Stuart Brown: Play is more than fun

Prevoditelj: Sanja Srbljnović Čuček Recezent: Sanda L

So, here we go: a flyby of play.

Dakle, krećemo: letimični pogled na igru.

It's got to be serious if the New York Times

Mora biti ozbiljno ako New York Times,

puts a cover story of their February 17th Sunday magazine about play.

na naslovnici svog tjednika od 17. 2. objavljuje priču o igri.

At the bottom of this, it says, "It's deeper than gender.

Pri dnu piše: "Složenije je od rodnog pitanja.

Seriously, but dangerously fun.

Izuzetno, ali opasno zabavna.

And a sandbox for new ideas about evolution."

I pješčanik novih ideja o evoluciji."

Nije loše, osim ako pogledate naslovnicu, što nedostaje?

Not bad, except if you look at that cover, what's missing?

You see any adults?

Vidite li ikog odraslog?

Well, lets go back to the 15th century.

No, vratimo se u 15. stoljeće.

This is a courtyard in Europe,

Ovo je gradski trg u Europi,

a tu su i 124 različite vrste igara.

and a mixture of 124 different kinds of play.

All ages, solo play, body play, games, taunting.

Sve dobi, samostalna igra, fizičke i društvene igre, zadirkivanje.

And there it is. And I think this is a typical picture

To je to. Mislim da je ovo tipična slika

of what it was like in a courtyard then.

gradskog trga iz tog vremena.

I think we may have lost something in our culture.

Mislim da smo možda izgubili nešto u našoj kulturi.

So I'm gonna take you through

Zato ću vas provesti kroz

what I think is a remarkable sequence.

jedno izuzetno događanje.

North of Churchill, Manitoba, in October and November,

Sjeverno od Churchilla, Manitoba, u listopadu i studenom

there's no ice on Hudson Bay.

nema leda na zaljevu Hudson.

And this polar bear that you see, this 1200-pound male,

A ovaj polarni medvjed kojeg vidite, ovaj mužjak od 550 kg

he's wild and fairly hungry.

divlji je i poprilično gladan.

And Norbert Rosing, a German photographer,

Tu je i Norbert Rosing, njemački fotograf,

is there on scene, making a series of photos of these huskies, who are tethered.

snima seriju fotografija ovih haskija privezanih lancem.

And from out of stage left comes this wild, male polar bear,

Slijeva stiže mužjak polarnog medvjeda,

with a predatory gaze.

grabežljivog pogleda.

Any of you who've been to Africa or had a junkyard dog come after you,

Bili vi u Africi ili s lutalicom za petama,

to je taj kruti grabežljivi pogled

there is a fixed kind of predatory gaze

koji vam kaže da ste u nevolji.

that you know you're in trouble.

But on the other side of that predatory gaze

A nasuprot tom grabežljivom pogledu

is a female husky in a play bow, wagging her tail.

je razigrana ženka haskija i maše repom.

And something very unusual happens.

I događa se nešto jako neobično.

That fixed behavior -- which is rigid and stereotyped

To se kruto i stereotipno ponašanje -

and ends up with a meal -- changes.

koje bi završilo obrokom - mijenja.

And this polar bear

A ovaj polarni medvjed

stands over the husky,

stoji iznad haskija,

no claws extended, no fangs taking a look.

uvučenih kandži i očnjaka, i promatra.

And they begin an incredible ballet.

I započinju nevjerojatni balet.

Baletom igre.

A play ballet.

This is in nature: it overrides a carnivorous nature

To je u prirodi jače od mesožderske ćudi

and what otherwise would have been a short fight to the death.

i inače neminovne kratke borbe do smrti.

And if you'll begin to look closely at the husky that's bearing her throat to the polar bear,

Vidite haskija kako medvjedu izlaže vrat,

and look a little more closely, they're in an altered state.

a pogledate li pomnije, stanje se mijenja.

They're in a state of play.

Oni su u stanju igre.

And it's that state

A upravo to stanje

that allows these two creatures to explore the possible.

omogućava da ovo dvoje istraže moguće.

They are beginning to do something that neither would have done

Počinju ono što nijedno od njih ne bi učinilo

without the play signals.

bez signala za igru.

And it is a marvelous example

A to je divan primjer

of how a differential in power

kako se razlika u moći

can be overridden by a process of nature that's within all of us.

može poništiti prirodnim procesom prisutnim u svima nama.

Now how did I get involved in this?

Kako sam se počeo time baviti?

John mentioned that I've done some work with murderers, and I have.

John je spomenuo da sam se bavio ubojicama, i jesam.

The Texas Tower murderer opened my eyes,

Ubojica s tornja Teksaškog sveučilišta otvorio mi je oči,

in retrospect, when we studied his tragic mass murder,

kada smo proučavali njegovo tragično masovno ubojstvo,

to the importance of play,

obzirom na važnost igre.

in that that individual, by deep study,

Temeljitim proučavanjem, kod ove smo osobe otkrili

was found to have severe play deprivation.

da je bio radikalno lišavan igre.

