Stuart Brown: Play is more than fun

Prevodilac: Jasmina Francuski Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća

So, here we go: a flyby of play.

Dakle, krećemo: preletećemo preko igre.

It's got to be serious if the New York Times

Mora da je ozbiljno, ako Njujork Tajms,

puts a cover story of their February 17th Sunday magazine about play.

na naslovnici svog nedeljnog magazina od 17. februara, objavljuje priču o igri.

At the bottom of this, it says, "It's deeper than gender.

Na dnu kaže: "Složenija je od rodnog pitanja.

Seriously, but dangerously fun.

Izuzetno, ali opasno zabavna.

And a sandbox for new ideas about evolution."

Peskarnik za nove ideje o evoluciji."

Not bad, except if you look at that cover, what's missing?

Nije loše, osim ako pogledate naslovnu stranu, šta nedostaje?

You see any adults?

Vidite li neku odraslu osobu?

Well, lets go back to the 15th century.

Hajde da se vratimo u 15. vek.

This is a courtyard in Europe,

Ovo je trg u Evropi,

and a mixture of 124 different kinds of play.

i mešavina 124 različite vrste igre.

All ages, solo play, body play, games, taunting.

Sva godišta, samostalne i pokretne igre,

igre s pravilima, igre zadirkivanja.

And there it is. And I think this is a typical picture

I eto. Mislim da je ovo tipična slika trga iz tog vremena.

of what it was like in a courtyard then.

I think we may have lost something in our culture.

Mislim da smo verovatno izgubili nešto u svojoj kulturi.

So I'm gonna take you through

Stoga, provešću vas kroz,

what I think is a remarkable sequence.

po mom mišljenju, jedan izuzetan sled.

North of Churchill, Manitoba, in October and November,

Severno od Čerčila, Manitoba, u oktobru i novembru

there's no ice on Hudson Bay.

nema leda u zalivu Hadson,

And this polar bear that you see, this 1200-pound male,

i ovaj beli medved koga vidite, ovaj mužjak od 550 kila,

he's wild and fairly hungry.

je divalj i prilično gladan.

And Norbert Rosing, a German photographer,

A nemački fotograf Norbert Rosing

is there on scene, making a series of photos of these huskies, who are tethered.

je prisutan jer pravi seriju fotografija ovih haskija, koji su na povocu.

And from out of stage left comes this wild, male polar bear,

A sa leve strane, na scenu stupa ovaj divlji mužjak belog bedveda,

with a predatory gaze.

sa predatorskim pogledom.

Any of you who've been to Africa or had a junkyard dog come after you,

Svako od vas ko je bio u Africi, ili koga je jurio agresivni pas,

there is a fixed kind of predatory gaze

poznaje taj fiksirani predatorski pogled

that you know you're in trouble.

koji vam govori da ste u nevolji.

But on the other side of that predatory gaze

Ali sa druge strane predatorskog pogleda

is a female husky in a play bow, wagging her tail.

stoji ženka haskija u razigranom naklonu i maše repom.

And something very unusual happens.

I dešava se nešto izuzetno neobično.

That fixed behavior -- which is rigid and stereotyped

To fiksirano ponašanje, koje je kruto i stereotipno

and ends up with a meal -- changes.

i završava se obrokom, menja se.

And this polar bear

I ovaj beli medved

stands over the husky,

staje iznad haskija,

no claws extended, no fangs taking a look.

uvučenih kandži, uvučenih očnjaka, i osmatra.

And they begin an incredible ballet.

I započinju neverovatni balet.

Igru baleta.

A play ballet.

This is in nature: it overrides a carnivorous nature

Ovo je u prirodi: nadjačava mesoždersku prirodu

and what otherwise would have been a short fight to the death.

i ono što bi inače bila kratka borba do smrti.

And if you'll begin to look closely at the husky that's bearing her throat to the polar bear,

Ako bolje pogledate haskija koji drži svoj vrat prema belom medvedu,

and look a little more closely, they're in an altered state.

i onda pogledate još malo bolje, oni su u izmenjenom stanju.

They're in a state of play.

Oni se nalaze u stanju igre.

And it's that state

A to je stanje

that allows these two creatures to explore the possible.

koje omogućava ovim stvorenjima da istraže moguće.

They are beginning to do something that neither would have done

Oni počinju da rade nešto što inače nijedan od njih ne bi uradio

without the play signals.

bez signala za igru.

And it is a marvelous example

I ovo je čudesan primer

of how a differential in power

kako razlika u moći

can be overridden by a process of nature that's within all of us.

može biti prevaziđena uz pomoć prirodnog procesa koji je u svima nama.

Now how did I get involved in this?

Kako sam počeo da se bavim ovim?

John mentioned that I've done some work with murderers, and I have.

Džon je spomenuo da sam se bavio ubistvima, i jesam.

The Texas Tower murderer opened my eyes,

Ubica sa Teksaškog univerziteta mi je otvorio oči,

in retrospect, when we studied his tragic mass murder,

retroaktivno, kada smo proučavali njegovo tragično masovno ubistvo,

to the importance of play,

u vezi sa značajem igre.

in that that individual, by deep study,

Temeljnim proučavanjem, kod ove osobe

was found to have severe play deprivation.

smo otkrili da je bio lišavan igre.

