A Visual History of Human Knowledge | Manuel Lima | TED Talks

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Over the past 10 years,

Tokom proteklih 10 godina,

I've been researching the way people organize and visualize information.

istraživao sam način na koji ljudi organizuju i vizualizuju informacije.

And I've noticed an interesting shift.

Primetio sam interesantnu promenu.

For a long period of time,

Tokom dužeg perioda,

we believed in a natural ranking order in the world around us,

verovali smo u prirodni poredak u svetu oko nas,

also known as the great chain of being, or "Scala naturae" in Latin,

što je poznato i kao veliki lanac bića ili „scala naturae“ na latinskom,

a top-down structure that normally starts with God at the very top,

struktura odozgo na dole koja obično počinje od boga na samom vrhu,

followed by angels, noblemen,

koga slede anđeli, plemići,

common people, animals, and so on.

obični ljudi, životinje i tako dalje.

This idea was actually based on Aristotle's ontology,

Ova ideja je zapravo zasnovana na Aristotelovoj ontologiji

which classified all things known to man in a set of opposing categories,

koja je klasifikovala sve poznato čoveku u skup suprotnih kategorija,

like the ones you see behind me.

poput onih koje vidite iza mene.

But over time, interestingly enough,

Međutim, vremenom, što je zanimljivo,

this concept adopted the branching schema of a tree

ovaj koncept je usvojio šemu stabla koje se grana

in what became known as the Porphyrian tree,

u okviru onog što je postalo poznato kao Porfirijevo stablo,

also considered to be the oldest tree of knowledge.

što se takođe smatra najstarijim stablom znanja.

The branching scheme of the tree was, in fact,

Šema stabla koje se grana bila je, zapravo,

such a powerful metaphor for conveying information

tako moćna metafora za prenošenje informacija

that it became, over time, an important communication tool

da je vremenom postala važno sredstvo komunikacije

to map a variety of systems of knowledge.

za mapiranje mnoštva sistema znanja.

We can see trees being used to map morality,

Možemo videti kako se stabla koriste da bi se napravila mapa moralnosti,

with the popular tree of virtues and tree of vices,

sa popularnim stablom vrline i stablom poroka,

as you can see here, with these beautiful illustrations from medieval Europe.

kao što možete videti ovde,

na ovim prelepim ilustracijama iz srednjevekovne Evrope.

We can see trees being used to map consanguinity,

Možemo videti kako se stabla koriste za mapiranje ukrštanja u srodstvu,

the various blood ties between people.

raznih krvnih veza među ljudima.

We can also see trees being used to map genealogy,

Takođe možemo videti da se stabla koriste za mape rodoslova,

perhaps the most famous archetype of the tree diagram.

što je možda najpoznatiji arhetip dijagrama stabla.

I think many of you in the audience have probably seen family trees.

Mislim da su mnogi od vas u publici verovatno videli porodična stabla.

Many of you probably even have your own family trees drawn in such a way.

Mnogi među vama čak imaju nacrtana takva porodična stabla.

We can see trees even mapping systems of law,

Možemo videti da stabla čak služe za mape sistema zakona,

the various decrees and rulings of kings and rulers.

razne uredbe i odluke kraljeva i vladara.

And finally, of course, also a very popular scientific metaphor,

Najzad, naravno, kao veoma popularna naučna metafora,

we can see trees being used to map all species known to man.

možemo videti da se stabla koriste za izradu mapa svih vrsta poznatih čoveku.

And trees ultimately became such a powerful visual metaphor

Stabla su na kraju postala tako snažna vizuelna metafora

because in many ways, they really embody this human desire

jer ona umnogome oličavaju ljudsku želju

for order, for balance, for unity, for symmetry.

za redom, ravnotežom, jedinstvom, simetrijom.

However, nowadays we are really facing new complex, intricate challenges

Međutim, danas se zaista suočavamo sa novim složenim, zamršenim izazovima

that cannot be understood by simply employing a simple tree diagram.

koji se ne mogu razumeti primenom jednostavnog dijagrama stabla.

And a new metaphor is currently emerging,

Trenutno je nova metafora u nastajanju

and it's currently replacing the tree

i sada zamenjuje stablo

in visualizing various systems of knowledge.

u vizualizaciji različitih sistema znanja.

It's really providing us with a new lens to understand the world around us.

Zaista nam pruža novu perspektivu za razumevanje sveta oko nas.

And this new metaphor is the metaphor of the network.

Ta nova metafora je metafora mreže.

And we can see this shift from trees into networks

Možemo videti ovaj preokret od stabala u mreže

in many domains of knowledge.

u mnogim domenima znanja.

We can see this shift in the way we try to understand the brain.

Možemo videti ovaj preokret u načinu na koji pokušavamo da razumemo mozak.