Charles Whitman was his name.

Zvao se Charles Whitman.

And our committee, which consisted of a lot of hard scientists,

Naš je konzilij, s brojnim renomiranim znanstvenicima,

did feel at the end of that study

na kraju te studije stekao dojam

that the absence of play and a progressive suppression of developmentally normal play

da su ga odsutnost igre i progresivno potiskivanje razvojno normalne igre,

led him to be more vulnerable to the tragedy that he perpetrated.

učinili sklonijim počiniti ovu tragediju.

And that finding has stood the test of time --

A to je otkriće izdržalo test vremena,

unfortunately even into more recent times, at Virginia Tech.

nažalost, čak i nedavno, na Politehničkom fakultetu u Virginiji.

And other studies of populations at risk

I druga istraživanja rizičnih populacija

sensitized me to the importance of play,

ukazivala su mi na važnost igranja,

but I didn't really understand what it was.

no nisam stvarno shvaćao o čemu se radilo.

And it was many years in taking play histories of individuals

Godinama sam bilježio anamneze igranja pojedinaca,

before I really began to recognize that I didn't really have a full understanding of it.

sve dok nisam počeo shvaćati da to doista nisam potpuno razumio.

And I don't think any of us has a full understanding of it, by any means.

I mislim da to ionako nitko od nas potpuno ne razumije.

But there are ways of looking at it

Ali postoje različita gledišta

that I think can give you -- give us all a taxonomy, a way of thinking about it.

koja mogu dati taksonomiju, način razmišljanja o tome.

And this image is, for humans, the beginning point of play.

A za ljude je ova slika početna točka igranja.

When that mother and infant lock eyes,

Kad se ta majka i ta beba gledaju oči u oči,

i kada beba dovoljno poraste da može komunicirati osmijehom,

and the infant's old enough to have a social smile,

ono što se spontano događa je provala radosti kod majke.

what happens -- spontaneously -- is the eruption of joy on the part of the mother.

And she begins to babble and coo and smile, and so does the baby.

I ona počinje brbljati, gugutati i smiješiti se, kao i beba.

If we've got them wired up with an electroencephalogram,

Ako bismo ih priključili na elektroencefalogram,

the right brain of each of them becomes attuned,

njihove bi desne strane mozga postale usklađene,

so that the joyful emergence of this earliest of play scenes

tako da je pojava ove, jedne od najranijih situacija igre,

and the physiology of that is something we're beginning to get a handle on.

kao i njena fiziologija, nešto što tek počinjemo razumijevati.

And I'd like you to think that every bit of more complex play

Za nas ljude svaki se element neke složenije igre

builds on this base for us humans.

nadograđuje na ovu osnovu.

And so now I'm going to take you through sort of a way of looking at play,

Pokazat ću vam jedan od načina gledanja na igru,

but it's never just singularly one thing.

ali to nikada nije samo jedna jedina stvar.

We're going to look at body play,

Osvrnut ćemo se na fizičku igru,

which is a spontaneous desire to get ourselves out of gravity.

koja predstavlja spontanu želju da izbjegnemo ozbiljnost.

This is a mountain goat.

Ovo je divokoza.

Ako imate loš dan, pokušajte ovo:

If you're having a bad day, try this:

skačite gore-dolje, migoljite se - osjećat ćete se bolje.

jump up and down, wiggle around -- you're going to feel better.

A možda ćete se osjećati kao ovaj lik,

And you may feel like this character,

koji to radi bez nekog posebnog razloga.

who is also just doing it for its own sake.

It doesn't have a particular purpose, and that's what's great about play.

Nema naročitu svrhu, i baš to igru čini sjajnom.

If its purpose is more important

Ako je svrha važnija

than the act of doing it, it's probably not play.

od samog igranja, onda to vjerojatno nije igra.

And there's a whole other type of play, which is object play.

Postoji i potpuno druga vrsta igre, a to je igra objektima.

And this Japanese macaque has made a snowball,

Ovaj je japanski makaki napravio grudu

and he or she's going to roll down a hill.

i on ili ona će je zakotrljati niz brdo.

And -- they don't throw it at each other, but this is a fundamental part of being playful.

Ne bacaju je jedan na drugog, već je ovo osnovni element zaigranosti.

The human hand, in manipulation of objects,

U manipulaciji predmetima,

is the hand in search of a brain;

ljudska je ruka u potrazi za mozgom,

the brain is in search of a hand;

mozak je u potrazi za rukom,

and play is the medium by which those two are linked in the best way.

a igra je sredstvo koje ih najbolje povezuje.

JPL we heard this morning -- JPL is an incredible place.

Laboratorij za mlazni pogon (JPL) je sjajno mjesto.

They have located two consultants,

Našli su dva savjetnika,

Frank Wilson and Nate Johnson,

Franka Wilsona i Natea Johnsona.

who are -- Frank Wilson is a neurologist, Nate Johnson is a mechanic.

Frank Wilson je neurolog, Nate Johnson je mehaničar.