Charles Whitman was his name.

Zvao se Čarls Vitman.

And our committee, which consisted of a lot of hard scientists,

Naš odbor, sastavljen od velikog broja naučnika,

did feel at the end of that study

na kraju te studije je stekao utisak

that the absence of play and a progressive suppression of developmentally normal play

da su ga odsustvo igre i postupna zabrana razvojno primerenih igara,

led him to be more vulnerable to the tragedy that he perpetrated.

učinili podložnijim da počini ovu tragediju.

And that finding has stood the test of time --

A taj nalaz je izdržao test vremena,

unfortunately even into more recent times, at Virginia Tech.

nažalost, čak i nedavno, na Politehničkom fakultetu u Virdžiniji.

And other studies of populations at risk

I druga istraživanja rizičnih populacija

sensitized me to the importance of play,

ukazivala su mi na značaj igre,

but I didn't really understand what it was.

ali nisam shvatao o čemu je tačno reč.

And it was many years in taking play histories of individuals

Mnogo godina sam beležio individualne istorije igre,

before I really began to recognize that I didn't really have a full understanding of it.

pre nego što sam počeo da shvatam da nisam sve to u potpunosti razumeo.

And I don't think any of us has a full understanding of it, by any means.

I mislim da niko od nas ne razume to u potpunosti.

But there are ways of looking at it

Ali postoje različiti pristupi

that I think can give you -- give us all a taxonomy, a way of thinking about it.

koji vam mogu - mogu svima nama dati taksonomiju, način razmišljanja o tome.

And this image is, for humans, the beginning point of play.

A ova slika, za ljudski rod, predstavlja početnu tačku igre.

When that mother and infant lock eyes,

Kada se ta majka i beba pogledaju u oči,

i kada beba dovoljno odraste da ima društveni osmeh,

and the infant's old enough to have a social smile,

what happens -- spontaneously -- is the eruption of joy on the part of the mother.

ono što se dogodi, spontano, jeste erupcija sreće od strane majke.

And she begins to babble and coo and smile, and so does the baby.

Ona počinje da brblja i guče i smeši se, i beba takođe.

If we've got them wired up with an electroencephalogram,

Ako bismo ih priključili na elektroencefalogram,

the right brain of each of them becomes attuned,

njihove desne strane mozga bi postale usklađene,

so that the joyful emergence of this earliest of play scenes

tako da je radosno nastajanje ove, jedne od najranijih igrovnih situacija,

and the physiology of that is something we're beginning to get a handle on.

kao i njena fiziologija, nešto što počinjemo da shvatamo.

And I'd like you to think that every bit of more complex play

I voleo bih da verujete da se svaki element neke složenije igre

builds on this base for us humans.

nadograđuje na ovu osnovu, što se tiče nas ljudi.

And so now I'm going to take you through sort of a way of looking at play,

I zato ću vam sada pokazati jedan od načina gledanja na igru,

but it's never just singularly one thing.

ali to nikada nije samo jedna, pojedinačna stvar.

We're going to look at body play,

Osvrnućemo se na igru pokreta,

which is a spontaneous desire to get ourselves out of gravity.

koja predstavlja spontanu želju da izbegnemo ozbiljnost.

This is a mountain goat.

Ovo je planinska koza.

Ako ste loše raspoloženi, probajte ovo:

If you're having a bad day, try this:

skačite gore-dole, vrtite se - osećaćete se bolje.

jump up and down, wiggle around -- you're going to feel better.

A možda se budete osećali kao ova osoba,

And you may feel like this character,

koja to takođe radi tek tako, bez svrhe.

who is also just doing it for its own sake.

It doesn't have a particular purpose, and that's what's great about play.

Nepostojanje naročite svrhe je ono što igru čini sjajnom.

If its purpose is more important

Ako je svrha važnija,

than the act of doing it, it's probably not play.

onda ta radnja verovatno ne predstavlja igru.

And there's a whole other type of play, which is object play.

A postoji i potpuno druga vrsta igre, a to je igra sa predmetima.

And this Japanese macaque has made a snowball,

Ovaj japanski makaki je napravio grudvu,

and he or she's going to roll down a hill.

a on ili ona će se skotrljati niz brdo.

And -- they don't throw it at each other, but this is a fundamental part of being playful.

I oni je ne bacaju jedan na drugog, ali to je osnovni element nestašluka.

The human hand, in manipulation of objects,

Ljudska ruka, prilikom manipulacije predmetima,

is the hand in search of a brain;

jeste ruka u potrazi za mozgom,

the brain is in search of a hand;

mozak je u potrazi za rukom,

and play is the medium by which those two are linked in the best way.

a igra je sredstvo koje ih povezuje na najbolji način.

JPL we heard this morning -- JPL is an incredible place.

JPL (Laboratorija za mlazni pogon), čuli smo jutros, JPL je neverovatno mesto.

They have located two consultants,

Postavili su dva konsultanta,

Frank Wilson and Nate Johnson,

Frenka Vilsona i Nejta Džonsona,

who are -- Frank Wilson is a neurologist, Nate Johnson is a mechanic.

