Why genetic research must be more diverse | Keolu Fox

79,565 views ・ 2016-07-15

TED


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Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović
00:12
As a little Hawaiian,
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Kao malom dečaku sa Havaja,
moja mama i tetka su mi uvek pričale priče o Kalaupapi -
00:14
my mom and auntie always told me stories about Kalaupapa --
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00:17
the Hawaiian leper colony
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havajskoj leproznoj koloniji
00:18
surrounded by the highest sea cliffs in the world --
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okruženoj najvišim morskim stenama na svetu -
00:21
and Father Damien,
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i o Ocu Dejmijanu,
belgijskom misionaru koji je dao život za havajsku zajednicu.
00:23
the Belgian missionary who gave his life for the Hawaiian community.
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Kao mlada bolničarka, moja tetka je obučavala monahinje koje su se starale
00:27
As a young nurse,
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00:28
my aunt trained the nuns caring for the remaining lepers
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o preostalim obolelim od lepre skoro 100 godina
00:31
almost a 100 years after Father Damien died of leprosy.
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nakon što je Otac Dejmijan umro od lepre.
00:36
I remember stories she told
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Sećam se priča koje je pričala
00:38
about traveling down switchback cliff paths on a mule,
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o putovanju uzbrdo i nizbrdo po stenovitim stazama na mazgi,
00:41
while my uncle played her favorite hula songs on the ukulele
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dok je moj ujak svirao njene omiljene hula pesme na ukuleleu
00:44
all the way down to Kalaupapa.
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sve do Kalaupape.
00:46
You see, as a youngster,
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Vidite, kao dečaka,
00:48
I was always curious about a few things.
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uvek me je zanimalo nekoliko stvari.
00:50
First was why a Belgian missionary chose to live in complete isolation
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Prva je to zašto je belgijski misionar odabrao da živi u potpunoj izolaciji
00:55
in Kalaupapa,
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u Kalaupapi,
00:56
knowing he would inevitably contract leprosy
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znajući da će neizbežno doći u kontakt sa leprom
iz zajednice ljudi kojima je nastojao da pomogne.
00:59
from the community of people he sought to help.
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01:02
And secondly,
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Kao drugo,
01:04
where did the leprosy bacteria come from?
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odakle potiče bakterija lepre
01:07
And why were Kānaka Maoli,
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i zašto su Kanaka Maoli,
01:08
the indigenous people of Hawaii,
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domorodački narod sa Havaja,
01:11
so susceptible to developing leprosy, or "mai Pake?"
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tako podložni razvijanju lepre, ili „mai pake“?
01:15
This got my curious about what makes us unique as Hawaiians --
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To me je zainteresovalo
za ono što nas Havajce čini jedinstvenim,
01:19
namely, our genetic makeup.
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naime, za naš genetski sastav.
01:22
But it wasn't until high school,
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Ipak, tek sam u srednjoj školi,
01:24
through the Human Genome Project,
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kroz „Projekat ljudskog genoma“,
01:26
that I realized I wasn't alone
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shvatio da nisam sam
01:28
in trying to connect our unique genetic ancestry
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u pokušajima da povežem naše jedinstveno genetsko nasleđe
01:31
to our potential health, wellness and illness.
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sa našim potencijalnim zdravljem, blagostanjem i bolestima.
01:36
You see,
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Vidite,
projekat od 2,7 milijardi dolara
01:37
the 2.7 billion-dollar project
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01:39
promised an era of predictive and preventative medicine
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obećao je eru medicine koja predviđa i štiti
01:43
based on our unique genetic makeup.
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na osnovu našeg jedinstvenog genetskog sastava.
01:45
So to me it always seemed obvious
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Stoga mi je uvek delovalo očigledno da,
01:47
that in order to achieve this dream,
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da bismo ostvarili taj san,
01:50
we would need to sequence a diverse cohort of people
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moramo da sekvenciramo raznovrsne grupe ljudi
01:54
to obtain the full spectrum of human genetic variation on the planet.
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kako bismo obezbedili celokupni spektar genetskih varijacija ljudi na planeti.
01:58
That's why 10 years later,
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Iz tog razloga me, 10 godina kasnije,
02:00
it continues to shock me,
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i dalje šokira
02:02
knowing that 96 percent of genome studies
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to što znam da je 96 posto istraživanja genoma
02:05
associating common genetic variation with specific diseases
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koja vezuju zajedničke genetske varijacije sa određenim bolestima
02:09
have focused exclusively on individuals of European ancestry.