He taught mechanics in a high school in Long Beach,

Podučavao je mehaničare u srednjoj školi u Long Beachu

and found that his students were no longer able to solve problems.

i otkrio da njegovi učenici više ne znaju rješavati probleme.

And he tried to figure out why. And he came to the conclusion, quite on his own,

I pokušao je shvatiti zašto. Sâm je došao do zaključka,

that the students who could no longer solve problems, such as fixing cars,

da učenici koji nisu znali rješavati popravke automobila,

hadn't worked with their hands.

nisu radili svojim rukama.

Frank Wilson had written a book called "The Hand."

Frank Wilson je napisao knjigu „Ruka”.

They got together -- JPL hired them.

Sreli su se - JPL ih je zaposlio.

Now JPL, NASA and Boeing,

JPL, NASA i Boeing, prije nego što

before they will hire a research and development problem solver --

zaposle nekog na rješavanju problema u istraživanju i razvoju,

even if they're summa cum laude from Harvard or Cal Tech --

čak i ako je to najbolji student s Harvarda ili Cal Techa -

if they haven't fixed cars, haven't done stuff with their hands early in life,

ako nije popravljao automobile, ni u ranoj dobi radio rukama,

played with their hands, they can't problem-solve as well.

niti se igrao rukama, nije u stanju problemski razmišljati.

So play is practical, and it's very important.

Dakle, igra je praktična i vrlo je važna.

Now one of the things about play is that it is born by curiosity and exploration. (Laughter)

A igra se rađa iz radoznalosti i istraživanja. (Smijeh)

But it has to be safe exploration.

Ali to mora biti sigurno istraživanje.

Ovo je u redu - dječak se zanima za anatomiju,

This happens to be OK -- he's an anatomically interested little boy

and that's his mom. Other situations wouldn't be quite so good.

a ovo mu je mama. Druge situacije ne bi bile baš tako dobre.

No, radoznalost i istraživanje su elementi igranja.

But curiosity, exploration, are part of the play scene.

If you want to belong, you need social play.

Ako želite negdje pripadati, trebate socijalnu igru.

And social play is part of what we're about here today,

Socijalna igra je dio onoga o čemu danas pričamo

and is a byproduct of the play scene.

i nusprodukt je igranja.

Fizička igra.

Rough and tumble play.

Ove lavice izgledaju kao da se bore.

These lionesses, seen from a distance, looked like they were fighting.

But if you look closely, they're kind of like the polar bear and husky:

Pogledate li bolje, one su poput polarnog medvjeda i haskija:

no claws, flat fur, soft eyes,

uvučene kandže, ravno krzno, blag pogled,

open mouth with no fangs, balletic movements,

otvorena usta bez očnjaka, lagani pokreti,

curvilinear movements -- all specific to play.

izvijeni pokreti - sve je to karakteristično za igru.

And rough-and-tumble play is a great learning medium for all of us.

A fizička igra je za sve nas odlično sredstvo za učenje.

Preschool kids, for example, should be allowed to dive, hit, whistle,

Predškolskoj bi djeci trebalo dozvoliti skakanje, udaranje, zviždanje,

scream, be chaotic, and develop through that a lot of emotional regulation

vrištanje, kaotičnost, a kroz to i razvoj emocionalne kontrole,

and a lot of the other social byproducts -- cognitive, emotional and physical --

uz mnoge druge socijalne nusproizvode - kognitivne, emocionalne i fizičke,

that come as a part of rough and tumble play.

koji su sastavni dio fizičke igre.

Igra gledatelja, rituala - katkad sudjelujemo.

Spectator play, ritual play -- we're involved in some of that.

Vi koji ste iz Bostona, znate da je ovo bio trenutak - rijedak

Those of you who are from Boston know that this was the moment -- rare --

- kad su Red Soxi osvojili World Series.

where the Red Sox won the World Series.

But take a look at the face and the body language of everybody

Ali pogledajte samo lica i govor tijela svih

in this fuzzy picture, and you can get a sense that they're all at play.

na ovoj mutnoj slici, i imat ćete dojam da se svi oni igraju.

Igra mašte.

Imaginative play.

I love this picture because my daughter, who's now almost 40, is in this picture,

Volim ovu sliku moje kćeri, sad joj je gotovo 40.

but it reminds me of her storytelling and her imagination,

Podsjeća me na njeno pričanje priča i njenu maštu,

her ability to spin yarns at this age -- preschool.

njeno pripovjedačko umijeće u toj predškolskoj dobi.

A really important part of being a player

Zaista važan dio igranja

is imaginative solo play.

je samostalna imaginativna igra.

And I love this one, because it's also what we're about.

A volim i ovu jer isto tako govori o tome tko smo.

We all have an internal narrative that's our own inner story.

Svi imamo svoju unutarnju naraciju, našu vlastitu unutarnju priču.

The unit of intelligibility of most of our brains is the story.

Priča je jedinica razumijevanja najvećeg dijela našeg mozga.