Frenk Vilson je neurolog, Nejt Džonson je mehaničar.

He taught mechanics in a high school in Long Beach,

Predavao je mehaniku u srednjoj školi u Long Biču,

and found that his students were no longer able to solve problems.

i shvatio je da njegovi učenici više ne umeju da rešavaju probleme.

And he tried to figure out why. And he came to the conclusion, quite on his own,

Pokušao je da shvati zašto.

Sam je došao do zaključka

that the students who could no longer solve problems, such as fixing cars,

da učenici koji više ne mogu da reše probleme,

kao što je popravka auta, nisu nikad ništa radili rukama.

hadn't worked with their hands.

Frank Wilson had written a book called "The Hand."

Frenk Vilson je napisao knjigu pod imenom „Ruka”.

They got together -- JPL hired them.

Sreli su se - JPL ih je zaposlio.

Now JPL, NASA and Boeing,

Sada JPL, NASA i Boing,

pre nego što prime nekog da rešava probleme u istraživanju,

before they will hire a research and development problem solver --

even if they're summa cum laude from Harvard or Cal Tech --

čak i ako je u pitanju najbolji student sa Harvarda ili Kal Teka,

if they haven't fixed cars, haven't done stuff with their hands early in life,

ukoliko nije popravljao kola, nije radio ništa sa rukama,

played with their hands, they can't problem-solve as well.

igrao se rukama, ne ume ni da se bavi rešavanjem problema.

So play is practical, and it's very important.

Tako da je igra praktična, i veoma je važna.

Now one of the things about play is that it is born by curiosity and exploration. (Laughter)

Igra se rađa iz radoznalosti i želje za istraživanjem. (Smeh)

But it has to be safe exploration.

Ali istraživanje mora biti bezbedno.

Ovo je u redu - ovaj dečak se zanima za anatomiju,

This happens to be OK -- he's an anatomically interested little boy

and that's his mom. Other situations wouldn't be quite so good.

a ono je njegova mama. Druge situacije ne bi baš bile dobre.

But curiosity, exploration, are part of the play scene.

Ali radoznalost, istraživanje, su elementi igrovne situacije.

If you want to belong, you need social play.

Ako želite da pripadate negde, potrebna vam je društvena igra.

And social play is part of what we're about here today,

Društvena igra je deo onoga o čemu danas pričamo,

and is a byproduct of the play scene.

i predstavlja nusproizvod igrovne situacije.

Borbena igra.

Rough and tumble play.

Ove lavice, iz daljine izgledaju kao da se bore.

These lionesses, seen from a distance, looked like they were fighting.

But if you look closely, they're kind of like the polar bear and husky:

Ali ako bolje pogledate, one su poput belog medveda i haskija:

no claws, flat fur, soft eyes,

uvučene kandže, ravno krzno, blag pogled,

open mouth with no fangs, balletic movements,

otvorena usta bez očnjaka, baletski pokreti,

curvilinear movements -- all specific to play.

izvijeni pokreti - sve to je karakteristično za igru.

And rough-and-tumble play is a great learning medium for all of us.

A borbena igra je za sve nas odlično sredstvo za učenje.

Preschool kids, for example, should be allowed to dive, hit, whistle,

Predškolskoj deci, na primer, treba dozvoliti da rone, udaraju, zvižde,

scream, be chaotic, and develop through that a lot of emotional regulation

vrište, budu haotični i kroz sve to značajno razviju emocionalnu kontrolu,

and a lot of the other social byproducts -- cognitive, emotional and physical --

kao i mnoge druge socijalne nusproizvode - kognitivne, emocionalne i fizičke -

that come as a part of rough and tumble play.

koji čine elemente borbene igre.

Igra sa gledaocima, ritualna igra - učestvujemo u nekim od ovih.

Spectator play, ritual play -- we're involved in some of that.

Vi koji ste iz Bostona znate da je ovo bio trenutak - redak -

Those of you who are from Boston know that this was the moment -- rare --

kada su Red Soksi pobedili na šampionatu u bejzbolu.

where the Red Sox won the World Series.

But take a look at the face and the body language of everybody

Ali pogledajte lica i govor tela svih ljudi

in this fuzzy picture, and you can get a sense that they're all at play.

na ovoj mutnoj slici, imaćete utisak da se svi oni igraju.

Imaginativna igra.

Imaginative play.

I love this picture because my daughter, who's now almost 40, is in this picture,

Volim ovu sliku jer je moja ćerka, koja sad ima skoro 40, na ovoj slici,

but it reminds me of her storytelling and her imagination,

ali me podseća na njeno pričanje priča i njenu maštovitost,

her ability to spin yarns at this age -- preschool.

njenu sposobnost da ispreda priče u tim godinama - predškolskim.

A really important part of being a player

Za igrača je izuzetno važna

is imaginative solo play.

samostalna imaginativna igra.

And I love this one, because it's also what we're about.

A volim i ovu, jer takođe govori o onom ko smo.

We all have an internal narrative that's our own inner story.

Svi mi imamo svoj unutrašnji narativ, to je naša sopstvena unutrašnja priča.

