Stuart Brown: Play is more than fun

400,898 views ใƒป 2009-03-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:16
So, here we go: a flyby of play.
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ืื–, ืงื“ื™ืžื”, 60 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง.
00:20
It's got to be serious if the New York Times
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ ืื ื”ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื˜ื™ื™ืžืก
00:24
puts a cover story of their February 17th Sunday magazine about play.
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ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ื›ืชื‘ืช ืฉืขืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”-17 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ.
00:30
At the bottom of this, it says, "It's deeper than gender.
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ื•ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื ืืžืจ: "ื–ื” ืขืžื•ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื’ื“ืจ,
00:35
Seriously, but dangerously fun.
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ื›ื™ืฃ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื›ื ืช ืืš ื’ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช,
00:39
And a sandbox for new ideas about evolution."
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ื•ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื ืกื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”".
00:44
Not bad, except if you look at that cover, what's missing?
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ืœื ืจืข, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืฉืขืจ, ืžื” ื—ืกืจ?
00:48
You see any adults?
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื?
00:51
Well, lets go back to the 15th century.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžืื” ื”-15.
00:55
This is a courtyard in Europe,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
00:58
and a mixture of 124 different kinds of play.
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ื•ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืฉืœ 124 ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:02
All ages, solo play, body play, games, taunting.
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ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœืื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ื’ื•ืฃ, ื”ืงื ื˜ื•ืช.
01:08
And there it is. And I think this is a typical picture
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื–ื”, ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช
01:13
of what it was like in a courtyard then.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื ื–ืžื ื™ื.
01:17
I think we may have lost something in our culture.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื™ื‘ื“ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
01:21
So I'm gonna take you through
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืื•ืœื™ืš ืืชื›ื ื“ืจืš
01:24
what I think is a remarkable sequence.
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ืžื” ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืฆืฃ ื™ื•ืฆื ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
01:28
North of Churchill, Manitoba, in October and November,
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ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจืฆ'ื™ืœ, ืžื ื™ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ,
01:31
there's no ice on Hudson Bay.
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ืื™ืŸ ืงืจื— ื‘ืžืคืจืฅ ื”ืื“ืกื•ืŸ.
01:33
And this polar bear that you see, this 1200-pound male,
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ื•ื“ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ 550 ืง"ื’,
01:36
he's wild and fairly hungry.
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ื”ื•ื ืจืขื‘ ื•ืขืฆื‘ื ื™.
01:40
And Norbert Rosing, a German photographer,
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ื•ื ื•ืจื‘ืจื˜ ืจื•ื–ื™ื ื’, ืฆืœื ื’ืจืžื ื™,
01:43
is there on scene, making a series of photos of these huskies, who are tethered.
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉื ื‘ืืชืจ, ืžืฆืœื ืืช ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื”ื”ืืกืงื™ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
01:50
And from out of stage left comes this wild, male polar bear,
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ื•ืžืฉื•ื ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ื“ื‘ ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื–ื›ืจ, ืคืจืื™,
01:54
with a predatory gaze.
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ืขื ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.
01:57
Any of you who've been to Africa or had a junkyard dog come after you,
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ืžื™ ืžื›ื ืฉื‘ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืื• ืฉื ืจื“ืฃ ืข"ื™ ื›ืœื‘ ืจื—ื•ื‘,
02:02
there is a fixed kind of predatory gaze
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ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื˜ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ
02:05
that you know you're in trouble.
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ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืฆืจื•ืช.
02:07
But on the other side of that predatory gaze
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื‘ืจื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”
02:09
is a female husky in a play bow, wagging her tail.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœื‘ืช ื”ืืกืงื™ ื‘ืขืžื“ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžืงืฉืงืฉืช ื‘ื–ื ื‘ื”.
02:14
And something very unusual happens.
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ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืจื™ื’ ืงื•ืจื”.
02:18
That fixed behavior -- which is rigid and stereotyped
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ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื–ื•, ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื•ืงืฉื” ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช
02:21
and ends up with a meal -- changes.
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ื•ืžืกืชื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื”, ืžืฉืชื ื”.
02:25
And this polar bear
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ื•ื“ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
02:27
stands over the husky,
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ื ืขืžื“ ืžืขืœ ื›ืœื‘ืช ื”ื”ืืกืงื™.
02:30
no claws extended, no fangs taking a look.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•ืคื•ืช, ื‘ืœื™ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื.
02:34
And they begin an incredible ballet.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ืืžืŸ.
02:41
A play ballet.
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ื‘ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง.
02:42
This is in nature: it overrides a carnivorous nature
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข. ื–ื” ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื˜ื‘ืข ื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
02:46
and what otherwise would have been a short fight to the death.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื‘ืง ืงืฆืจ ืขื“ ื”ืžื•ื•ืช.
02:50
And if you'll begin to look closely at the husky that's bearing her throat to the polar bear,
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ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืœื‘ื” ื”ืžืงืจื‘ืช ืืช ืฆื•ื•ืืจื” ืœื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘,
02:56
and look a little more closely, they're in an altered state.
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ื•ืื ืชื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืชื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืื—ืจ.
03:00
They're in a state of play.
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ื”ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง.
03:03
And it's that state
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ื•ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื
03:06
that allows these two creatures to explore the possible.
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ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™.
03:10
They are beginning to do something that neither would have done
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ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืฉื”
03:13
without the play signals.
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ืœืœื ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
03:17
And it is a marvelous example
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ื•ื–ื• ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื•ืคืœืื”
03:20
of how a differential in power
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ืœืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืจืฉ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจ
03:23
can be overridden by a process of nature that's within all of us.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœ ืข"ื™ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
03:27
Now how did I get involved in this?
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื™ืš ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”?