I'm telling you a story today about play.

Danas vam pričam priču o igri.

Well, this bushman, I think, is talking about the fish that got away that was that long,

Ovaj Bušman, čini se, govori o ovoliko dugačkoj ribi,

but it's a fundamental part of the play scene.

a to je osnovni element situacije igre.

So what does play do for the brain?

Što onda igra čini za mozak?

Well, a lot.

Pa, mnogo toga.

We don't know a whole lot about what it does for the human brain,

Dosta toga ne znamo o tome kako djeluje na ljudski mozak,

because funding has not been exactly heavy for research on play.

jer financiranje istraživanja na temu igre nije baš izdašno.

I walked into the Carnegie asking for a grant.

Išao sam u Carnegie tražiti sredstva.

They'd given me a large grant when I was an academician

Već su mi kao akademiku bili dali pozamašna sredstva

for the study of felony drunken drivers, and I thought I had a pretty good track record,

za istraživanje o pijanim vozačima. Premda uvjeren u svoju dobru reputaciju,

and by the time I had spent half an hour talking about play,

nakon pola sata pričanja o igri,

postalo mi je očito da nisu mislili da je igra dovoljno ozbiljna.

it was obvious that they were not -- did not feel that play was serious.

I think that -- that's a few years back -- I think that wave is past,

Bilo je to prije nekoliko godina, - mislim da je taj val sada iza nas,

and the play wave is cresting,

a val igre je sada na vrhuncu,

because there is some good science.

jer postoje dobri znanstveni dokazi.

Nothing lights up the brain like play.

Ništa ne potiče mozak tako kao igra.

Three-dimensional play fires up the cerebellum,

Trodimenzionalna igra aktivira mali mozak,

puts a lot of impulses into the frontal lobe --

šalje obilje impulsa u frontalni režanj -

the executive portion -- helps contextual memory be developed,

izvršni dio - pomaže razvoju kontekstualne memorije

and -- and, and, and.

i još mnogo toga.

So it's -- for me, its been an extremely nourishing scholarly adventure

Dakle, bila mi je izuzetno korisna stručna avantura

to look at the neuroscience that's associated with play, and to bring together people

istražiti neuroznanost povezanu s igrom i okupiti ljude

who in their individual disciplines hadn't really thought of it that way.

koji u svojim zasebnim disciplinama o njoj nisu razmišljali na takav način.

A o tome se djelomice radi u Nacionalnom institutu za igru.

And that's part of what the National Institute for Play is all about.

A ovo je jedan od načina kako proučavati igru -

And this is one of the ways you can study play --

is to get a 256-lead electroencephalogram.

nabaviti EEG s 256 elektroda.

I'm sorry I don't have a playful-looking subject, but it allows mobility,

Žao mi je što nemam razigranog ispitanika, ali ovo omogućuje mobilnost

which has limited the actual study of play.

koja ograničava stvarno istraživanje igre.

And we've got a mother-infant play scenario

Imamo scenarij igranja majke i djeteta

that we're hoping to complete underway at the moment.

za kojeg se nadamo da ćemo ga uskoro završiti.

The reason I put this here is also to queue up

To navodim zato da posložim

my thoughts about objectifying what play does.

svoja razmišljanja o konkretizaciji onoga što igra čini.

The animal world has objectified it.

Životinjski svijet je to konkretizirao.

U životinjskom svijetu, ako uzmete štakore,

In the animal world, if you take rats,

who are hardwired to play at a certain period of their juvenile years

koji se kao mladunci instinktivno igraju,

and you suppress play -- they squeak, they wrestle,

i ne dozvolite im igru -- oni ciče, hrvaju se,

they pin each other, that's part of their play.

ruše jedni druge, to je dio njihove igre.

If you stop that behavior on one group that you're experimenting with,

Ako to ponašanje zaustavite u jednoj eksperimentalnoj skupini,

and you allow it in another group that you're experimenting with,

a dozvolite ga u drugoj,

pa zatim štakorima

and then you present those rats

with a cat odor-saturated collar,

date ogrlicu natopljenu mirisom mačke,

they're hardwired to flee and hide.

oni će instinktivno pobjeći i sakriti se.

Pretty smart -- they don't want to get killed by a cat.

Prilično pametno - ne žele da ih ubije mačka.

So what happens?

I što se događa?

They both hide out.

I jedni i drugi se skrivaju.

The non-players never come out --

Ne-igrači nikada ne izlaze

they die.

- ugibaju.

The players slowly explore the environment,

Igrači polako istražuju okoliš

and begin again to test things out.

i počinju ponovno ispitivati stvari.

That says to me, at least in rats --

To mi govori, barem kod štakora,

a mislim da imaju iste neurotransmitere kao i mi

and I think they have the same neurotransmitters that we do

i sličnu strukturu moždane kore,

and a similar cortical architecture --

that play may be pretty important for our survival.

da igra može biti vrlo važna za naše preživljavanje.

And, and, and -- there are a lot more animal studies that I could talk about.

