Aris Venetikidis: Making sense of maps

64,515 views ใƒป 2012-10-01

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Gemma Lee ๊ฒ€ํ† : Woo Hwang
00:15
What I do is I organize information.
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์ €๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์กฐํ•ฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”ฝ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ์ฃ .
00:17
I'm a graphic designer.
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00:18
Professionally, I try to make sense
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์ง์—…์ ์œผ๋กœ, ์ €๋Š” ๋ณ„ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
00:21
often of things that don't make much sense themselves.
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์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:25
So my father might not understand what it is that I do for a living.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €ํฌ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š”
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ง์—…์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ค๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
์ œ ์„ ์กฐ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋†๋ถ€์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:29
His part of my ancestry has been farmers.
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00:31
He's part of this ethnic minority called the Pontic Greeks.
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์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ํฐํ‹ฑ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์ธ(Pontic Greeks) ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ์ˆ˜๋ฏผ์กฑ์— ์†ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์†Œ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ์‚ด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐฑ๋…„ ์ „์˜ ์ข…์กฑ ํ•™์‚ด ์ดํ›„์—
00:35
They lived in Asia Minor and fled to Greece after a genocide
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋กœ ํ”ผ์‹ ํ•ด๊ฐ”์ฃ .
00:39
about a hundred years ago.
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00:41
And ever since that, migration has somewhat been a theme in my family.
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๊ทธ๋’ค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋™์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์กฑํ•œํ…Œ ๊ณผ์ œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋…์ผ๋กœ ๊ฑด๋„ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์…จ๊ณ , ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
My father moved to Germany, studied there and married,
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00:50
and as a result, I now have this half-German brain,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ €๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ๋…์ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
๋งค์šฐ ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ
00:55
with all the analytical thinking and that slightly dorky demeanor
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์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ข€ ๊ดด์งœ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
00:58
that come with that.
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01:00
And of course it meant that I was a foreigner in both countries,
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๊ทธ๋ง์€ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์ด์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋œปํ–ˆ๊ณ 
01:03
and that of course made it pretty easy for me to migrate as well,
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์ € ์—ญ์‹œ ์ด์ฃผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์•„์ฃผ ์‰ฌ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต์„ ๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
01:07
in good family tradition, if you like.
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01:10
But of course, most journeys that we undertake from day to day
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ์ •์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์€
๋„์‹œ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ
01:14
are within a city.
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01:15
And, especially if you know the city,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด A ์ง€์ ์—์„œ B ์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
01:18
getting from A to B may seem pretty obvious, right?
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์•„์ฃผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
01:23
But the question is, why is it obvious?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์™œ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ?
01:26
How do we know where we're going?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์••๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
01:29
So I washed up on a Dublin ferry port about 12 years ago,
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์ €๋Š” 12๋…„์ „ ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์—
์ „๋ฌธ์ง์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
a professional foreigner, if you like,
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01:35
and I'm sure you've all had this experience before, yeah?
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋ณด์…จ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ ๋ฏฟ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
01:38
You arrive in a new city,
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋„์‹œ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
01:40
and your brain is trying to make sense of this new place.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณณ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:44
Once you find your base, your home,
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์ผ๋‹จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ„ฐ์ „, ์ง‘์„ ์ฐพ์€ ๋’ค์—๋Š”
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ธ์ง€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:48
you start to build this cognitive map of your environment.
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01:52
It's essentially this virtual map that only exists in your brain.
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์—๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”
๊ฐ€์ƒ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:56
All animal species do it,
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01:58
even though we all use slightly different tools.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์ง€์š”.
02:01
Us humans, of course, we don't move around marking our territory by scent, like dogs.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ฐœ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ
๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ์˜์—ญ์„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:07
We don't run around emitting ultrasonic squeaks, like bats.
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๋ฐ•์ฅ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ดˆ์ŒํŒŒ๋กœ ์ฐ์ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋„ ๋‚ด์ง€ ์•Š๊ตฌ์š”.
02:12
We just don't do that,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
02:14
although a night in the Temple Bar district can get pretty wild.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ…œํ”Œ๋ฐ” ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋ฐค์— ๊ฝค๋‚˜ ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฝ์ฃ . (์›ƒ์Œ)
02:18
(Laughter)
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02:19
No, we do two important things to make a place our own.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:23
First, we move along linear routes.