The unit of intelligibility of most of our brains is the story.

Jedinica razumevanja većeg dela našeg mozga, jeste priča.

I'm telling you a story today about play.

Danas vam pričam priču o igri.

Well, this bushman, I think, is talking about the fish that got away that was that long,

Ovaj bušman, mislim, govori o ovoliko velikoj ribi koja je pobegla,

ali to je osnovni element igrovne situacije.

but it's a fundamental part of the play scene.

So what does play do for the brain?

Pa šta onda igra čini za mozak?

Well, a lot.

Pa, mnogo toga.

We don't know a whole lot about what it does for the human brain,

Ne znamo mnogo toga o tome šta čini za ljudski mozak,

because funding has not been exactly heavy for research on play.

jer finansiranje istraživanja na temu igre nije baš izdašno.

I walked into the Carnegie asking for a grant.

Ušao sam u Karnegi tražeći sredstva.

They'd given me a large grant when I was an academician

Već su mi bili dali velika sredstva kada sam radio istraživanje

for the study of felony drunken drivers, and I thought I had a pretty good track record,

o pijanim vozačima - prekršiocima zakona, pa sam mislio da sam na dobrom putu,

and by the time I had spent half an hour talking about play,

ali posle pola sata moje priče o igri,

bilo je očigledno da nisu mislili da je igra dovoljno ozbiljna.

it was obvious that they were not -- did not feel that play was serious.

Mislim, bilo je to pre nekoliko godina, da je taj talas sada prošao,

I think that -- that's a few years back -- I think that wave is past,

and the play wave is cresting,

a da je talas igre na vrhuncu,

because there is some good science.

jer postoje naučno potvrđeni podaci.

Nothing lights up the brain like play.

Ništa ne podstiče mozak tako dobro kao igra.

Three-dimensional play fires up the cerebellum,

Trodimenzionalna igra pokreće mali mozak,

puts a lot of impulses into the frontal lobe --

šalje mnogo impulsa u čeoni deo -

the executive portion -- helps contextual memory be developed,

u izvršni deo - pomaže razvoj kontekstualne memorije.

and -- and, and, and.

i još mnogo toga.

So it's -- for me, its been an extremely nourishing scholarly adventure

Jedan izuzetno plodan akademski poduhvat za mene bio je

to look at the neuroscience that's associated with play, and to bring together people

ispitivanje igre iz ugla neuronauke, kao i okupljanje ljudi

who in their individual disciplines hadn't really thought of it that way.

koji u svojim zasebnim disciplinama nisu razmišljali o njoj na taj način.

A na tome se, delom, temelji Nacionalni institut za igru.

And that's part of what the National Institute for Play is all about.

Jedan od načina da izučavate igru,

And this is one of the ways you can study play --

is to get a 256-lead electroencephalogram.

jeste da nabavite elektroencefalogram sa 256 elektroda.

I'm sorry I don't have a playful-looking subject, but it allows mobility,

Žao mi je što nemam razigranog subjekta, no ovo dozvoljava mobilnost,

which has limited the actual study of play.

što ograničava konkretno proučavanje igre.

And we've got a mother-infant play scenario

I imamo igrovni scenario majke i deteta,

that we're hoping to complete underway at the moment.

za koji se nadamo da ćemo sada u hodu upotpuniti.

The reason I put this here is also to queue up

Razlog zbog kojeg sam stavio ovo ovde je takođe i da bih složio

my thoughts about objectifying what play does.

svoje misli o konkretizaciji onoga što igra čini.

The animal world has objectified it.

Životinjski svet je to konkretizovao.

In the animal world, if you take rats,

U životinjskom svetu, ako uzmete pacove,

who are hardwired to play at a certain period of their juvenile years

koji su genetski predodređeni za igru u određenom periodu svog ranog života,

and you suppress play -- they squeak, they wrestle,

i zabranite im igru - oni ciče, rvaju se

they pin each other, that's part of their play.

obaraju jedni druge, to je deo njihove igre.

If you stop that behavior on one group that you're experimenting with,

Ako prekinete to ponašanje u grupi u kojoj sprovodite eksperiment,

and you allow it in another group that you're experimenting with,

a dozvolite ga u drugoj grupi u kojoj sprovodite eksperiment,

and then you present those rats

i onda prinesete tim pacovima

with a cat odor-saturated collar,

ogrlicu natopljenu mirisom mačke,

they're hardwired to flee and hide.

oni su genetski predodređeni da pobegnu i sakriju se.

Pretty smart -- they don't want to get killed by a cat.

Prilično mudro - oni ne žele da ih mačka ubije.

So what happens?

I šta se dogodi?

They both hide out.

Obe grupe se sakriju.

The non-players never come out --

Oni što se nisu igrali, ne izađu nikada -

they die.

oni uginu.

The players slowly explore the environment,

Oni koji su se igrali, polako istražuju okolinu

i ponovo počinju da isprobavaju stvari.

and begin again to test things out.