03:30
John mentioned that I've done some work with murderers, and I have.
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืขื ืจื•ืฆื—ื™ื, ื•ืื›ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช.
03:33
The Texas Tower murderer opened my eyes,
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ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ืžืžื’ื“ืœ ื˜ืงืกืก ืคืงื— ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื™ -
03:36
in retrospect, when we studied his tragic mass murder,
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ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ, ื›ืฉื—ืงืจื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืฆื— ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข -
03:41
to the importance of play,
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ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง,
03:43
in that that individual, by deep study,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื“ื ื–ื”, ืข"ื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ืžืขืžื™ืง,
03:46
was found to have severe play deprivation.
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ื ืžืฆื ืฉื”ื•ื ืกื•ื‘ืœ ืžื—ืกืš ื—ืžื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง.
03:48
Charles Whitman was his name.
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ืฉืžื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆ'ืืจืœืก ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืžืŸ.
03:50
And our committee, which consisted of a lot of hard scientists,
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ื•ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืงืฉื•ื—ื™ื,
03:53
did feel at the end of that study
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ืื›ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ื ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
03:55
that the absence of play and a progressive suppression of developmentally normal play
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ืฉื”ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื™ ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™
04:01
led him to be more vulnerable to the tragedy that he perpetrated.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื’ื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืข.
04:06
And that finding has stood the test of time --
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ื•ืžืžืฆื ื–ื” ืขืžื“ ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืŸ ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
04:10
unfortunately even into more recent times, at Virginia Tech.
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ืœืฆืขืจื™, ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ืจื™ื’'ื™ื ื™ื” ื˜ืง.
04:14
And other studies of populations at risk
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ
04:17
sensitized me to the importance of play,
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ื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื™ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง,
04:21
but I didn't really understand what it was.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืžื” ื–ื”.
04:23
And it was many years in taking play histories of individuals
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ื•ืจืง ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:28
before I really began to recognize that I didn't really have a full understanding of it.
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืœืื”.
04:34
And I don't think any of us has a full understanding of it, by any means.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืœืื”.
04:38
But there are ways of looking at it
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื–ื”
04:40
that I think can give you -- give us all a taxonomy, a way of thinking about it.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ื. ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ื˜ืงืกื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
04:45
And this image is, for humans, the beginning point of play.
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ื•ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืœืื ืฉื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
04:50
When that mother and infant lock eyes,
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ื›ืฉืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืื ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ืคื’ืฉื•ืช,
04:53
and the infant's old enough to have a social smile,
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ื•ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื™ื™ืš ื—ื™ื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจืชื™,
04:56
what happens -- spontaneously -- is the eruption of joy on the part of the mother.
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ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™, ื–ื• ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืฉืจ ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื.
05:00
And she begins to babble and coo and smile, and so does the baby.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืžืœืžืœ ื•ืœื—ื™ื™ืš, ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง.
05:04
If we've got them wired up with an electroencephalogram,
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ืื ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืœEEG,
05:08
the right brain of each of them becomes attuned,
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื”ืื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื•ืืžื•ืช,
05:13
so that the joyful emergence of this earliest of play scenes
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืื•ืฉืจ ืฉืžื•ืคืง ืžืจื’ืขื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:18
and the physiology of that is something we're beginning to get a handle on.
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ื•ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืœื•ื•ื” ืœื›ืš, ื”ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก.
05:23
And I'd like you to think that every bit of more complex play
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:27
builds on this base for us humans.
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ื ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื–ื”, ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
05:31
And so now I'm going to take you through sort of a way of looking at play,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืงื— ืืชื›ื ื“ืจืš ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง,
05:35
but it's never just singularly one thing.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“.
05:39
We're going to look at body play,
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ื ืจืื” ืงื•ื“ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื’ื•ืคื ื™,
05:42
which is a spontaneous desire to get ourselves out of gravity.
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ื‘ื• ื™ืฉ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
05:48
This is a mountain goat.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืขื– ื”ืจื™ื.
05:50
If you're having a bad day, try this:
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื ื’ืจื•ืข, ื ืกื• ืืช ื–ื”:
05:52
jump up and down, wiggle around -- you're going to feel better.
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ืงืคืฆื• ืžืขืœื” ื•ืžื˜ื”, ืชืชืคืชืœื• - ืืชื ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
05:55
And you may feel like this character,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืจื’ื™ืฉื• ื›ืžื• ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื•,
05:57
who is also just doing it for its own sake.
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ืฉื’ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื” ืกืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ื™ืฃ.
06:00
It doesn't have a particular purpose, and that's what's great about play.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื” ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื ื”ื“ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง.
06:03
If its purpose is more important
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ืื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:06
than the act of doing it, it's probably not play.
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ืžื”ืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžืฉื—ืง.
06:09
And there's a whole other type of play, which is object play.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง, ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื—ืคืฅ.
06:13
And this Japanese macaque has made a snowball,
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ื•ืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืงื•ืง ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื›ื™ื ื” ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืฉืœื’,
06:16
and he or she's going to roll down a hill.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื’ืœื’ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื”ื’ื‘ืขื”.
06:19
And -- they don't throw it at each other, but this is a fundamental part of being playful.
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ื”ื ืœื ื–ื•ืจืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ื–ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ืฉืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช.
06:23
The human hand, in manipulation of objects,
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ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืคืฆื™ื,
06:27
is the hand in search of a brain;
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื“ ื”ืžื—ืคืฉืช ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—.
06:30
the brain is in search of a hand;
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื—ืคืฉ ืื—ืจ ื”ื™ื“,
06:32
and play is the medium by which those two are linked in the best way.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ ื”ืžืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:37
JPL we heard this morning -- JPL is an incredible place.