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์ฒซ์งธ, ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:26
Typically, we find a main street,
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๋ณดํ†ต ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ , ์ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€๋Š”
02:29
and this main street becomes a linear strip map in our minds.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:32
But our mind keeps it pretty simple, yeah?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๊ทธ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ ?
02:34
Every street is generally perceived as a straight line,
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณดํ†ต ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:38
and we kind of ignore the little twists and turns that the streets make.
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๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ๊ตฝ์€ ๊ธธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด์‹œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:42
When we do, however, make a turn into a side street,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๊ธธ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด์„ค ๋•Œ๋Š”
02:44
our mind tends to adjust that turn to a 90-degree angle.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๋“ค์–ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ 90๋„๋กœ ๋งž์ถ”๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์ด ์–ด๋–จ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ฃ .
02:50
This of course makes for some funny moments
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02:52
when you're in some old city layout
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์›ํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚œ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„
02:55
that follows some sort of circular city logic, yeah?
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์˜›๋„์‹œ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๋ง์ด์ฃ ,
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ํ•˜์…จ์„๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:00
Maybe you've had that experience as well.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น ๊ด‘์žฅ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜จ
03:02
Let's say you're on some spot on a side street
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03:05
that projects from a main cathedral square,
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๊ณจ๋ชฉ๊ธธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
03:07
and you want to get to another point on a side street just like that.
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์ด์ œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:12
The cognitive map in your mind may tell you,
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๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ์ง€ ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜์ฃ . "์•„๋ฆฌ์Šค,
03:16
"Aris, go back to the main cathedral square,
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๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น ๊ด‘์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์„œ
03:19
take a 90-degree turn and walk down that other side street."
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90๋„๋กœ ๋Œ์•„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€."
03:23
But somehow you feel adventurous that day, and you suddenly discover
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋‚  ๋ชจํ—˜์‹ฌ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ณ 
์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‘ ์ง€์ ์ด
03:28
that the two spots were actually only a single building apart.
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ํ•œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ๋‘๊ณ  ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:33
Now, I don't know about you,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ด๋–จ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ง€๋งŒ
03:34
but I always feel like I find this wormhole
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์ €๋Š” ๋Š˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์›œํ™€(wormhole)์ด๋‚˜ ์ฐจ์›๊ฐ„ ์ž…๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
03:36
or this inter-dimensional portal.
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03:39
(Laughter)
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03:40
So we move along linear routes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋œ ๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์›€์ง์ด๊ณ 
์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๊ธธ์„ ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
03:44
and our mind straightens streets and perceives turns as 90-degree angles.
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๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฐ๋„๋ฅผ 90๋„๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์žฅ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์ผ์€
03:50
The second thing that we do to make a place our own
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„ ๋“ค์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์—
03:53
is we attach meaning and emotions to the things
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03:57
that we see along those lines.
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์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ ์‹œ๊ณจ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆํ•œํ…Œ
04:00
If you go to the Irish countryside and you ask an old lady for directions,
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๊ธธ์„ ๋ฌผ์œผ๋ฉด, ์ฃผ์š” ์ง€ํ˜•๋ฌผ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด
04:06
brace yourself for some elaborate Irish storytelling
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์•„์ฃผ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ์•„์ผ๋žœ๋“œ์‹ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:10
about all the landmarks, yeah?
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04:12
She'll tell you the pub where her sister used to work,
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ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์—ฌ๋™์ƒ์ด ์ผํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ˆ ์ง‘๊ณผ
04:15
and "... go past that church where I got married," that kind of thing.
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์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์„ ์˜ฌ๋ ธ๋˜ ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ผ๊ณ  ์–˜๊ธฐํ• ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
04:18
So we fill our cognitive maps with these markers of meaning.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์—ฌํ•œ ํ‘œ์‹๋“ค๋กœ ์ธ์ง€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ์ฃ .
๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถ”์ƒํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ 
04:23
What's more, we abstract repeat patterns and recognize them.
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ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์ธ์‹ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:28
We recognize them by the experiences and we abstract them into symbols.