That says to me, at least in rats --

To mi govori, barem kod pacova -

a mislim da imaju iste neurotransmitere kao i mi

and I think they have the same neurotransmitters that we do

i sličnu strukturu moždane kore -

and a similar cortical architecture --

that play may be pretty important for our survival.

da igra može biti prilično važna za preživljavanje.

And, and, and -- there are a lot more animal studies that I could talk about.

I postoji još mnogo studija o životinjama o kojim bih mogao govoriti.

Evo, ovo je posledica uskraćivanja igre. (Smeh)

Now, this is a consequence of play deprivation. (Laughter)

This took a long time --

Za ovo je bilo potrebno mnogo vremena -

I had to get Homer down and put him through the fMRI and the SPECT

morao sam da oborim Homera, stavim ga na fMRI i SPECT,

kao i na nekoliko EEG-ova, ali pošto je lenjivac,

and multiple EEGs, but as a couch potato, his brain has shrunk.

mozak mu se smanjio.

And we do know that in domestic animals

I znamo da kod domaćih životinja,

i drugih, kad im se uskrati igra,

and others, when they're play deprived,

kod njih se - takođe i kod pacova - ne razvije normalan mozak.

they don't -- and rats also -- they don't develop a brain that is normal.

Now, the program says that the opposite of play is not work,

Program kaže da suprotno od igre nije rad,

it's depression.

već je depresija.

And I think if you think about life without play --

I mislim da ako razmišljate o životu bez igre,

no humor, no flirtation, no movies,

bez humora, bez flerta, bez filmova,

no games, no fantasy and, and, and.

bez igara, bez mašte i tako dalje.

Try and imagine a culture or a life, adult or otherwise

Pokušajte da zamislite kulturu ili život, odraslu osobu ili dete,

without play.

bez igre.

And the thing that's so unique about our species

A ono što je jedinstveno za našu vrstu,

is that we're really designed to play through our whole lifetime.

jeste da smo mi zaista stvoreni da se igramo čitavog svog života.

And we all have capacity to play signal.

I svi imamo sposobnost da signaliziramo igru.

Nobody misses that dog I took a picture of on a Carmel beach a couple of weeks ago.

Svi zapamte onog psa kog sam slikao na plaži Karmel pre dve nedelje.

What's going to follow from that behavior

Ono što će uslediti iz takvog ponašanja

is play.

je igra.

And you can trust it.

Možete biti uvereni.

The basis of human trust is established through play signals.

Osnova poverenja među ljudima se uspostavlja kroz signale za igru.

And we begin to lose those signals, culturally and otherwise, as adults.

A počinjemo da gubimo te signale, kroz kulturu ili drugačije, kao odrasli.

That's a shame.

Šteta.

Mislim da treba mnogo toga da naučimo.

I think we've got a lot of learning to do.

Džejn Gudal ovde ima razigrano lice pored jedne od svojih omiljenih šimpanzi.

Now, Jane Goodall has here a play face along with one of her favorite chimps.

So part of the signaling system of play

Deo signalnog sitstema za igru

has to do with vocal, facial, body, gestural.

je vezan za glas, lice, telo, gestove.

You know, you can tell -- and I think when we're getting into collective play,

Znate, može se reći, i mislim, kada učestvujemo u kolektivnoj igri,

its really important for groups to gain a sense of safety

da je grupama izuzetno važno da steknu osećaj sigurnosti

through their own sharing of play signals.

kroz sopstvenu razmenu signala za igru.

You may not know this word,

Možda ne znate ovu reč,

but it should be your biological first name and last name.

ali bi ona trebalo da bude vaše biološko ime i prezime,

Because neoteny means the retention of immature qualities into adulthood.

jer neotenija znači zadržavanje osobina nezrelosti i u odraslom dobu.

And we are, by physical anthropologists,

A mi smo, po mišljenju fizičkih antropologa,

by many, many studies, the most neotenous,

kako pokazuju mnogobrojne studije, najneoteničniji,

the most youthful, the most flexible, the most plastic of all creatures.

najmladalačkiji, najfleksibilniji, najgipkiji od svih bića.

And therefore, the most playful.

I stoga, najrazigraniji.

A to nam pomaže prilikom adaptacije.

And this gives us a leg up on adaptability.

Now, there is a way of looking at play

Postoji jedan ugao gledanja na igru

that I also want to emphasize here,

koji takođe želim ovde da naglasim,

which is the play history.

a to je istorija igre.

Your own personal play history is unique,

Vaša sopstvena istorija igre je jedinstvena.

and often is not something we think about particularly.

i često nije nešto o čemu naročito razmišljamo.

This is a book written by a consummate player

Ovo je knjiga koju je napisao vešt igrač

by the name of Kevin Carroll.

po imenu Kevin Kerol.

Kevin Carroll came from extremely deprived circumstances:

Kevin Kerol je odrastao u izuzetno lošim okolnostima:

alcoholic mother, absent father, inner-city Philadelphia,

majka alkoholičar, otac odsutan, unutrašnjost Filadelfije,

black, had to take care of a younger brother.

crnac, morao je da brine o svom mlađem bratu.

Found that when he looked at a playground

Shvatio je da kada je gledao na igralište

out of a window into which he had been confined,

sa prozora sobe u kojoj je bio zatvoren,

he felt something different.

da se osećao drugačije.