Još je mnogo istraživanja o životinjama o kojima bih mogao govoriti.

Evo, ovo je posljedica uskraćivanja igre. (Smijeh)

Now, this is a consequence of play deprivation. (Laughter)

This took a long time --

Za ovo je trebalo mnogo vremena.

I had to get Homer down and put him through the fMRI and the SPECT

Morao sam savladati Homera, snimiti mu mozak

and multiple EEGs, but as a couch potato, his brain has shrunk.

na različite načine, no kao lijenčini, mozak mu se smanjio.

And we do know that in domestic animals

A znamo da se kod domaćih životinja

i kod ostalih, kad im se uskrati igra,

and others, when they're play deprived,

they don't -- and rats also -- they don't develop a brain that is normal.

- a i kod štakora - ne razvije se normalan mozak.

Now, the program says that the opposite of play is not work,

Dakle, ovaj program kaže da suprotnost igre nije rad,

it's depression.

već depresija.

And I think if you think about life without play --

Jeste li razmišljali o životu bez igre -

no humor, no flirtation, no movies,

bez humora, bez flerta, bez filmova,

no games, no fantasy and, and, and.

bez igara, bez mašte ...

Try and imagine a culture or a life, adult or otherwise

Zamislite samo neku kulturu ili život, odraslu osobu ili dijete,

without play.

bez igre.

And the thing that's so unique about our species

A ono jedinstveno za našu vrstu

is that we're really designed to play through our whole lifetime.

je upravo to da smo mi zaista stvoreni za cjeloživotnu igru.

And we all have capacity to play signal.

A svi imamo sposobnost signaliziranja igre.

Nobody misses that dog I took a picture of on a Carmel beach a couple of weeks ago.

Svi zapamte psa s plaže Carmel snimljenog prije par tjedana.

What's going to follow from that behavior

Ono što će uslijediti iz takvog ponašanja

is play.

je igra.

And you can trust it.

Budite u to sigurni.

The basis of human trust is established through play signals.

Signali za igru grade povjerenje.

And we begin to lose those signals, culturally and otherwise, as adults.

Kao odrasli počinjemo gubiti te signale, kroz kulturu ili drugačije.

That's a shame.

Šteta.

I think we've got a lot of learning to do.

Mislim da imamo još puno za učiti.

Ovo je razigrano lice Jane Goodall uz jednu od njenih omiljenih čimpanzi.

Now, Jane Goodall has here a play face along with one of her favorite chimps.

So part of the signaling system of play

Tako je jedan dio signalnog sustava za igru

has to do with vocal, facial, body, gestural.

vezan za glas, lice, tijelo, geste.

You know, you can tell -- and I think when we're getting into collective play,

Može se reći, kada sudjelujemo u zajedničkoj igri,

its really important for groups to gain a sense of safety

grupama je stvarno važno dobiti osjećaj sigurnosti

through their own sharing of play signals.

kroz razmjenu vlastitih signala za igru.

You may not know this word,

Možda vam je ova riječ nepoznata,

but it should be your biological first name and last name.

no trebala bi vam biti biološko ime i prezime.

Because neoteny means the retention of immature qualities into adulthood.

Jer neotenija znači zadržavanje kvaliteta nezrelosti i u odrasloj dobi.

And we are, by physical anthropologists,

A mi smo, po mišljenju fizičkih antropologa,

by many, many studies, the most neotenous,

prema brojnim studijama, najneoteničniji,

the most youthful, the most flexible, the most plastic of all creatures.

najmladalačkiji, najfleksibilniji, najpodatniji od svih bića.

And therefore, the most playful.

I stoga, najrazigraniji.

A to nam omogućuje prilagodljivost.

And this gives us a leg up on adaptability.

Now, there is a way of looking at play

Način gledanja na igru

that I also want to emphasize here,

koji također želim naglasiti,

which is the play history.

je anamneza igranja.

Your own personal play history is unique,

Vaša osobna povijest igranja je jedinstvena,

and often is not something we think about particularly.

a često nije nešto o čemu posebno razmišljamo.

Ovo je knjiga koju je napisao savršeni igrač

This is a book written by a consummate player

by the name of Kevin Carroll.

po imenu Kevin Carroll.

Kevin Carroll came from extremely deprived circumstances:

Kevin Carroll je odrastao u izuzetno lošim uvjetima:

alcoholic mother, absent father, inner-city Philadelphia,

majka alkoholičarka, otac odsutan, iz užeg centra Philadelphije,

black, had to take care of a younger brother.

crnac, morao je brinuti o mlađem bratu.

Found that when he looked at a playground

Kad bi gledao na igralište

s prozora sobe u kojoj je bio zatočen,

out of a window into which he had been confined,

he felt something different.

osjećao se drugačije.

And so he followed up on it.

I krenuo je za tim.

Njegov život je preobrazba života

And his life -- the transformation of his life

from deprivation and what one would expect -- potentially prison or death --

od siromaštva i vjerojatnog zatvora ili smrti,

he become a linguist, a trainer for the 76ers and now is a motivational speaker.

do lingvista i košarkaškog trenera. A sada je motivacijski govornik.