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๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ 
ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์•„๋‚ด์–ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
And of course, we're all capable of understanding these symbols.
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
์ด ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋“ค์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
04:39
(Laughter)
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๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ธ์ง€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ
04:41
What's more, we're all capable of understanding the cognitive maps,
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์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
04:45
and you are all capable of creating these cognitive maps yourselves.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ธ์ง€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:51
So next time, when you want to tell your friend how to get to your place,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌํ•œํ…Œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ง‘์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ฐพ์•„์˜ค๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ฃผ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์„ ๋•Œ
04:54
you grab a beermat, grab a napkin, and you just observe yourself
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋งฅ์ฃผ์ž” ๋ฐ›์นจ๊ณผ ๋ƒ…ํ‚จ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋“ค์ฃ .
๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ์ปค๋ฎค๋‹ˆ์ผ€์ด์…˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ
04:59
create this awesome piece of communication design.
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๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ .
05:04
It's got straight lines.
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05:05
It's got 90-degree corners.
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90๋„๋กœ ๊บพ์ธ ๋ชจํ‰์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ธธ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋„ ๋„ฃ์ฃ .
05:08
You might add little symbols along the way.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
05:10
And when you look at what you've just drawn,
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๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋„์™€ ๋‹ฎ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Œ์„ ๊นจ๋‹ฌ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:14
you realize it does not resemble a street map.
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05:18
If you were to put an actual street map on top of what you've just drawn,
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์‹ค์ œ ๋„๋กœ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ง€๋„์œ„์— ๊ฒน์ณ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๋„๋กœ์™€
05:23
you'd realize your streets and the distances -- they'd be way off.
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๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:28
No, what you've just drawn is more like a diagram or a schematic.
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์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ง€๋„๋Š”
๋„ํ‘œ๋‚˜ ๋„์‹์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:34
It's a visual construct of lines, dots, letters,
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์„ , ์ , ๊ธ€์ž๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์—ฌ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:39
designed in the language of our brains.
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05:41
So it's no big surprise
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ง€๋‚œ ์„ธ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์˜ ์ƒ์ง•์ด๋ฉฐ
05:43
that the big information-design icon of the last century --
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A์ง€์ ์—์„œ B์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š”
05:48
the pinnacle of showing everybody how to get from A to B,
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๋Ÿฐ๋˜์˜ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ง€๋„๋Š”
05:53
the London Underground map --
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์ง€๋„ ์ œ์ž‘์ž๋‚˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ณ 
05:55
was not designed by a cartographer or a city planner;
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05:59
it was designed by an engineering draftsman.
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๊ณตํ•™ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
In the 1930s,
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1930๋…„ ํ•ด๋ฆฌ ๋ฒก(Harry Beck)์€
06:05
Harry Beck applied the principles of schematic diagram design
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๋„์‹ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ์›๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
06:11
and changed the way public transport maps are designed forever.
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๋Œ€์ค‘ใ…๊ตํ†ต์ง€๋„์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์˜์›ํžˆ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ”๋ฒ„๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:16
Now the very key to the success of this map
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์ด ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•œ ์ฃผ์š”์ธ์€
๋œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋žตํ•˜๊ณ 
06:20
is in the omission of less important information
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06:24
and in the extreme simplification.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๊ณง๊ฒŒ ๋ป—์€ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ 90๋„์™€ 45๋„์˜ ๋ชจํ‰์ด,
06:27
So, straightened streets, corners of 90 and 45 degrees,
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์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌํ•œ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ๊ทธ ์ง€๋„์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:31
but also the extreme geographic distortion in that map.
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์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ญ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
06:37
If you were to look at the actual locations of these stations,
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06:41
you'd see they're very different.
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์•„์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ฃ ?
06:43
But this is all for the clarity of the public Tube map.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑด ๋Œ€์ค‘ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ์ฃ .
06:48
If you, say, wanted to get from Regent's Park station
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ฆฌ์  ํŠธ ๊ณต์› ์—ญ์—์„œ
06:51
to Great Portland Street,
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๊ทธ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ ํฌํŠธ๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒ ์ฃ .