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JPL, ื›ืš ืฉืžืขื ื• ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ื ื ื”ื“ืจ.
06:43
They have located two consultants,
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ื”ื ืื™ืชืจื• ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื,
06:46
Frank Wilson and Nate Johnson,
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ืคืจื ืง ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื•ื ื™ื™ื˜ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ.
06:49
who are -- Frank Wilson is a neurologist, Nate Johnson is a mechanic.
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ืคืจื ืง ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’, ื ื™ื™ื˜ ื’'ื•ื ืกื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื•ื ืื™.
06:53
He taught mechanics in a high school in Long Beach,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื™ืžื“ ืžื›ื•ื ืื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฅ',
06:56
and found that his students were no longer able to solve problems.
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
07:02
And he tried to figure out why. And he came to the conclusion, quite on his own,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”. ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžืกืงื ื”, ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•,
07:05
that the students who could no longer solve problems, such as fixing cars,
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ืฉื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœืชืงืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
07:09
hadn't worked with their hands.
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ืœื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
07:11
Frank Wilson had written a book called "The Hand."
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ืคืจื ืง ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ืฉื ืงืจื "ื”ื™ื“."
07:14
They got together -- JPL hired them.
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ื”ื ื—ื‘ืจื• ื–ืœ"ื–, JPL ืฉื›ืจื• ืื•ืชื.
07:17
Now JPL, NASA and Boeing,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• JPL, ื ืืก"ื ื•ื‘ื•ืื™ื ื’,
07:20
before they will hire a research and development problem solver --
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืขืกื™ืงื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจ ื•ืคื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช -
07:23
even if they're summa cum laude from Harvard or Cal Tech --
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ื”ืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืื• ืงืืœ ื˜ืง -
07:27
if they haven't fixed cars, haven't done stuff with their hands early in life,
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ืื ื”ื ืœื ืชื™ืงื ื• ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืœื ืขืฉื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฆืขื™ืจ,
07:30
played with their hands, they can't problem-solve as well.
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ืฉื™ื—ืงื• ืขื ื”ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
07:33
So play is practical, and it's very important.
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ืื– ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืคืจืงื˜ื™, ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“.
07:37
Now one of the things about play is that it is born by curiosity and exploration. (Laughter)
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื”. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:43
But it has to be safe exploration.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
07:46
This happens to be OK -- he's an anatomically interested little boy
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ื‘ืกื“ืจ - ื”ื•ื ื™ืœื“ ืฉืžืชืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
07:49
and that's his mom. Other situations wouldn't be quite so good.
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ื•ื–ื• ืืžื ืฉืœื•. ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:53
But curiosity, exploration, are part of the play scene.
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ืื‘ืœ ืกืงืจื ื•ืช, ื—ืงื™ืจื”, ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืกืฆื ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
07:56
If you want to belong, you need social play.
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื, ืืชื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™.
07:59
And social play is part of what we're about here today,
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ื,
08:02
and is a byproduct of the play scene.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืกืฆื ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
08:06
Rough and tumble play.
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชื’ื•ืฉืฉื•ืช.
08:08
These lionesses, seen from a distance, looked like they were fighting.
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ืžืจื—ื•ืง, ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืจื‘ื•ืช.
08:11
But if you look closely, they're kind of like the polar bear and husky:
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ื“ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ื›ืœื‘ ื”ื”ืืกืงื™:
08:14
no claws, flat fur, soft eyes,
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ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืคืจื™ื, ืคืจื•ื” ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื”, ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืจื›ื•ืช,
08:18
open mouth with no fangs, balletic movements,
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ืคื” ืคืชื•ื— ืœืœื ื ื™ื‘ื™ื, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื˜,
08:21
curvilinear movements -- all specific to play.
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ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ืžืขื•ื’ืœื•ืช - ื”ื›ืœ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ืœืžืฉื—ืง.
08:24
And rough-and-tumble play is a great learning medium for all of us.
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ื•ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชื’ื•ืฉืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
08:28
Preschool kids, for example, should be allowed to dive, hit, whistle,
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ืœื™ืœื“ื™ ื’ืŸ, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฆืœื•ืœ, ืœื”ื›ื•ืช, ืœืฉืจื•ืง,
08:32
scream, be chaotic, and develop through that a lot of emotional regulation
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ืœืฆืจื•ื— ืœื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœ, ื•ืœืคืชื— ื“ืจืš ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืจื’ืฉื™
08:39
and a lot of the other social byproducts -- cognitive, emotional and physical --
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ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื•ืื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื - ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื -
08:44
that come as a part of rough and tumble play.
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ืฉื”ื ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืชื’ื•ืฉืฉื•ืช.
08:47
Spectator play, ritual play -- we're involved in some of that.
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ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืฆื•ืคื™ื, ืžืฉื—ืง ื˜ืงืกื™ - ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื–ื”.
08:51
Those of you who are from Boston know that this was the moment -- rare --
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ืืœื” ืžื›ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกื˜ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื”ื• ืจื’ืข ื ื“ื™ืจ
08:55
where the Red Sox won the World Series.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืจื“ ืกื•ืงืก ื ื™ืฆื—ื• ื‘ื’ืžืจ ืืœื™ืคื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืœ.
08:59
But take a look at the face and the body language of everybody
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืคื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืฉืคืช ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื
09:02
in this fuzzy picture, and you can get a sense that they're all at play.
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ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ืžื˜ื•ืฉื˜ืฉืช ื”ื–ื•, ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื.
09:06
Imaginative play.
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™.