And so he followed up on it.

I sledio je taj osećaj.

I njegov život, transformacija njegovog života od uskraćenosti

And his life -- the transformation of his life

from deprivation and what one would expect -- potentially prison or death --

i onog što se moglo očekivati - potencijalni zatvor ili smrt,

he become a linguist, a trainer for the 76ers and now is a motivational speaker.

postao je lingvista, košarkaški trener i sada je motivacioni govornik.

And he gives play as a transformative force

I govori o igri kao sili transformacije

over his entire life.

njegovog celokupnog života.

Now there's another play history that I think is a work in progress.

Evo još jedne istorije igre za koju mislim da je još uvek u toku.

Those of you who remember Al Gore,

Vi koji se sećate Ala Gora

during the first term and then during his successful

iz njegovog prvog mandata, a onda i iz njegove uspešne,

but unelected run for the presidency,

ali izgubljene trke za predsednika,

may remember him as being kind of wooden and not entirely his own person,

možda ga se sećate kao pomalo drvenog i kao nekog ko baš i nije svoj čovek,

at least in public.

barem ne u javnosti.

And looking at his history, which is common in the press,

Ispitao sam njegovu istoriju, lako dostupnu u štampi,

it seems to me, at least -- looking at it from a shrink's point of view --

i čini mi se, barem gledajući iz ugla psihijatra,

that a lot of his life was programmed.

da je veliki deo njegovog života bio isprogramiran.

Summers were hard, hard work, in the heat of Tennessee summers.

Leta je provodio radeći izuzetno naporno, na vrelom suncu Tenesija

He had the expectations of his senatorial father and Washington, D.C.

Njegov otac senator i Vašington su mnogo očekivali od njega.

I iako mislim da je svakako imao razvijen kapacitet za igru,

And although I think he certainly had the capacity for play --

because I do know something about that --

jer znam ponešto o tome,

he wasn't as empowered, I think, as he now is

nije imao snagu koju mislim da sad ima,

by paying attention to what is his own passion

jer obraća pažnju na svoje sopstvene strasti

and his own inner drive,

i sopstvene unutrašnje porive,

which I think has its basis in all of us in our play history.

a što mislim da ima osnovu u svima nama, u našoj istoriji igre.

So what I would encourage on an individual level to do,

Ono što bih voleo da podstaknem na individualnom nivou

is to explore backwards as far as you can go

jeste da ispitate prošlost, najdalje što možete da odete,

to the most clear, joyful, playful image that you have,

do najjasnije, najradosnije, najrazigranije slike koju imate,

whether it's with a toy, on a birthday or on a vacation.

bilo da je s igračkom, sa rođendana ili raspusta.

And begin to build to build from the emotion of that

I krenite od te emocije

i povežite je sa svojim sadašnjim životom.

into how that connects with your life now.

I shvatićete, možda promenite i posao,

And you'll find, you may change jobs --

što se desilo mnogima koje sam naveo da to urade

which has happened to a number people when I've had them do this --

in order to be more empowered through their play.

kako bi se osnažili kroz svoju igru.

Or you'll be able to enrich your life by prioritizing it

Ili ćete biti u mogućnosti da obogatite svoj život dajući tome prioritet

and paying attention to it.

i posvećujući joj pažnju.

Most of us work with groups, and I put this up because

Većina nas radi sa grupama, i ovo iznosim

the d.school, the design school at Stanford,

jer Škola D, Škola za dizajn na Stanfordu,

thanks to David Kelley and a lot of others

zahvaljujući Dejvidu Keliju i mnogim drugima

who have been visionary about its establishment,

koji su imali viziju u vezi sa ovom ustanovom,

has allowed a group of us to get together

omogućila je da se grupa nas sastane

and create a course called "From Play to Innovation."

i kreira kurs pod nazivom "Od igre do inovacije".

And you'll see this course is to investigate

Videćete da se na ovom kursu ispituje

stanje igre kod ljudi, koje liči na stanje belog medveda i haskija,

the human state of play, which is kind of like the polar bear-husky state

i njen značaj u kreativnom mišljenju:

and its importance to creative thinking:

"to explore play behavior, its development and its biological basis;

„istražiti ponašanje u igri, njen razvoj i biološku osnovu;

to apply those principles, through design thinking,

primeniti te principe kroz razmišljanje o dizajnu,

to promote innovation in the corporate world;

promovisati inovaciju u poslovnom svetu,

and the students will work with real-world partners

a studenti će raditi sa partnerima iz stvarnog sveta

on design projects with widespread application."

na dizajnerskim projektima sa širokom primenom.”

This is our maiden voyage in this.

Ovo je naš prvi poduhvat u ovoj oblasti.

We're about two and a half, three months into it, and it's really been fun.

Oko dva i po, tri meseca smo u tome i veoma je zabavno.

There is our star pupil, this labrador,

Evo našeg glavnog učenika labradora

who taught a lot of us what a state of play is,

koji je mnoge od nas naučio šta je stanje igre,

i izuzetno starog i oronulog profesora.

and an extremely aged and decrepit professor in charge there.