06:53
the Tube map would tell you:
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์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ , ๋ฒ ์ด์ปค ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„ํƒ€๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
06:55
take the Tube, go to Baker Street, change over, take another Tube.
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06:59
Of course, what you don't know is that the two stations
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๋‘ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ  ์—ญ์ด
๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋ฐฑ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์ฏค ๋–จ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:03
are only about a hundred meters apart.
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์ด์ œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๊ตฐ์š”.
07:06
Now we've reached the subject of public transport,
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07:09
and public transport here in Dublin
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์ด๊ณณ ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ข€ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์ด์ง€์š”. (์›ƒ์Œ)
07:12
is a somewhat touchy subject.
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07:14
(Laughter)
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์ด๊ณณ ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ž๋ฉด
07:16
For everybody who does not know the public transport here in Dublin,
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07:19
essentially, we have this system of local buses that grew with the city.
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๋„์‹œ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ปค์ ธ๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ
์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณ€๋‘๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚  ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:24
For every outskirt that was added, there was another bus route added,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด
07:28
running from the outskirt all the way to the city center.
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๋ณ€๋‘๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ ,
์ด๋“ค ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ๋Š”
07:33
And as these local buses approach the city center,
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07:37
they all run side by side and converge in pretty much one main street.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ฐ€, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€
ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊ฐ€์— ๋ชจ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:42
So when I stepped off the boat 12 years ago,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ 12๋…„ ์ „์— ๋ฐฐ์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋‚ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ,
07:46
I tried to make sense of that.
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์ด๊ฑธ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
07:50
Because exploring a city on foot only gets you so far.
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07:55
But when you explore a foreign and new public transport system,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋‚ฏ์„  ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด
๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋งˆ์Œ์†์—
08:00
you will build a cognitive map in your mind in pretty much the same way.
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์ธ์ง€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:06
Typically, you choose yourself a rapid transport route,
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๋ณดํ†ต์€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์„œ
08:11
and in your mind, this route is perceived as a straight line.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๋งˆ์Œ ์†์—์„œ ์ด ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๊ณ 
08:15
And like a pearl necklace,
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์ง„์ฃผ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ญ๊ณผ ์ •๋ฅ˜์†Œ๊ฐ€
08:17
all the stations and stops are nicely and neatly aligned along the line.
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๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ณ  ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์—ด์ด ๋˜๋ฉด,
08:22
And only then you start to discover some local bus routes
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์—์•ผ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ์ฐพ์•„
๋นˆํ‹ˆ์„ ์ด์–ด์ฃผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
08:28
that would fill in the gaps,
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08:30
and that allow for those wormhole, inter-dimensional portal shortcuts.
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์›œํ™€(wormhole), ์ฐจ์› ๊ฐ„ ์ž…๊ตฌ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:36
So I tried to make sense, and when I arrived,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:40
I was looking for some information leaflets
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์ €๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
08:42
that would help me crack this system and understand it,
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๋„์›€์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ธด ์ „๋‹จ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
08:46
and I found those brochures.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ด ์•ˆ๋‚ด ์ฑ…์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
08:48
(Laughter)
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08:52
They were not geographically distorted.
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์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™œ๊ณก๋˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์ฃ .
์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ƒ๋žต๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:56
They had a lot of omission of information,
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09:00
but unfortunately, the wrong information.
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์œ ๊ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ •๋ณด๋Š” ๋นผ๊ณ  ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
09:02
Say, in the city center --
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09:04
there were never actually any lines that showed the routes.
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๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ์„ ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:07
(Laughter)
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09:08
There are actually not even any stations with names.
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์ด๋ฆ„์ด ๋ถ™์–ด์žˆ๋Š” ์—ญ๋„ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ์—†์—ˆ๊ตฌ์š”.
09:13
(Laughter)
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09:14
Now, the maps of Dublin transport have gotten better,
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์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ๋Š”๋ฐ,
์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋๋‚ธ ๋’ค์— ์ข€ ๋” ์ข‹์•„์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:20
and after I finished the project, they got a good bit better,
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09:25
but still no station names, still no routes.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง๋„ ์—ญ ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์—†๊ณ  ๋…ธ์„ ์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:28
So, being naive, and being half-German, I decided,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ˆœ์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์ฏค ๋…์ผ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ธ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ ๋จน์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:34
"Aris, why don't you build your own map?"