09:07
I love this picture because my daughter, who's now almost 40, is in this picture,
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื• ื›ื™ ื”ื‘ืช ืฉืœื™, ื”ื™ื•ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืช 40, ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื”,
09:12
but it reminds me of her storytelling and her imagination,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžืฆื™ืื” ื•ืืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”,
09:16
her ability to spin yarns at this age -- preschool.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื’ืŸ.
09:21
A really important part of being a player
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ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ื•ืชืš ืฉื—ืงืŸ
09:24
is imaginative solo play.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื‘ื“.
09:27
And I love this one, because it's also what we're about.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื•.
09:31
We all have an internal narrative that's our own inner story.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
09:35
The unit of intelligibility of most of our brains is the story.
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ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ืช ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
09:40
I'm telling you a story today about play.
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ืื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืœื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง.
09:43
Well, this bushman, I think, is talking about the fish that got away that was that long,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ื•ืฉืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื’ ืฉื‘ืจื— ืœื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืจืš ื›ื–ื”,
09:48
but it's a fundamental part of the play scene.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ืชื™ ืžืกืฆื ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
09:52
So what does play do for the brain?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืžื•ื—?
09:55
Well, a lot.
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ื”ืจื‘ื”.
09:58
We don't know a whole lot about what it does for the human brain,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืœืžื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
10:02
because funding has not been exactly heavy for research on play.
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ื›ื™ ื”ืžื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื›ื‘ื“.
10:09
I walked into the Carnegie asking for a grant.
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ื ื›ื ืกืชื™ ืœืงืจื ื’ื™ ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืขื ืง ืžื—ืงืจ.
10:11
They'd given me a large grant when I was an academician
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ื”ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืžืขื ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืืงื“ืžืื™
10:14
for the study of felony drunken drivers, and I thought I had a pretty good track record,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืจืฉืขื•, ื•ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
10:19
and by the time I had spent half an hour talking about play,
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ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื“ื™ื‘ืจืชื™ ืื™ืชื ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง,
10:24
it was obvious that they were not -- did not feel that play was serious.
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื ืœื ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื• ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ื–ื” ื ื•ืฉื ืจืฆื™ื ื™.
10:28
I think that -- that's a few years back -- I think that wave is past,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื’ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ืจ,
10:32
and the play wave is cresting,
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ื•ืฉื’ืœ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื,
10:34
because there is some good science.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™.
10:36
Nothing lights up the brain like play.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืžื• ืžืฉื—ืง.
10:39
Three-dimensional play fires up the cerebellum,
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ืžืฉื—ืง ืชืœืช-ืžื™ืžื“ื™ ืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฆืจื‘ืœื•ื (ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื˜ืŸ),
10:42
puts a lot of impulses into the frontal lobe --
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ืžืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื•ื ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื™ืช,
10:45
the executive portion -- helps contextual memory be developed,
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™, ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืงืฉืจื™ ืœื”ืชืคืชื—,
10:49
and -- and, and, and.
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ื•ืขื•ื“, ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
10:51
So it's -- for me, its been an extremely nourishing scholarly adventure
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืคืชืงื” ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื–ื™ื ื”
10:57
to look at the neuroscience that's associated with play, and to bring together people
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง, ื•ืœื”ืคื’ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื
11:02
who in their individual disciplines hadn't really thought of it that way.
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ืžื“ืกื™ืฆื™ืคืœื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš.
11:07
And that's part of what the National Institute for Play is all about.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืžืฉื—ืง.
11:10
And this is one of the ways you can study play --
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื—ืง
11:12
is to get a 256-lead electroencephalogram.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื"ื’.
11:16
I'm sorry I don't have a playful-looking subject, but it allows mobility,
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ืื ื™ ืžืชื ืฆืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ื ื‘ื“ืง ืžืฉื•ืขืฉืข, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ื ื™ื™ื“ื•ืช
11:21
which has limited the actual study of play.
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ืฉืขื“ ื›ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื—ืงืจ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
11:23
And we've got a mother-infant play scenario
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกืฆื ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืœืชื™ื ื•ืง
11:27
that we're hoping to complete underway at the moment.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืงื•ื•ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
11:30
The reason I put this here is also to queue up
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’
11:33
my thoughts about objectifying what play does.
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ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืขื•ืฉื”.
11:37
The animal world has objectified it.
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืคืš ืœื—ืคืฅ.
11:41
In the animal world, if you take rats,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™, ืื ืชืงื—ื• ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช
11:44
who are hardwired to play at a certain period of their juvenile years
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ืฉืชื•ื›ื ืชื• ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื,
11:50
and you suppress play -- they squeak, they wrestle,
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ื•ืชื“ื›ืื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ื™ืฆื•, ื™ืื‘ืงื•,
11:53
they pin each other, that's part of their play.
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ื™ื“ืงืจื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™, ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื”ื.
11:56
If you stop that behavior on one group that you're experimenting with,
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ืื ืชืขืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื• ื‘ืื—ืช ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ,
12:01
and you allow it in another group that you're experimenting with,
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ื•ืชืืคืฉืจื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
12:04
and then you present those rats
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ื•ืื– ืชืฆื™ื’ื• ืœื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
12:06
with a cat odor-saturated collar,
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ืงื•ืœืจ ืขื ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื—ืชื•ืœ,
12:09
they're hardwired to flee and hide.
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ื”ื ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืœื‘ืจื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื.
12:12
Pretty smart -- they don't want to get killed by a cat.
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ื“ื™ ื—ื›ื, ื”ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื”ืจื’ ืข"ื™ ื—ืชื•ืœ.
12:15
So what happens?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
12:17
They both hide out.
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ื”ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืื™ื.
12:20
The non-players never come out --
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ืžื™ ืฉืœื ืฉื™ื—ืง ืœื ื™ื•ืฆื,
12:23
they die.