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fokusirano isključivo na pojedince sa evropskim poreklom.
02:14
Now you don't need a PhD
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Ne treba vam doktorat
02:15
to see that that leaves four percent for the rest of diversity.
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da uvidite da time ostaje četiri posto za ostatak raznovrsnosti.
02:19
And in my own searching,
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U sopstvenoj potrazi,
02:21
I've discovered that far less than one percent
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otkrio sam da se znatno ispod jednog procenta
02:23
have actually focused on indigenous communities, like myself.
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zaista fokusiralo na zajednice domorodaca, kao ja.
02:27
So that begs the question:
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To povlači pitanje
02:29
Who is the Human Genome Project actually for?
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kome zapravo služi „Projekat ljudskog genoma“?
02:32
Just like we have different colored eyes and hair,
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Baš kao što imamo oči i kosu različite boje,
02:35
we metabolize drugs differently
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različito metabolišemo lekove
02:36
based on the variation in our genomes.
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na osnovu varijacija u našim genomima.
02:38
So how many of you would be shocked to learn
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Koliko vas bi bilo šokirano saznanjem
02:42
that 95 percent of clinical trials
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da je 95 procenata kliničkih ispitivanja
02:45
have also exclusively featured individuals of European ancestry?
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takođe isključivo izdvojilo pojedince sa evropskim poreklom?
02:50
This bias
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Ova pristrasnost
02:51
and systematic lack of engagement of indigenous people
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i sistematični nedostatak angažovanja domorodaca
02:55
in both clinical trials and genome studies
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kako u kliničkim ispitivanjima, tako i u istraživanjima genoma,
02:58
is partially the result of a history of distrust.
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delimično je rezultat istorije nepoverenja.
03:02
For example,
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Na primer,
1989. godine, istraživači sa Državnog univerziteta Arizone
03:04
in 1989, researchers from Arizona State University
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03:08
obtained blood samples from Arizona's Havasupai tribe,
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prikupili su uzorke krvi iz plemena Havasupai u Arizoni,
03:11
promising to alleviate the burden of type 2 diabetes
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obećavši da će im olakšati teret dijabetesa tipa 2
03:14
that was plaguing their community,
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koji je harao njihovom zajednicom,
03:16
only to turn around and use those exact same samples --
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samo da bi to preokrenuli i upotrebili te iste uzorke,
03:20
without the Havasupai's consent --
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bez saglasnosti plemena Havasupai,
03:22
to study rates of schizophrenia, inbreeding,
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da izučavaju stope šizofrenije, rađanje kod srodnika,
03:25
and challenge the Havasupai's origin story.
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kao i da ospore priču o poreklu Havasupaija.
03:29
When the Havasupai found out,
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Kada su Havasupaji to otkrili,
03:31
they sued successfully for $700,000,
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uspešno su ih tužili za 700 000 dolara
03:35
and they banned ASU from conducting research on their reservation.
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i zabranili su Univerzitetu sprovođenje istraživanja u njihovom rezervatu.
03:40
This culminated in a sort of domino effect
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Ovo je kulminiralo nekom vrstom domino efekta
03:44
with local tribes in the Southwest --
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kada su lokalna plemena na jugozapadu -
uključujući Naciju Navaho, jedno od najvećih plemena u zemlji -
03:46
including the Navajo Nation,
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03:47
one of the largest tribes in the country --
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03:49
putting a moratorium on genetic research.
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stala na kraj genetskim istraživanjima.
03:51
Now despite this history of distrust,
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Uprkos ovoj istoriji nepoverenja,
03:54
I still believe that indigenous people can benefit from genetic research.
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i dalje verujem da domorodački narodi mogu imati koristi od genetskih istraživanja.
03:59
And if we don't do something soon,
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Ako nešto ne učinimo uskoro,
04:01
the gap in health disparities is going to continue to widen.
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jaz u pogledu zdravstvenih nejednakosti nastaviće da se širi.
04:05
Hawaii, for example,
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Havaji, na primer,
04:06
has the longest life expectancy on average of any state in the US,
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imaju najduži očekivani životni vek u proseku od svih zemalja SAD-a,
04:10
yet native Hawaiians like myself
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a ipak, Havaji starosedeoci kao što sam ja
04:13
die a full decade before our non-native counterparts,
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umiru čitavu deceniju pre naših stanovnika koji nisu starosedeoci,
04:16
because we have some of the highest rates of type 2 diabetes,
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jer spadaju među najviše naše stope dijabetesa tipa 2,
04:20
obesity,
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gojaznosti,
04:21
and the number one and number two killers in the US:
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kao i prvog i drugog najvećeg ubice u SAD,
kardiovaskularnih oboljenja i raka.