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"์•„๋ฆฌ์Šค, ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฑด ์–ด๋•Œ?"
09:37
So that's what I did.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ผ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€
09:39
I researched how each and every bus route moved through the city, nice and logical,
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๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š”์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊น”๋”ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ
09:45
every bus route a separate line.
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09:47
I plotted it into my own map of Dublin,
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๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ๊ณผ
์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์„ ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:51
and in the city center ...
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09:53
I got a nice spaghetti plate.
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๋ฉ‹์ง„ ์ŠคํŒŒ๊ฒŒํ‹ฐ ์Ÿ๋ฐ˜์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์ฃ . (์›ƒ์Œ)
09:55
(Laughter)
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์ด๊ฑด ์ข€ ์—‰๋ง์ด๋ผ
09:58
Now, this is a bit of a mess,
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10:01
so I decided, of course,
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10:03
"You're going to apply the rules of schematic design,"
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๋„์‹ ์„ค๊ณ„์˜ ๊ทœ์น™์„ ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:06
cleaning up the corridors,
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ํšŒ๋ž‘์„ ์น˜์šฐ๊ณ , ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ์„
10:08
widening the streets where there were loads of buses
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์ข€ ๋” ๋„“๊ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ ,
10:11
and making the streets at straight, 90-degree corners, 45-degree corners
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90๋„ ๋ชจํ‰์ด, 45๋„ ๋ชจํ‰์ด, ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋น„์œจ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ
10:16
or fractions of that,
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10:17
and filled it in with the bus routes.
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๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์˜ ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ ๋„๋ฅผ
10:20
And I built this city center bus map of the system,
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๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. 5๋…„ ์ „์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:24
how it was five years ago.
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10:26
I'll zoom in again so that you get the full impact
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ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋ฉด
10:28
of the quays and Westmoreland Street.
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๋ถ€๋‘์™€ ์›จ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ์–ด๋žœ๋“œ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋ณด์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ)
10:31
(Laughter)
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)-
10:34
Now I can proudly say --
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10:36
(Applause)
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10:42
I can proudly say, as a public transport map,
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์ €๋Š” ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”. ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„๋กœ์„œ,
10:46
this diagram is an utter failure.
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์ด ๋„ํ‘œ๋Š” ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์‹คํŒจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. -(์›ƒ์Œ)-
10:50
(Laughter)
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10:52
Except, probably, in one aspect:
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๊ณ ๋Š”.
10:54
I now had a great visual representation
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์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ง‰ํ˜€์žˆ๊ณ 
10:57
of just how clogged up and overrun the city center really was.
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ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:01
Now, call me old-fashioned,
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์ด์ œ ์ €๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์‹์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋„ ์ข‹์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—
11:04
but I think a public transport route map should have lines,
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๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ๋…ธ์„ ๋„์—๋Š” ์„ ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:07
because that's what they are, yeah?
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์ง€๋„๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
์ง€๋„๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
11:10
They're little pieces of string that wrap their way
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11:13
through the city center or through the city.
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์‹œ๋‚ด๋ฅผ ํ†ต๊ณผํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:15
If you will, the Greek guy inside of me feels if I don't get a line,
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์ œ ์•ˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์  ์‹ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์„ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฏธ๋…ธํƒ€์šฐ๋ฃจ์Šค์˜ ๋ฏธ๋กœ ์†์„ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ๋•Œ
11:21
it's like entering the labyrinth of the Minotaur
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11:24
without having Ariadne giving you the string to find your way.
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๊ธธ์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์‹ค์„ ์ค€ ์•„๋ฆฌ์•„๋“œ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค๊ณ ์š”.
11:27
So the outcome of my academic research,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š”
11:31
loads of questionnaires, case studies and looking at a lot of maps,
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๋งŽ์€ ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€์™€ ์‚ฌ๋ก€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ,
๋งŽ์€ ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ ๋’ค์—,
11:38
was that a lot of the problems and shortcomings
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์ด๊ณณ ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ๋‹จ์ ์€
11:41
of the public transport system here in Dublin
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11:43
was the lack of a coherent public transport map --
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์ผ๊ด€์„ฑ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:45
a simplified, coherent public transport map --
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ , ์ผ๊ด€๋œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„.