And he gives play as a transformative force

I govori o igri kao transformacijskoj sili

over his entire life.

kroz cijeli svoj život.

Now there's another play history that I think is a work in progress.

Još jedna povijest igranja, koja je, mislim, još uvijek u tijeku.

Those of you who remember Al Gore,

Oni među vama koji se sjećaju Ala Gorea,

during the first term and then during his successful

iz njegovog prvog mandata, a onda iz njegove uspješne,

but unelected run for the presidency,

ali izgubljene predsjedničke utrke,

may remember him as being kind of wooden and not entirely his own person,

mogu ga se sjetiti kao ukočenog i ne baš sasvim svojeg čovjeka,

at least in public.

barem ne u javnosti.

And looking at his history, which is common in the press,

Čitajući njegovu povijest, prilično dostupnu u novinama,

it seems to me, at least -- looking at it from a shrink's point of view --

čini mi se, barem s gledišta psihijatra,

that a lot of his life was programmed.

da je velik dio njegovog života bio programiran.

Summers were hard, hard work, in the heat of Tennessee summers.

Vrela ljeta u Tennesseeju provodio je u vrlo napornom radu.

He had the expectations of his senatorial father and Washington, D.C.

Njegov otac senator i Washington D.C. od njega su mnogo očekivali.

I mada mislim da je sigurno imao razvijenu sposobnost za igru -

And although I think he certainly had the capacity for play --

because I do know something about that --

jer znam ponešto o tome -

he wasn't as empowered, I think, as he now is

tad nije imao snagu koju mislim da sad ima,

by paying attention to what is his own passion

jer sad obraća pažnju na ono što on voli

and his own inner drive,

i na vlastite unutrašnje porive,

which I think has its basis in all of us in our play history.

što se, mislim, kod svih nas temelji na našoj povijesti igranja.

So what I would encourage on an individual level to do,

Ono što bih volio ohrabriti na razini pojedinca

is to explore backwards as far as you can go

je da posegnete u prošlost, najdalje što možete,

to the most clear, joyful, playful image that you have,

za najjasnijom, najradosnijom, najrazigranijom slikom koju imate,

whether it's with a toy, on a birthday or on a vacation.

bilo da je s igračkom, s rođendana ili praznika.

And begin to build to build from the emotion of that

I gradite počevši od te emocije

into how that connects with your life now.

do onog što ima veze s vašim sadašnjim životom.

And you'll find, you may change jobs --

I otkrit ćete, možda i promijeniti posao,

which has happened to a number people when I've had them do this --

što se dogodilo mnogima koje sam naveo da to učine -

in order to be more empowered through their play.

kako bi se osnažili kroz svoju igru.

Or you'll be able to enrich your life by prioritizing it

Ili ćete moći obogatiti svoj život dajući joj prednost

and paying attention to it.

i posvećujući joj pažnju.

Most of us work with groups, and I put this up because

Većina nas radi s grupama, i ovo iznosim

the d.school, the design school at Stanford,

jer Škola D, Škola za dizajn na Stanfordu,

thanks to David Kelley and a lot of others

zahvaljujući Davidu Kelleyu i mnogim drugima

who have been visionary about its establishment,

- vizionarima njenog osnivanja,

has allowed a group of us to get together

omogućila je da se naša grupa sastane

and create a course called "From Play to Innovation."

i formira tečaj "Od igre do inovacije".

And you'll see this course is to investigate

Vidjet ćete da se na ovom tečaju istražuje

stanje igre kod ljudi, slično stanju bijelog medvjeda i haskija,

the human state of play, which is kind of like the polar bear-husky state

i njena važnost u kreativnom razmišljanju:

and its importance to creative thinking:

"to explore play behavior, its development and its biological basis;

„istražiti ponašanje u igri, njezin razvoj i biološku osnovu;

to apply those principles, through design thinking,

primijeniti te principe kroz promišljanje dizajna,

to promote innovation in the corporate world;

promovirati inovaciju u poslovnom svijetu;

and the students will work with real-world partners

a studenti će raditi s partnerima iz stvarnog svijeta

on design projects with widespread application."

na dizajnerskim projektima široke primjene.”

This is our maiden voyage in this.

Ovo je naš prvi pothvat u ovom području.

We're about two and a half, three months into it, and it's really been fun.

Radimo već dva - tri mjeseca i stvarno je zabavno.

There is our star pupil, this labrador,

Tu je naš uzorni učenik, labrador,

who taught a lot of us what a state of play is,

koji je mnoge od nas naučio što je stanje igre,

and an extremely aged and decrepit professor in charge there.

i izuzetno star i krhki profesor koji sve to vodi.

And Brendan Boyle, Rich Crandall -- and on the far right is, I think, a person who

Tu su i Brendan Boyle, Rich Crandall i sasvim desno netko tko će, mislim,

will be in cahoots with George Smoot for a Nobel Prize -- Stuart Thompson,

s Georgeom Smootom dobiti Nobelovu nagradu - Stuart Thompson,

in neuroscience.

za neuroznanost.