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ื”ื ืžืชื™ื.
12:24
The players slowly explore the environment,
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ืžื™ ืฉืฉื™ื—ืง ื—ื•ืงืจ ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
12:28
and begin again to test things out.
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ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:31
That says to me, at least in rats --
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช,
12:34
and I think they have the same neurotransmitters that we do
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•,
12:37
and a similar cortical architecture --
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ื•ืžื‘ื ื” ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ื“ื•ืžื”,
12:39
that play may be pretty important for our survival.
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ืœืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืฉ ืื•ืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
12:42
And, and, and -- there are a lot more animal studies that I could talk about.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืคืจ ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช.
12:47
Now, this is a consequence of play deprivation. (Laughter)
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื• ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ืกืš ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง. (ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:51
This took a long time --
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ืœืงื— ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ -
12:53
I had to get Homer down and put him through the fMRI and the SPECT
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื›ืจื™ื— ืืช ื”ื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœ fMRI ื•ืœ SPECT
12:58
and multiple EEGs, but as a couch potato, his brain has shrunk.
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ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืื"ื’, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ื˜ืœืŸ, ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ.
13:02
And we do know that in domestic animals
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช
13:05
and others, when they're play deprived,
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ื•ื‘ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืกืš ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง,
13:07
they don't -- and rats also -- they don't develop a brain that is normal.
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ื”ืŸ ื•ื’ื ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ืœื ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื— ื ื•ืจืžืœื™.
13:12
Now, the program says that the opposite of play is not work,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉื”ื”ื™ืคืš ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
13:17
it's depression.
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ืืœื ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
13:19
And I think if you think about life without play --
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ื•ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืœื ืžืฉื—ืง -
13:23
no humor, no flirtation, no movies,
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ืœืœื ื”ื•ืžื•ืจ, ืœืœื ืคืœืจื˜ื•ื˜, ืœืœื ืกืจื˜ื™ื,
13:26
no games, no fantasy and, and, and.
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ืœืœื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืœืœื ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“.
13:31
Try and imagine a culture or a life, adult or otherwise
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ื ืกื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ ืื• ืื—ืจ
13:36
without play.
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ืœืœื ืžืฉื—ืง.
13:38
And the thing that's so unique about our species
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื›"ื› ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•
13:41
is that we're really designed to play through our whole lifetime.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื•ื›ื ืชื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
13:46
And we all have capacity to play signal.
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ื•ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื“ืจ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง.
13:49
Nobody misses that dog I took a picture of on a Carmel beach a couple of weeks ago.
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืžืคืกืคืก ืืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื›ืจืžืœ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื.
13:54
What's going to follow from that behavior
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ื™ืข ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
13:57
is play.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง.
13:58
And you can trust it.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืœื–ื”.
13:59
The basis of human trust is established through play signals.
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ืืžื•ืŸ ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืžืชื‘ืกืก ื“ืจืš ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง.
14:03
And we begin to lose those signals, culturally and otherwise, as adults.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืื—ืจืช, ื›ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื.
14:08
That's a shame.
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ื—ื‘ืœ.
14:10
I think we've got a lot of learning to do.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื” ืœืœืžื•ื“.
14:13
Now, Jane Goodall has here a play face along with one of her favorite chimps.
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ืœื’'ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื“ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง, ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืžืคื ื–ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื”.
14:17
So part of the signaling system of play
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ืื– ื—ืœืง ืžืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง
14:20
has to do with vocal, facial, body, gestural.
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ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืงื•ืœ, ืคื ื™ื, ื’ื•ืฃ, ืžื—ื•ื•ืช.
14:24
You know, you can tell -- and I think when we're getting into collective play,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช - ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™
14:29
its really important for groups to gain a sense of safety
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ
14:33
through their own sharing of play signals.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืžืฉื—ืง.
14:37
You may not know this word,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
14:39
but it should be your biological first name and last name.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
14:44
Because neoteny means the retention of immature qualities into adulthood.
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ื›ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื ื™ืื•ื˜ื ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ื’ืจื•ืช.
14:48
And we are, by physical anthropologists,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื•, ืœืคื™ ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื,
14:51
by many, many studies, the most neotenous,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื, ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื ื™ืื•ื˜ื ื™,
14:54
the most youthful, the most flexible, the most plastic of all creatures.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื•, ื”ื›ื™ ื’ืžื™ืฉ ื•ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ ืžื›ืœ ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื.
14:59
And therefore, the most playful.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืžืฉื—ืง.
15:02
And this gives us a leg up on adaptability.
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื™.
15:06
Now, there is a way of looking at play
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉื ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง
15:09
that I also want to emphasize here,
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ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ,
15:12
which is the play history.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง.
15:15
Your own personal play history is unique,
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ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›"ื ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช,
15:18
and often is not something we think about particularly.
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ื•ื‘ื“"ื› ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžืงื“ื™ืฉื™ื ืœื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”.
15:22
This is a book written by a consummate player
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ื–ื”ื• ืกืคืจ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื
15:25
by the name of Kevin Carroll.
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ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงืืจื•ืœ.
15:27
Kevin Carroll came from extremely deprived circumstances:
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ืงื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืงืืจื•ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืžืชื ืื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืกืš ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™:
15:32
alcoholic mother, absent father, inner-city Philadelphia,
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ืื ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช, ืื‘ ื—ืกืจ, ืคื ื™ื-ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ืคื™ืœื“ืœืคื™ื”,
15:36
black, had to take care of a younger brother.
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ืฉื—ื•ืจ, ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืื— ืฆืขื™ืจ.
