatka dosledne mape javnog prevoza,

a simplified, coherent public transport map --

jednostavne, dosledne mape javnog prevoza,

because I think this is the crucial step to understanding

a budući da verujem da je ovo ključni korak u razumevanju

mreže javnog transporta na fizičkom nivou,

a public transport network on a physical level,

but it's also the crucial step to make a public transport network mappable

to je takođe ključni korak kako bismo napravili

moguću vizuelnu mrežu javnog transporta.

on a visual level.

So I teamed up with a gentleman called James Leahy,

Tako sam se udružio sa gospodinom Džejmsom Lihijem,

a civil engineer and a recent master's graduate

inženjerom građevine i svežim masterom

of the Sustainable Development program at DIT,

programa Održive izgradnje na Dablinskom tehnološkom institutu

and together we drafted the simplified model network,

i zajedno sa njim sam nacrtao ovaj pojednostavljeni model mreže

which I could then go ahead and visualize.

koji sam mogao da vizualizujem.

So here's what we did.

I evo šta smo uradili.

We distributed these rapid-transport corridors throughout the city center,

Raspodelili smo ove brze puteve prevoza

kroz centar grada i produžili ih prema prigradskim naseljima.

and extended them into the outskirts.

Rapid, because we wanted them to be served by rapid-transport vehicles.

Kažem brze jer smo hteli da tuda voze

brza prevozna sredstva.

They would get exclusive road use, where possible,

Ta vozila bi dobila prednost korišćenja puta, gde je moguće

and it would be high-quantity, high-quality transport.

i to bi bio prevoz visokog kvaliteta i kvantiteta.

James wanted to use bus rapid transport for that,

Džejms je hteo da za to upotrebi brzi autobuski prevoz,

rather than light rail.

umesto lakog metroa.

For me, it was important

Za mene je bilo bitno da to vozilo

that the vehicles that would run on those rapid transport corridors

koje bi se kretalo po tim brzim putevima prevoza

would be visibly distinguishable from local buses on the street.

bude vizuelno odvojeno od lokalnih autobusa u ulici.

Now we could take out all the local buses

Sada smo mogli da izbacimo sve lokalne autobuse

that ran alongside those rapid transport means.

koji su vozili istim putem kao i brza sredstva prevoza.

Any gaps that appeared in the outskirts were filled again.

A praznine koje su se pojavile u predgrađu su ponovo popunjene.

So, in other words, if there was a street in an outskirt

Drugim rečima, ako je postojala ulica u predgrađu u kojoj je bio autobus,

where there had been a bus, we put a bus back in,

tu bismo vratili autobus, samo što sada

only now these buses wouldn't run all the way to the city center,

ovi autobusi ne bi išli skroz do centra grada,

but connect to the nearest rapid-transport mode,

već bi se povezivali na najbliže brzo prevozno sredstvo,

one of these thick lines over there.

na jednu od ovih debljih linija.

Ostatak je bio samo još par meseci rada

So the rest was merely a couple of months of work,

and a couple of fights with my girlfriend,

i nekoliko svađa sa mojom devojkom o tome kako nam je

of our place constantly being clogged up with maps,

stan stalno bio zatrpan mapama,

and the outcome, one of the outcomes,

a rezultat, tj. jedan od rezultata, bio je ova mapa šire oblasti Dablina.

was this map of the Greater Dublin area.

I'll zoom in a little bit.

Malo ću je povećati.

This map only shows the rapid transport connections, no local bus,

Ova mapa pokazuje samo brze prevozne veze,

bez lokalnih autobusa, baš u stilu mape metroa

very much in the "metro map" style that was so successful in London,

koja je bila tako uspešna u Londonu

and that since has been exported to so many other major cities,

i koja je od tada izvezena u mnoge druge gradove,

and therefore is the language that we should use

te je to stoga jezik koji svi treba da koristimo

za mape javnog prevoza.

for public transport maps.

Još je važno da sam sada sa ovako pojednostavljenom mrežom

What's also important is, with a simplified network like this,

it now would become possible for me to tackle the ultimate challenge

mogao da se uhvatim u koštac

sa najvećim izazovom:

pravljenjem mape javnog prevoza za centar grada,

and make a public transport map for the city center,

one where I wouldn't just show rapid transport connections,

mape koja ne bi prikazivala samo veze brzog prevoza,

but also all the local bus routes, streets and the likes,

nego i rute lokalnih autobusa, ulica i tome slično

and this is what a map like this could look like.

i evo kako bi takva mapa mogla da izgleda.

I'll zoom in a little bit.

Malo ću je povećati.

In this map, I'm including each transport mode,

U ovoj mapi sam uključio svaki vid prevoza,

so rapid transport, bus, DART, tram and the likes.

brzi prevoz, autobus, dablinski brzi DART, tramvaj i slično.

Each individual route is represented by a separate line.

Svaka pojedinačna ruta je predstavljena pojedinačnom linijom.

The map shows each and every station,

Mapa pokazuje svaku stanicu,

each and every station name,

ime svake stanice,

a takođe prikazujem sporedne ulice,

and I'm also displaying side streets.

In fact, most of the side streets even with their name,

zapravo, većina sporednih ulica

je sa imenom i dodatno nekoliko orijentira,

and for good measure, also a couple of landmarks,

some of them signified by little symbols,

neki su predstavljeni kao mali simboli,

others by these isometric three-dimensional

drugi kao ovi izometrijski trodimenzionalni crteži

bird's-eye-view drawings.

iz ptičije perspektive.

The map is relatively small in overall size,

Mapa je relativno male veličine,

so something that you could still hold as a fold-out map

dakle možete je i dalje držati kao mapu na rasklapanje

or display in a reasonably-sized display box on a bus shelter.

ili je prikazati na oglasnom prostoru razumne veličine na autobuskom stajalištu.

I think it tries to be the best balance

Mislim da je ovo najbolja ravnoteža

between actual representation and simplification --

između stvarnog predstavljanja

i pojednostavljivanja, jezika kojim opisujemo put u našem umu.

the language of way-finding in our brain.

So, straightened lines, cleaned-up corners,

Dakle prave linije, prečišćeni uglovi

and of course, that very, very important geographic distortion

i naravno, vrlo vrlo bitno,

geografsko izobličenje koje omogućava mape javnog prevoza.

that makes public transport maps possible.

Ako pogledate na primer dva glavna puta

If you, for example, have a look at the two main corridors

that run through the city -- the yellow and orange one over here --

koji protiču kroz grad,

žuti i narandžasti, oni ovako izgledaju

this is how they look in an actual, accurate street map,

na stvarnoj i preciznoj mapi grada,

and this is how they would look in my distorted,

a ovako izgledaju na mojoj izobličenoj

simplified public transport map.

i pojednostavljenoj mapi javnog prevoza.

So for a successful public transport map,

Tako da za uspešnu mapu javnog prevoza,

we should not stick to accurate representation,

ne treba da se držimo preciznog predstavljanja,

but design them in the way our brains work.

već da ih napravimo onako kako naš um razmišlja.

The reactions I got were tremendous, it was really good to see.

Reakcije koje sam dobio su ogromne. Bilo je sjajno videti to.

Naravno, lično sam bio vrlo srećan

And of course, for my own self, I was very happy to see

that my folks in Germany and Greece finally have an idea

da vidim da su moji u Nemačkoj i Grčkoj konačno imali predstavu

šta je to što radim za život. (Smeh) Hvala vam. (Aplauz)

what I do for a living.

(Laughter)

Thank you.

(Applause)