04:24
cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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04:25
So how do we ensure
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Pa, kako da se osiguramo da populacije ljudi
04:27
the populations of people that need genome sequencing the most
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kojima je najpotebnije sekvenciranje genoma
04:30
are not the last to benefit?
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neće poslednje imati koristi?
04:32
My vision is to make genetic research more native,
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Moja vizija je da učinimo da genetska istraživanja budu više domaća,
04:37
to indigenize genome sequencing technology.
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da tehnologiju sekvenciranja genoma otvorimo za urođenike.
04:40
Traditionally, genomes are sequenced in laboratories.
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Po običaju, genomi se sekvenciraju u laboratorijama.
04:44
Here's an image of your classic genome sequencer.
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Evo slike klasičnog sekvenatora genoma.
04:47
It's huge.
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Ogroman je.
04:48
It's the size of a refrigerator.
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Veličine je frižidera.
04:50
There's this obvious physical limitation.
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Postoji to očigledno fizičko ograničenje.
04:53
But what if you could sequence genomes on the fly?
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Međutim, šta ako biste mogli da sekvencirate genome u letu?
04:57
What if you could fit a genome sequencer in your pocket?
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Šta ako biste mogli da smestite sekvenator genoma u svoj džep?
05:03
This nanopore-based sequencer
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Ovaj sekvenator zasnovan na nanoporama
05:06
is one 10,000th the size of your traditional genome sequencer.
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je desethiljaditi deo tradicionalnog sekvenatora genoma.
05:10
It doesn't have the same physical limitations,
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Nema ista fizička ograničenja,
05:13
in that it's not tethered to a lab bench with extraneous cords,
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u pogledu toga da nije privezan za laboratoriju spoljnim kablovima,
05:17
large vats of chemicals or computer monitors.
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za velike kace hemikalija ili kompjuterske monitore.
05:20
It allows us to de-black box genome sequencing technology development
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Omogućava nam da pojednostavimo razvoj tehnologije sekvenciranja genoma
05:25
in a way that's immersive and collaborative,
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na način koji je obuhvatan i podstiče saradnju,
05:28
activating and empowering indigenous communities ...
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aktivira i osnažuje domorodačke zajednice
05:32
as citizen scientists.
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kao građane-naučnike.
05:35
100 years later in Kalaupapa,
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Sto godina kasnije u Kalaupapi,
05:37
we now have the technology to sequence leprosy bacteria in real time,
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sada imamo tehnologiju za sekvenciranje bakterije lepre u realnom vremenu,
05:41
using mobile genome sequencers,
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korišćenjem pokretnog sekvenatora genoma,
05:44
remote access to the Internet
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daljinskog pristupa internetu
05:47
and cloud computation.
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i računarstva u oblaku,
05:50
But only if that's what Hawaiian people want.
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ali samo ako havajski narod to želi.
05:54
In our space,
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Na našem prostoru,
05:55
on our terms.
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pod našim uslovima.
05:58
IndiGenomics is about science for the people by the people.
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„Indidžinomiks“ se odnosi na nauku za narod koju sprovodi narod.
06:04
We'll be starting with a tribal consultation resource,
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Započećemo resursom plemenskih konsultacija,
06:08
focused on educating indigenous communities
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fokusiranih na obrazovanje domorodačkih zajednica
06:11
on the potential use and misuse of genetic information.
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o potencijalnoj upotebi i zloupotrebi genetskih informacija.
06:14
Eventually we'd like to have our own IndiGenomics research institute
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Na kraju bismo voleli da imamo
naš institut za istraživanje „Indidžinomiks“,
da sprovodimo sopstvene eksperimente
06:18
to conduct our own experiments
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06:19
and educate the next generation of indigenous scientists.
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i obrazujemo sledeću generaciju domorodačkih naučnika.
06:23
In the end,
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Na kraju,
06:25
indigenous people need to be partners in and not subjects of genetic research.
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urođenički narodi treba da budu partneri, a ne subjekti u genetskim istraživanjima.
06:30
And for those on the outside,
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Za one spolja,
06:32
just as Father Damien did,
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baš kao što je Otac Dejmijan uradio,
06:34
the research community needs to immerse itself in indigenous culture
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istraživačka zajednica treba da uroni u domorodačku kulturu
06:39
or die trying.
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ili umre pokušavajući.
06:40
Mahalo.
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Hvala.
06:42
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
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