So we've had Brendan, who's from IDEO,

Tu smo, dakle, Brendan iz IDEO-a

and the rest of us sitting aside and watching these students

i mi ostali koji sjedimo sa strane i promatramo ove studente

as they put play principles into practice in the classroom.

kako praktično primjenjuju principe igre u učionici.

And one of their projects was to

A jedan je od njihovih projekata bio

see what makes meetings boring,

otkriti što to sastanke čini dosadnima,

and to try and do something about it.

i pokušati nešto promijeniti.

So what will follow is a student-made film

Slijedi studentski film

about just that.

upravo o tome.

Narrator: Flow is the mental state of apparition

Komentator: stanje toka (flow) je mentalno stanje privida

in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing.

u kojem je osoba potpuno zadubljena u ono što radi.

Characterized by a feeling of energized focus,

Karakteriziraju ga osjećaj žive koncentracije,

full involvement and success in the process of the activity.

potpune uključenosti i uspjeha u ostvarivanju te aktivnosti.

An important key insight that we learned about meetings

Ključni uvid koji smo stekli u vezi sa sastancima,

je da se redaju jedan za drugim,

is that people pack them in one after another,

disruptive to the day.

tako da remete dan.

Attendees at meetings don't know when they'll get back to the task

Sudionici sastanka ne znaju kad će se vratiti zadatku

that they left at their desk.

koji su ostavili za svojim stolom.

But it doesn't have to be that way.

Ali ne mora biti tako.

(Music)

(Glazba)

Some sage and repeatedly furry monks

Neki mudri čudaci,

at this place called the d.school

na ovom mjestu zvanom Škola D,

designed a meeting that you can literally step out of when it's over.

smislili su sastanak iz kojeg možete doslovno iskoračiti kad se završi.

Take the meeting off, and have peace of mind that you can come back to me.

Skinite sastanak i budite spokojni jer mu se možete vratiti.

Because when you need it again,

Jer kad vam god bude zatrebao,

the meeting is literally hanging in your closet.

sastanak doslovno visi u vašem ormaru.

The Wearable Meeting.

Sastanak kojeg možete nositi.

Because when you put it on, you immediately get everything you need

Jer kad ga obučete, istog trena imate sve što vam je potrebno

za zabavan, produktivan i koristan sastanak.

to have a fun and productive and useful meeting.

But when you take it off --

A kad ga skinete -

that's when the real action happens.

tad počinje prava akcija.

(Music)

(Glazba)

(Laughter) (Applause)

(Smijeh) (Pljesak)

Stuart Brown: So I would encourage you all

Stuart Brown: Stoga bih vas sve ohrabrio

to engage

da se aktivirate,

not in the work-play differential --

ne po principu ili rad ili igra,

where you set aside time to play --

gdje ćete odvojiti malo vremena za igru,

but where your life becomes infused

već da vam život postane prožet

minute by minute, hour by hour,

iz minute u minutu, iz sata u sat,

with body,

fizičkim igrama,

object,

igrama objektima,

social, fantasy, transformational kinds of play.

socijalnim igrama, igrama zamišljanja i preobrazbe.

And I think you'll have a better and more empowered life.

I mislim da će vam život biti bolji i ispunjeniji.

Hvala.

Thank You.

(Pljesak)

(Applause)

John Hockenberry: So it sounds to me like what you're saying is that

John Hockenberry: To što pričate zvuči mi kao

there may be some temptation on the part of people to look at your work

da ljudi mogu doći u iskušenje i u osvrtu na vaš rad

and go --

reći:

I think I've heard this, in my kind of pop psychological understanding of play,

Prema mom popularno-znanstvenom razumijevanju igre,

that somehow,

na neki način,

the way animals and humans deal with play,

to kako ljudi i životinje postupaju u igri,

neka je vrsta pripreme za aktivnost odraslih.”

is that it's some sort of rehearsal for adult activity.

Your work seems to suggest that that is powerfully wrong.

Vaš rad, čini se, sugerira da je to potpuno pogrešno.

SB: Yeah, I don't think that's accurate,

SB: Da, Mislim da to nije točno,

and I think probably because animals have taught us that.

vjerojatno zato što su nas, mislim, životinje tome naučile.

If you stop a cat from playing --

Ako spriječite mačku da se igra,

which you can do, and we've all seen how cats bat around stuff --

što možete učiniti, svi smo vidjeli kako se mačke igraju,

they're just as good predators as they would be if they hadn't played.

ostat će jednako dobar grabežljivac kao da se i nije igrala.

And if you imagine a kid

A ako zamislite dijete

pretending to be King Kong,

koje se pretvara da je King Kong,

or a race car driver, or a fireman,

ili vozač formule ili vatrogasac,

they don't all become race car drivers or firemen, you know.

neće baš svako postati vozač formule ili vatrogasac.