15:39
Found that when he looked at a playground
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ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืฉื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื’ืจืฉ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื
15:42
out of a window into which he had been confined,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ,
15:45
he felt something different.
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื ื”.
15:47
And so he followed up on it.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืขื ื–ื”.
15:50
And his life -- the transformation of his life
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ื•ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•, ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื•
15:53
from deprivation and what one would expect -- potentially prison or death --
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ืžืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ืกืš ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื - ื›ืœื ืื• ืžื•ื•ืช -
15:58
he become a linguist, a trainer for the 76ers and now is a motivational speaker.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ืœืฉืŸ, ืžืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื” 76ers, ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืื ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
16:04
And he gives play as a transformative force
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ื›ื›ื•ื— ืžืฉื ื” ื—ื™ื™ื
16:09
over his entire life.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
16:12
Now there's another play history that I think is a work in progress.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื—ืง ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืœื“ืขืชื™.
16:19
Those of you who remember Al Gore,
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ืืœื” ืžื›ื ื”ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ืืœ ื’ื•ืจ,
16:22
during the first term and then during his successful
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืงื“ื ืฆื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•, ื•ืื—"ื› ื‘ืžื”ืœืš
16:27
but unelected run for the presidency,
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ื”ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืฉืœื• ืœื ืฉื™ืื•ืช (ื‘ื• ืœื ื ื‘ื—ืจ),
16:30
may remember him as being kind of wooden and not entirely his own person,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืงืจืฉ, ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื›ืื“ื ืื•ืชื ื˜ื™.
16:35
at least in public.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
16:37
And looking at his history, which is common in the press,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช,
16:41
it seems to me, at least -- looking at it from a shrink's point of view --
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ื ืจืื” ืœื™, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’,
16:47
that a lot of his life was programmed.
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ืฉื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื•ื›ื ืช.
16:52
Summers were hard, hard work, in the heat of Tennessee summers.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ื”ื™ืชื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื ืกื™.
16:58
He had the expectations of his senatorial father and Washington, D.C.
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ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื• ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืžืื‘ื™ื• ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ื•ืžื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
17:04
And although I think he certainly had the capacity for play --
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืฉื—ืง,
17:07
because I do know something about that --
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืชืžืฆื ื‘ื–ื”,
17:09
he wasn't as empowered, I think, as he now is
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืขืฆื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•
17:13
by paying attention to what is his own passion
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœืชืฉื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
17:17
and his own inner drive,
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ื•ืœื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœื•,
17:20
which I think has its basis in all of us in our play history.
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
17:25
So what I would encourage on an individual level to do,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืœื™ืฅ ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื˜,
17:28
is to explore backwards as far as you can go
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ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ื™ืชืŸ
17:32
to the most clear, joyful, playful image that you have,
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ืœื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ, ืขืœื™ื– ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื›ื.
17:37
whether it's with a toy, on a birthday or on a vacation.
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ืื ื–ื” ืขื ืฆืขืฆื•ืข, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื”.
17:40
And begin to build to build from the emotion of that
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื”ืจื’ืฉ ื”ื–ื”
17:43
into how that connects with your life now.
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
17:46
And you'll find, you may change jobs --
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ื•ืชื’ืœื•, ืื•ืœื™ ืชื—ืœื™ืคื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” -
17:49
which has happened to a number people when I've had them do this --
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ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœืžืกืคืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ืชื
17:52
in order to be more empowered through their play.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืฆื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœื”ื.
17:55
Or you'll be able to enrich your life by prioritizing it
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ืื• ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื‘ื”ืขื“ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง
17:59
and paying attention to it.
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ื•ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
18:01
Most of us work with groups, and I put this up because
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืขื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื™
18:04
the d.school, the design school at Stanford,
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ื‘ื™ื”"ืก ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“, d.school
18:07
thanks to David Kelley and a lot of others
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“ ืงืœื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
18:10
who have been visionary about its establishment,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื™ื•ื•ืกื“ื•,
18:13
has allowed a group of us to get together
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืชืื—ื“
18:15
and create a course called "From Play to Innovation."
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืก ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžืžืฉื—ืง ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช."
18:19
And you'll see this course is to investigate
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ื•ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ืงื•ืจืก ื”ื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ
18:22
the human state of play, which is kind of like the polar bear-husky state
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ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉื—ืง ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืืกืงื™
18:26
and its importance to creative thinking:
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ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช.
18:28
"to explore play behavior, its development and its biological basis;
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ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืง, ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืกื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
18:31
to apply those principles, through design thinking,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืช ื”ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช,
18:34
to promote innovation in the corporate world;
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ืœืงื™ื“ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืกืงื™.
18:36
and the students will work with real-world partners
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืžื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
18:39
on design projects with widespread application."
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ืขืœ ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืจื—ื‘.
18:42
This is our maiden voyage in this.
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ื–ื• ื”ืคืœื’ืช ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
18:44
We're about two and a half, three months into it, and it's really been fun.
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ืขื‘ืจื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื›ื™ืฃ.
18:48
There is our star pupil, this labrador,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืœื‘ืจื“ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
18:51
who taught a lot of us what a state of play is,
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ืฉืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ืžืฉื—ืง,
18:55
and an extremely aged and decrepit professor in charge there.
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ื•ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื™ืฉื™ืฉ ื—ืœื•ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืื—ืจืื™.
18:59
And Brendan Boyle, Rich Crandall -- and on the far right is, I think, a person who
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ื•ื‘ืจื ื“ืŸ ื‘ื•ื™ื™ืœ, ืจื™ืฅ' ืงืจื ื“ืœ, ื•ื‘ืงืฆื” ืžื™ืžื™ืŸ ืื“ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘
19:04
will be in cahoots with George Smoot for a Nobel Prize -- Stuart Thompson,
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืขื ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืกืžื•ื˜ ื‘ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ - ืกื˜ื™ื•ืืจื˜ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ,
19:09
in neuroscience.