11:48
because I think this is the crucial step to understanding
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ
๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต๋ง์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ผ ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
11:52
a public transport network on a physical level,
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11:55
but it's also the crucial step to make a public transport network mappable
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๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต๋ง์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ง€๋„๋กœ
๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
on a visual level.
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12:01
So I teamed up with a gentleman called James Leahy,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ œ์ž„์Šค ๋ฆฌํžˆ(James Leahy)๋ผ๋Š”
12:05
a civil engineer and a recent master's graduate
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ํ† ๋ชฉ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํŒ€์„ ์งฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ถ„์€
12:08
of the Sustainable Development program at DIT,
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์ตœ๊ทผ์— ๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™(DIT)์˜ ์ง€์†๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์—์„œ ์„์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๊ณ 
12:12
and together we drafted the simplified model network,
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”์‹œํ‚จ ๊ตํ†ต๋ง์˜ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ
12:16
which I could then go ahead and visualize.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:19
So here's what we did.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €ํฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:21
We distributed these rapid-transport corridors throughout the city center,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋“ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ 
๊ต์™ธ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ™•์žฅ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:28
and extended them into the outskirts.
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12:31
Rapid, because we wanted them to be served by rapid-transport vehicles.
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๋น ๋ฅธ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„
์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:37
They would get exclusive road use, where possible,
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๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉด ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋…์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ 
์ž์ฃผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ ์งˆ ๋†’์€ ๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:41
and it would be high-quantity, high-quality transport.
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12:43
James wanted to use bus rapid transport for that,
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์ œ์ž„์Šค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฒ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์›ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:46
rather than light rail.
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์ €ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋“ค์ด
12:47
For me, it was important
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๊ธธ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค์™€
12:50
that the vehicles that would run on those rapid transport corridors
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์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„์ด ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:54
would be visibly distinguishable from local buses on the street.
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12:59
Now we could take out all the local buses
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์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ†ต๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š”
13:03
that ran alongside those rapid transport means.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋บ„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:06
Any gaps that appeared in the outskirts were filled again.
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๊ต์™ธ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๋นˆํ‹ˆ์€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฉ”๊ฟจ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:09
So, in other words, if there was a street in an outskirt
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ง๋กœ ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋…”๋˜
13:12
where there had been a bus, we put a bus back in,
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๊ต์™ธ ๋„๋กœ์—์„œ ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
13:15
only now these buses wouldn't run all the way to the city center,
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์ด์ œ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋Š” ์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
13:20
but connect to the nearest rapid-transport mode,
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๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์ง€์ ๊นŒ์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:23
one of these thick lines over there.
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์ €๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋‘๊บผ์šด ์„ ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ฃ .
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ์›”์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ
13:26
So the rest was merely a couple of months of work,
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13:29
and a couple of fights with my girlfriend,
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์ง‘์ด ๋Š˜ ์ง€๋„๋กœ ์–ด์งˆ๋Ÿฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ๋กœ
13:31
of our place constantly being clogged up with maps,
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์—ฌ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ ์‹ธ์šด ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:35
and the outcome, one of the outcomes,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ง€๋„์ธ๋ฐ
13:37
was this map of the Greater Dublin area.
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๋”๋ธ”๋ฆฐ ์ง€์—ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
13:40
I'll zoom in a little bit.
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13:43
This map only shows the rapid transport connections, no local bus,
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์ด ์ง€๋„๋Š” ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋งŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ์ง€๋„ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ๋น„์Šทํ•˜์ฃ .
13:47
very much in the "metro map" style that was so successful in London,
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๋Œ€๋„์‹œ ์ง€๋„๋Š” ๋Ÿฐ๋˜์—์„œ ์•„์ฃผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ
13:53
and that since has been exported to so many other major cities,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„์‹œ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ถœ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ 
13:57
and therefore is the language that we should use
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„์—
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์จ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:00
for public transport maps.