So there's a disconnect between preparation for the future --

Tako da postoji jaz između pripreme za budućnost -

which is what most people are comfortable in thinking about play as --

kako većina ljudi razumije igru

and thinking of it as a separate biological entity.

- i razmišljanja o njoj kao zasebnoj biološkoj cjelini.

And this is where my chasing animals for four, five years

A tu je i moje praćenje životinja u zadnjih 4-5 godina

really changed my perspective from a clinician to what I am now,

zaista promijenilo moju perspektivu, od liječnika do onog što sam danas,

which is that play has a biological place,

a to je da igra ima svoje biološko mjesto,

just like sleep and dreams do.

baš kao što ga imaju spavanje i snovi.

And if you look at sleep and dreams biologically,

I ako na spavanje i snove gledate s biološke strane,

animals sleep and dream,

životinje spavaju i sanjaju,

time ponavljaju i rade stvari koje potiču pamćenje,

and they rehearse and they do some other things that help memory

and that are a very important part of sleep and dreams.

a to su vrlo važni elementi spavanja i snova.

The next step of evolution in mammals and

Sljedeći evolucijski korak kod sisavaca

creatures with divinely superfluous neurons

i stvorenja s "božanskim viškom neurona",

will be to play.

bit će igranje.

And the fact that the polar bear and husky or magpie and a bear

A činjenica da polarni medvjed i haski, ili svraka i medvjed,

or you and I and our dogs can crossover and have that experience

ili Vi i ja i naši psi, možemo mijenjati uloge i imati takvo iskustvo,

sets play aside as something separate.

izdvajaju igru kao nešto posebno.

And its hugely important in learning and crafting the brain.

I ona je izuzetno važna za učenje i razvoj mozga.

So it's not just something you do in your spare time.

Tako da to nije tek nešto što radite u slobodno vrijeme.

JH: How do you keep -- and I know you're part of the scientific research community,

JH: Znam da u svojoj znanstveno-istraživačkoj zajednici

and you have to justify your existence with grants and proposals like everyone else --

morate svoje postojanje, kao i ostali, opravdati subvencijama i projektima -

how do you prevent --

kako sprečavate da -

and some of the data that you've produced, the good science that you're talking about you've produced, is hot to handle.

a neki od znanstveno utemeljenih podataka do kojih ste došli vruća su tema,

How do you prevent either the media's interpretation of your work

kako sprečavate interpretaciju Vašeg rada od strane medija,

or the scientific community's interpretation of the implications of your work,

ili interpretaciju implikacija Vašeg rada od strane znanstvene zajednice,

kind of like the Mozart metaphor,

nešto poput metafore o Mozartu,

where, "Oh, MRIs show

gdje se kaže: „Oh, magnetska rezonancija pokazuje

that play enhances your intelligence.

da igra potiče inteligenciju.

Well, let's round these kids up, put them in pens

Skupimo djecu, zatvorimo ih u torove,

and make them play for months at a time; they'll all be geniuses and go to Harvard."

neka se igraju mjesecima, bit će genijalci i upisat će Harvard.”

How do you prevent people from taking that sort of action

Kako sprečavate ljude da rade takve stvari

on the data that you're developing?

na osnovu podataka do kojih dolazite?

SB: Well, I think the only way I know to do it

SB: Mislim da je jedini način na koji to umijem raditi,

is to have accumulated the advisers that I have

okupiti savjetnike koje imam,

who go from practitioners --

počevši od praktičara

who can establish through improvisational play or clowning or whatever --

koji su u stanju kroz improvizaciju, ludiranje ili na neki drugi način,

a state of play.

dovesti do stanja igre.

So people know that it's there.

Tako da ljudi znaju da to postoji.

And then you get an fMRI specialist, and you get Frank Wilson,

A onda uzmete stručnjaka za fMRI pa uzmete Franka Wilsona,

and you get other kinds of hard scientists, including neuroendocrinologists.

uzmete i druge znanstvenike istraživače, uključujući i neuroendokrinologe,

And you get them into a group together focused on play,

okupite ih u grupu fokusiranu na igru,

and it's pretty hard not to take it seriously.

pa onda postane prilično teško sve to ne shvatiti ozbiljno.

Unfortunately, that hasn't been done sufficiently

Nažalost, na ovom se ne radi dovoljno

for the National Science Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health

da bi Znanstvena fundacija, Institut za mentalno zdravlje

or anybody else to really look at it in this way seriously.

ili itko drugi u SAD-u sve to zaista ozbiljno razmotrio.

I mean you don't hear about anything that's like cancer or heart disease

Mislim, nećete čuti da nešto poput raka ili srčanih bolesti

associated with play.

ima veze s igrom.

And yet I see it as something that's just as basic for survival -- long term --

Za mene je to dugoročno jednako bitno za preživljavanje,

as learning some of the basic things about public health.

kao i poznavanje elementarnih stvari u vezi s javnim zdravstvom.

JH: Stuart Brown, thank you very much.

JH: Stuart Brown, najljepša Vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)