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ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—.
19:10
So we've had Brendan, who's from IDEO,
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ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื‘ืจื ื“ืŸ ืž IDEO (ื—ื‘ืจืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘),
19:12
and the rest of us sitting aside and watching these students
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ื•ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ ื•ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
19:16
as they put play principles into practice in the classroom.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ื ืžื™ื™ืฉืžื™ื ืขืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง ื‘ื›ืชื”.
19:22
And one of their projects was to
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืคืจื•ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื”
19:26
see what makes meetings boring,
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืขืžืžื•ืช,
19:29
and to try and do something about it.
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ื•ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
19:32
So what will follow is a student-made film
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ืื– ื ืจืื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืกืจื˜ ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื
19:36
about just that.
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ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื–ื”.
19:39
Narrator: Flow is the mental state of apparition
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ืงืจื™ื™ืŸ: FLOW (ื–ืจื™ืžื”) ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช
19:43
in which the person is fully immersed in what he or she is doing.
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ื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื ืฉืงื•ืข ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื”.
19:46
Characterized by a feeling of energized focus,
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ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืื ืจื’ื˜ื™,
19:49
full involvement and success in the process of the activity.
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ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืื” ื•ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช.
19:56
An important key insight that we learned about meetings
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ืชื•ื‘ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืจื›ืฉื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช
19:59
is that people pack them in one after another,
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืขืจื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ื–ื• ืื—ืจ ื–ื•,
20:02
disruptive to the day.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืš ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ืคืจืขื”.
20:04
Attendees at meetings don't know when they'll get back to the task
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ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืชื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื˜ืœื”
20:07
that they left at their desk.
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืขืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื.
20:09
But it doesn't have to be that way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืš.
20:12
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
21:05
Some sage and repeatedly furry monks
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ื›ืžื” ื ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ืฉืขื™ืจื™ื
21:08
at this place called the d.school
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ืžื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” d.school
21:10
designed a meeting that you can literally step out of when it's over.
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ืคื™ืชื—ื• ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืžืžืฉ ืœืฆืืช ืžืžื ื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ื’ืžืจืช.
21:15
Take the meeting off, and have peace of mind that you can come back to me.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ื•ืงื‘ืœื• ืฉืงื˜ ื•ืฉืœื•ื•ื” ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™.
21:20
Because when you need it again,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืชื–ื“ืงืงื• ืœื” ืฉื•ื‘,
21:22
the meeting is literally hanging in your closet.
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ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™.
21:28
The Wearable Meeting.
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ื”ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื”.
21:30
Because when you put it on, you immediately get everything you need
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ื›ืฉืชืœื‘ืฉื• ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฆืจื™ืš
21:34
to have a fun and productive and useful meeting.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช ื•ื›ื™ื™ืคื™ืช.
21:37
But when you take it off --
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืชื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืื•ืชื”...
21:40
that's when the real action happens.
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ืื– ืงื•ืจื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™.
21:42
(Music)
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(ืžื•ื–ื™ืงื”)
21:48
(Laughter) (Applause)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง) (ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
21:51
Stuart Brown: So I would encourage you all
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ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ: ืื– ืื ื™ ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื›ื
21:57
to engage
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ืœืขืกื•ืง
21:59
not in the work-play differential --
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืฉื—ืง,
22:02
where you set aside time to play --
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ื‘ื” ืžืงืฆื™ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœืžืฉื—ืง,
22:05
but where your life becomes infused
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ืืœื ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
22:08
minute by minute, hour by hour,
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ื“ืงื” ืื—ืจ ื“ืงื”, ืฉืขื” ืื—ืจ ืฉืขื”,
22:12
with body,
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ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื,
22:14
object,
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ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื,
22:16
social, fantasy, transformational kinds of play.
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ืžืฉื—ืง ื—ื‘ืจืชื™, ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
22:21
And I think you'll have a better and more empowered life.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืฆืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
22:25
Thank You.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
22:27
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
22:34
John Hockenberry: So it sounds to me like what you're saying is that
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ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื™: ืื– ื ืฉืžืข ืœื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื” ืื•ืžืจ
22:37
there may be some temptation on the part of people to look at your work
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืชืคืชื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš
22:41
and go --
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ -
22:43
I think I've heard this, in my kind of pop psychological understanding of play,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉืžืขืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง,
22:48
that somehow,
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ืฉืื™ืš ืฉื”ื•ื,
22:50
the way animals and humans deal with play,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ืžืฉื—ืง,
22:53
is that it's some sort of rehearsal for adult activity.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืงืจืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ื’ืจืช.
22:56
Your work seems to suggest that that is powerfully wrong.
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ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœืš ื˜ื•ืขื ืช ืฉื–ื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
22:59
SB: Yeah, I don't think that's accurate,
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ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ: ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง,
23:02
and I think probably because animals have taught us that.
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ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืžื—ื™ื•ืช.
23:05
If you stop a cat from playing --
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ืื ืชืžื ืขื• ืžื—ืชื•ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง,
23:09
which you can do, and we've all seen how cats bat around stuff --
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื ื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ืคืฆื™ื,
23:13
they're just as good predators as they would be if they hadn't played.
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืื™ืœื•ืœื ืฉื™ื—ืงื•.
23:18
And if you imagine a kid
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ื•ืื ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ื™ืœื“
23:20
pretending to be King Kong,
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ืฉืžื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืคืœืฆืช,
23:23
or a race car driver, or a fireman,
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ืื• ื ื”ื’ ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื, ืื• ื›ื‘ืื™,
23:26
they don't all become race car drivers or firemen, you know.