And Brendan Boyle, Rich Crandall -- and on the far right is, I think, a person who

I Brendan Bojl, Rič Krendal i sasvim desno je, mislim,

osoba koja će zajedno sa Džordžom Smutom dobiti Nobelovu nagradu - Stjuart Tomson,

will be in cahoots with George Smoot for a Nobel Prize -- Stuart Thompson,

za neuronauku.

in neuroscience.

So we've had Brendan, who's from IDEO,

Dakle, imamo Brendana, on je iz IDEO-a,

and the rest of us sitting aside and watching these students

i mi ostali koji sedimo sa strane i posmatramo ove studente

as they put play principles into practice in the classroom.

kako praktično sprovode principe igre u učionici.

A jedan od njihovih projekata je bio da vide

And one of their projects was to

see what makes meetings boring,

šta je to što sastanke čini dosadnim,

and to try and do something about it.

i da pokušaju da učine nešto povodom toga.

So what will follow is a student-made film

Ono što će uslediti je studentski film

about just that.

upravo o tome.

Narrator: Flow is the mental state of apparition

Narator: Tok je mentalno stanje privida

in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing.

u kome je osoba potuno zadubljena u ono što radi.

Characterized by a feeling of energized focus,

Karakterišu ga osećanje pobuđene koncentracije,

full involvement and success in the process of the activity.

potpuna angažovanost i uspeh u procesu određene aktivnosti.

An important key insight that we learned about meetings

Ključna stvar koju smo naučili u vezi sa sastancima,

jeste da ih ljudi sabiju jednog za drugim,

is that people pack them in one after another,

disruptive to the day.

tako da remete dan.

Učesnici sastanka ne znaju kada će se vratiti svom poslu

Attendees at meetings don't know when they'll get back to the task

koji su ostavili za stolom.

that they left at their desk.

But it doesn't have to be that way.

Ali ne mora biti tako.

(Music)

(Muzika)

Some sage and repeatedly furry monks

Neki mudri i često zastrašujući pustinjaci,

at this place called the d.school

u ovom mestu zvanom škola D,

designed a meeting that you can literally step out of when it's over.

oblikovali su sastanak iz kog bukvalno možete iskoračiti kada se završi.

Take the meeting off, and have peace of mind that you can come back to me.

Skinite sastanak i budite spokojni jer mi se možete vratiti.

Because when you need it again,

Jer kad vam opet bude trebao,

the meeting is literally hanging in your closet.

sastanak bukvalno visi u vašem ormanu.

The Wearable Meeting.

Nosivi sastanak.

Because when you put it on, you immediately get everything you need

Jer kad ga obučete, smesta dobijate sve što vam je potrebno

da biste imali zabavan i produktivan i koristan sastanak.

to have a fun and productive and useful meeting.

But when you take it off --

Ali kad ga skinete -

that's when the real action happens.

tada počinje prava akcija.

(Music)

(Muzika)

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smeh) (Aplauz)

Stuart Brown: So I would encourage you all

Stjuart Braun: Ohrabrio bih sve vas

to engage

da se aktivirate,

not in the work-play differential --

ne po obrascu "rad ili igra",

where you set aside time to play --

po kom ćete odvojiti malo vremena za igru,

but where your life becomes infused

već da vam život postane prožet

minute by minute, hour by hour,

iz minuta u minut, iz sata u sat,

with body,

telom,

object,

sa predmetima,

social, fantasy, transformational kinds of play.

društvenim igrama, igrama imaginacije i transformacije.

And I think you'll have a better and more empowered life.

I mislim da će vam život biti bolji, a vi više osnaženi.

Hvala.

Thank You.

(Aplauz)

(Applause)

John Hockenberry: So it sounds to me like what you're saying is that

Džon Hokenberi: Meni to što govorite zvuči kao

there may be some temptation on the part of people to look at your work

da ljudi mogu doći u iskušenje da se osvrnu na vaš rad

and go --

i kažu:

I think I've heard this, in my kind of pop psychological understanding of play,

„Mislim da sam razumeo,

prema mom popularno psihološkom shvatanju igre, da nekako,

that somehow,

the way animals and humans deal with play,

način na koji ljudi i životinje postupaju u igri,

da je to neka vrsta pripreme za aktivnosti odraslih.”

is that it's some sort of rehearsal for adult activity.

Your work seems to suggest that that is powerfully wrong.

Čini se da vaš rad sugeriše da je to potpuno pogrešno.

SB: Yeah, I don't think that's accurate,

SB: Da, Mislim da to nije tačno,

and I think probably because animals have taught us that.

verovatno zato što su nas, mislim, životinje naučile tome.

If you stop a cat from playing --

Ako sprečite mačku da se igra,

which you can do, and we've all seen how cats bat around stuff --

što možete da uradite, svi smo videli kako se mačke igraju,

they're just as good predators as they would be if they hadn't played.

ona će i dalje biti tako dobar predator kao i da se nije igrala.

And if you imagine a kid

A ako zamislite dete

pretending to be King Kong,

koje se pretvara da je King Kong,

or a race car driver, or a fireman,

ili vozač formule ili vatrogasac,

they don't all become race car drivers or firemen, you know.

neće svako postati vozač formule ili vatrogasac.