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๋˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
What's also important is, with a simplified network like this,
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14:08
it now would become possible for me to tackle the ultimate challenge
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์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€
๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์‹œ๋‚ด ์ค‘์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
14:14
and make a public transport map for the city center,
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14:17
one where I wouldn't just show rapid transport connections,
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๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ๋งŒ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:20
but also all the local bus routes, streets and the likes,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฒ„์Šค ๋…ธ์„ , ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์ฃ .
14:24
and this is what a map like this could look like.
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๊ทธ ์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ชจ์Šต์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:26
I'll zoom in a little bit.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ํ™•๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ง€๋„์— ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ตํ†ต ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ํฌํ•จ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:31
In this map, I'm including each transport mode,
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14:36
so rapid transport, bus, DART, tram and the likes.
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๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ตํ†ต, ๋ฒ„์Šค, ์ „์ฒ (DART), ํŠธ๋žจ ๋“ฑ๋“ฑ.
14:41
Each individual route is represented by a separate line.
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๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋…ธ์„ ์€ ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์ง€๋„๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์—ญ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๊ณ 
14:48
The map shows each and every station,
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14:52
each and every station name,
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๋ชจ๋“  ์—ญ์˜ ์ด๋ฆ„๋„ ๋‚˜์™€์žˆ์–ด์š”.
๋˜ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๊ธธ๋„ ํ‘œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์žˆ๊ณ 
14:56
and I'm also displaying side streets.
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15:00
In fact, most of the side streets even with their name,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ณจ๋ชฉ๊ธธ์ด ์ด๋ฆ„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
15:04
and for good measure, also a couple of landmarks,
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์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์ง€ํ˜•๋ฌผ๋„ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ 
๊ทธ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์ฃ .
15:09
some of them signified by little symbols,
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15:11
others by these isometric three-dimensional
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์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๋“ฑ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ 3์ฐจ์›
15:14
bird's-eye-view drawings.
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์กฐ๊ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:16
The map is relatively small in overall size,
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์ง€๋„๋Š” ์ „์ฒด ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์•„์„œ
15:19
so something that you could still hold as a fold-out map
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์ ‘์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:22
or display in a reasonably-sized display box on a bus shelter.
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๋˜ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์ •๋ฅ˜์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ๋‹นํ•œ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ํ‘œ์ง€ํŒ์— ๊ฑธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:26
I think it tries to be the best balance
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ์™€
15:30
between actual representation and simplification --
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•จ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์˜ ๊ธธ์ฐพ๊ธฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์ด์ฃ .
15:34
the language of way-finding in our brain.
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15:39
So, straightened lines, cleaned-up corners,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ญ‰ ๋ป—์€ ์„ , ๊น”๋”ํ•œ ๋ชจํ‰์ด,
15:42
and of course, that very, very important geographic distortion
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ์•„์ฃผ, ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ
์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์™œ๊ณก์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:46
that makes public transport maps possible.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด
15:50
If you, for example, have a look at the two main corridors
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๋„์‹œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋กœ์ง€๋ฅด๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ํฐ ๋„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด
15:52
that run through the city -- the yellow and orange one over here --
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋…ธ๋ž€์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์˜ค๋ Œ์ง€์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ธ๋ฐ
15:56
this is how they look in an actual, accurate street map,
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ง€๋„์—์„œ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
and this is how they would look in my distorted,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์™œ๊ณก๋˜๊ณ 
16:03
simplified public transport map.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ™”๋œ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด์ฃ .
16:06
So for a successful public transport map,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ค‘ ๊ตํ†ต ์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
16:09
we should not stick to accurate representation,
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์‹ค์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ์— ์—ฐ์—ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:12
but design them in the way our brains work.
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16:14
The reactions I got were tremendous, it was really good to see.
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๋ฐ˜์‘๋“ค์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚ฌ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •๋ง ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ข‹์•˜์–ด์š”.
๋ฌผ๋ก  ์ œ ์ž์‹ ๋„
16:18
And of course, for my own self, I was very happy to see
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16:21
that my folks in Germany and Greece finally have an idea
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๋…์ผ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ œ ์นœ์ง€๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ค ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ปค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (์›ƒ์Œ) ๊ณ ๋ง™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. (๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
16:25
what I do for a living.
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16:26
(Laughter)
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16:27
Thank you.
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16:28
(Applause)
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์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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