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ื”ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื ื”ื’ื™ ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื• ื›ื‘ืื™ื.
23:30
So there's a disconnect between preparation for the future --
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื ื•ืช ืœืขืชื™ื“,
23:35
which is what most people are comfortable in thinking about play as --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ื— ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืฉื—ืง,
23:38
and thinking of it as a separate biological entity.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื ืคืจื“ืช.
23:42
And this is where my chasing animals for four, five years
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ื•ื”ืจื“ื™ืคื” ืฉืœื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ืœืš 4-5 ืฉื ื™ื
23:47
really changed my perspective from a clinician to what I am now,
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ืžืžืฉ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื™ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื,
23:52
which is that play has a biological place,
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ื•ื–ื” ืฉืœืžืฉื—ืง ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
23:56
just like sleep and dreams do.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื—ืœื™ืžื”.
23:59
And if you look at sleep and dreams biologically,
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ื•ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
24:04
animals sleep and dream,
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ื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉื ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืžื•ืช,
24:06
and they rehearse and they do some other things that help memory
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ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืชืืžื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
24:09
and that are a very important part of sleep and dreams.
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ื•ื”ื ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื—ืœื™ืžื”.
24:12
The next step of evolution in mammals and
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ื”ืฆืขื“ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื
24:15
creatures with divinely superfluous neurons
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ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืขื ืขื•ื“ืคื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
24:19
will be to play.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉื—ืง.
24:22
And the fact that the polar bear and husky or magpie and a bear
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ื•ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื“ื‘ ื”ืงื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืืกืงื™, ืื• ืขืงืขืง ื•ื“ื‘
24:25
or you and I and our dogs can crossover and have that experience
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ืื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื•ื•ืช
24:31
sets play aside as something separate.
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ืžืจืื” ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืคืจื“.
24:34
And its hugely important in learning and crafting the brain.
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—.
24:38
So it's not just something you do in your spare time.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื–ืžื ืš ื”ืคื ื•ื™.
24:41
JH: How do you keep -- and I know you're part of the scientific research community,
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ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื™: ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—, ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืชื” ื—ืœืง ืžืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืžื“ืขื™,
24:44
and you have to justify your existence with grants and proposals like everyone else --
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ื•ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžืขื ืงื™ ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ,
24:49
how do you prevent --
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื•ื ืข,
24:51
and some of the data that you've produced, the good science that you're talking about you've produced, is hot to handle.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจืช, ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืืชื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจืช, ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื” ืœืขื™ื›ื•ืœ.
24:57
How do you prevent either the media's interpretation of your work
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื•ื ืข ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
25:01
or the scientific community's interpretation of the implications of your work,
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ืื• ืคืจืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืš,
25:07
kind of like the Mozart metaphor,
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ื›ืžื• "ืืคืงื˜ ืžื•ืฆืจื˜".
25:10
where, "Oh, MRIs show
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ืœืžืฉืœ "ืื•, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช MRI ืžืจืื•ืช
25:13
that play enhances your intelligence.
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ืฉืžืฉื—ืง ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœืš.
25:16
Well, let's round these kids up, put them in pens
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืœื•ืœื™ื,
25:18
and make them play for months at a time; they'll all be geniuses and go to Harvard."
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ื•ื ื›ืจื™ื— ืื•ืชื ืœืฉื—ืง ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื. ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื’ืื•ื ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“."
25:22
How do you prevent people from taking that sort of action
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ืžื•ื ืข ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื›ืš
25:25
on the data that you're developing?
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืืชื” ืžืคืชื—?
25:27
SB: Well, I think the only way I know to do it
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ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ: ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ
25:30
is to have accumulated the advisers that I have
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ื”ื™ื ืœืืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™,
25:33
who go from practitioners --
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ืฉื ืขื™ื ืžืื ืฉื™ ืฉื˜ื— -
25:35
who can establish through improvisational play or clowning or whatever --
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืกืก ื“ืจืš ืžืฉื—ืง ืื™ืžืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”, ืื• ื”ืฉืชื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช -
25:39
a state of play.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉื—ืง.
25:41
So people know that it's there.
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื.
25:43
And then you get an fMRI specialist, and you get Frank Wilson,
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ื•ืื– ืืชื” ืžืฉื™ื’ ืžื•ืžื—ื” fMRI, ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืคืจื ืง ื•ื•ื™ืœืกื•ืŸ,
25:47
and you get other kinds of hard scientists, including neuroendocrinologists.
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ื•ืืชื” ืžืฉื™ื’ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืื ื“ื•ืงืจื™ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื.
25:52
And you get them into a group together focused on play,
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ื•ืืชื” ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืžืชืžืงื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง,
25:58
and it's pretty hard not to take it seriously.
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ื•ืื– ืงืฉื” ืฉืœื ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
26:02
Unfortunately, that hasn't been done sufficiently
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง
26:05
for the National Science Foundation, National Institute of Mental Health
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืงืจืŸ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ื ืคืฉ,
26:08
or anybody else to really look at it in this way seriously.
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ืื• ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
26:11
I mean you don't hear about anything that's like cancer or heart disease
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืืชื” ืœื ืฉื•ืžืข ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘
26:17
associated with play.
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืžืฉื—ืง.
26:19
And yet I see it as something that's just as basic for survival -- long term --
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืช - ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืš -
26:24
as learning some of the basic things about public health.
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ื›ืžื• ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
26:28
JH: Stuart Brown, thank you very much.
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ื”ื•ืงื ื‘ืจื™: ืกื˜ื•ืืจื˜ ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
26:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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