So there's a disconnect between preparation for the future --

Tako da postoji jaz između pripreme za budućnost -

which is what most people are comfortable in thinking about play as --

kako većina ljudi shvata igru -

and thinking of it as a separate biological entity.

i razmišljanja o njoj kao zasebnoj biološkoj celini.

And this is where my chasing animals for four, five years

A u vezi sa tim je moja potera za životinjama tokom prethodnih 4-5 godina

really changed my perspective from a clinician to what I am now,

zaista promenila moju perspektivu, od kliničara do onog što sam danas,

which is that play has a biological place,

a to je da igra ima svoje biološko mesto,

just like sleep and dreams do.

kao što ga imaju spavanje i snovi.

And if you look at sleep and dreams biologically,

A ako na spavanje i snove gledate sa biološke strane,

životinje spavaju i sanjaju,

animals sleep and dream,

i one isprobavaju i rade druge stvari koje podstiču pamćenje,

and they rehearse and they do some other things that help memory

i ovo su veoma važni elementi spavanja i snova.

and that are a very important part of sleep and dreams.

The next step of evolution in mammals and

Sledeći stepen evolucije kod sisara

i stvorenja sa „božanstveno visokim brojem neurona”,

creatures with divinely superfluous neurons

will be to play.

jeste sposobnost igre.

And the fact that the polar bear and husky or magpie and a bear

I činjenica da beli medved i haski, ili svraka i medved,

or you and I and our dogs can crossover and have that experience

ili Vi i ja i naši psi, možemo da menjamo uloge i steknemo to iskustvo,

sets play aside as something separate.

izdvajaju igru kao nešto zasebno.

And its hugely important in learning and crafting the brain.

I izuzetno je važna za učenje i vežbanje mozga.

So it's not just something you do in your spare time.

Tako da to nije samo nešto što radite u slobodno vreme.

JH: How do you keep -- and I know you're part of the scientific research community,

DžH: Kako uspevate - pripadate naučno-istraživačkoj zajednici

and you have to justify your existence with grants and proposals like everyone else --

i morate da pravdate svoj rad subvencijama i projektima kao i svi drugi -

how do you prevent --

kako sprečavate da -

and some of the data that you've produced, the good science that you're talking about you've produced, is hot to handle.

a neki od podataka do kojih ste došli, naučno utemeljenih, su vruća tema.

How do you prevent either the media's interpretation of your work

Kako sprečavate interpretaciju Vašeg rada od strane medija,

or the scientific community's interpretation of the implications of your work,

ili interpretaciju implikacija Vašeg rada od strane naučne zajednice,

kind of like the Mozart metaphor,

nešto poput metafore o Mocartu,

where, "Oh, MRIs show

gde se kaže: „Oh, magnetna rezonanca pokazuje

that play enhances your intelligence.

da igra podstiče inteligenciju.

Well, let's round these kids up, put them in pens

Hajde da skupimo decu, stavimo ih u obore,

and make them play for months at a time; they'll all be geniuses and go to Harvard."

i navedemo ih da se igraju mesecima,

svi će postati genijalci i upisaće Harvard.”

How do you prevent people from taking that sort of action

Kako sprečavate ljude da rade takve stvari

on the data that you're developing?

na osnovu podataka do kojih dolazite?

SB: Well, I think the only way I know to do it

SB: Jedini način na koji to znam da radim,

is to have accumulated the advisers that I have

jeste da okupim savetnike koje imam,

who go from practitioners --

ima ih od praktičara

who can establish through improvisational play or clowning or whatever --

koji umeju da kroz improvizaciju ili ludiranje ili neki drugi način,

a state of play.

prizovu stanje igre.

So people know that it's there.

Tako ljudi znaju da to postoji.

And then you get an fMRI specialist, and you get Frank Wilson,

i onda uzmete jednog stručnjaka za fMRI, i uzmete Frenka Vilsona,

and you get other kinds of hard scientists, including neuroendocrinologists.

a uzmete i druge vrste naučnika, uključujući i endokrinologe,

And you get them into a group together focused on play,

i okupite ih u grupu fokusiranu na igru,

and it's pretty hard not to take it seriously.

i onda postane prilično teško da sve to ne shvatite ozbiljno.

Unfortunately, that hasn't been done sufficiently

Na žalost, na ovom se ne radi dovoljno da bi

for the National Science Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health

Nacionalna naučna fondacija, Institut za mentalno zdravlje

or anybody else to really look at it in this way seriously.

ili bilo ko drugi zaista ozbiljno razmotrio sve to.

I mean you don't hear about anything that's like cancer or heart disease

Mislim, nećete čuti da bilo šta poput raka ili srčanih oboljenja

associated with play.

ima veze sa igrom.

And yet I see it as something that's just as basic for survival -- long term --

Ipak, ja to vidim kao nešto što je isto toliko bitno za preživljavanje

as learning some of the basic things about public health.

kao što je učenje osnovnih stvari u vezi sa javnim zdravljem.

JH: Stuart Brown, thank you very much.

DžH: Stjuart Braun, mnogo Vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)