While before, we used to think of the brain

Dok smo ranije razmišljali o mozgu

as a modular, centralized organ,

kao o modularnom, centralizovanom organu,

where a given area was responsible for a set of actions and behaviors,

gde je određena oblast odgovorna za skup akcija i ponašanja,

the more we know about the brain,

što više saznajemo o mozgu,

the more we think of it as a large music symphony,

sve više razmišljamo o njemu kao o velikoj muzičkoj simfoniji

played by hundreds and thousands of instruments.

koju sviraju stotine i hiljade instrumenata.

This is a beautiful snapshot created by the Blue Brain Project,

Ovo je divna slika koju je sačinio projekat „Plavi mozak“,

where you can see 10,000 neurons and 30 million connections.

gde možete videti 10 000 neurona i 30 miliona veza.

And this is only mapping 10 percent of a mammalian neocortex.

Ovo mapira svega 10 procenata neokorteksa sisara.

We can also see this shift in the way we try to conceive of human knowledge.

Možemo videti ovu promenu

i u načinu na koji pokušavamo da zamislimo ljudsko znanje.

These are some remarkable trees of knowledge, or trees of science,

Ovo su izuzetna stabla znanja ili stabla nauke

by Spanish scholar Ramon Llull.

španskog učenjaka Ramona Ljulja.

And Llull was actually the precursor,

Ljulj je zapravo bio preteča,

the very first one who created the metaphor of science as a tree,

prvi koji je stvorio metaforu o nauci kao stablu,

a metaphor we use every single day, when we say,

metaforu koju koristimo svakodnevno kada kažemo:

"Biology is a branch of science,"

„Biologija je grana nauke“,

when we say,

kada kažemo:

"Genetics is a branch of science."

„Genetika je grana nauke“.

But perhaps the most beautiful of all trees of knowledge, at least for me,

Možda najlepše stablo znanja, barem za mene,

was created for the French encyclopedia by Diderot and d'Alembert in 1751.

napravili su za francusku enciklopediju Didro i Dalamber 1751. godine.

This was really the bastion of the French Enlightenment,

Ovo je zaista bio uporište francuskog prosvetiteljstva,

and this gorgeous illustration was featured as a table of contents

a ova divna ilustracija izabrana je kao sadržaj

for the encyclopedia.

za enciklopediju.

And it actually maps out all domains of knowledge

Ona zapravo mapira sva područja znanja

as separate branches of a tree.

kao odvojene grane na stablu.

But knowledge is much more intricate than this.

Ipak, znanje je mnogo složenije od toga.

These are two maps of Wikipedia showing the inter-linkage of articles --

Ovo su dve mape Vikipedije koje pokazuju međusobnu povezanost članaka -

related to history on the left, and mathematics on the right.

vezanih za istoriju sa leve strane, a za matematiku na desnoj strani.

And I think by looking at these maps

Smatram da, kada pogledam ove mape

and other ones that have been created of Wikipedia --

i druge koje su napravljene pomoću Vikipedije -

arguably one of the largest rhizomatic structures ever created by man --

možda jedne od najvećih rizomatskih struktura koje je stvorio čovek -

we can really understand how human knowledge is much more intricate

možemo zaista razumeti kako je ljudsko znanje mnogo složenije

and interdependent, just like a network.

i međuzavisno, baš kao mreža.

We can also see this interesting shift

Takođe, možemo videti ovu zanimljivu promenu

in the way we map social ties between people.

u načinu na koji mapiramo društvene veze među ljudima.

This is the typical organization chart.

Ovo je tipična organizaciona šema.

I'm assuming many of you have seen a similar chart as well,

Pretpostavljam da su mnogi od vas takođe videli slične šeme,

in your own corporations, or others.

u svojim korporacijama ili nekim drugim.

It's a top-down structure

To je struktura usmerena odozgo na dole koja obično počinje direktorom na vrhu,

that normally starts with the CEO at the very top,

and where you can drill down all the way to the individual workmen on the bottom.

a odatle se možete spuštati sve do pojedinačnih radnika na dnu.

But humans sometimes are, well, actually, all humans are unique in their own way,

Međutim, ljudi su ponekad, pa, zapravo, svi ljudi su jedinstveni na svoj način,

and sometimes you really don't play well under this really rigid structure.

a ponekad se ne odigra sve baš dobro u okviru ove krute strukture.

I think the Internet is really changing this paradigm quite a lot.

Mislim da internet prilično menja ovaj obrazac.

This is a fantastic map of online social collaboration

Ovo je fantastična mapa onlajn društvenih saradnja

between Perl developers.

između programera Perla.

Perl is a famous programming language,

Perl je poznati programski jezik,

and here, you can see how different programmers

a ovde možete videti kako različiti programeri

are actually exchanging files, and working together on a given project.

razmenjuju fajlove i zajedno rade na datom projektu.

And here, you can notice that this is a completely decentralized process --

Ovde možete primetiti da je ovo sasvim decentralizovan proces.

there's no leader in this organization,

Nema vođe u ovoj organizaciji;

it's a network.

to je mreža.

We can also see this interesting shift when we look at terrorism.

Možemo videti ovu interesantnu promenu i kada sagledamo terorizam.

One of the main challenges of understanding terrorism nowadays

Jedan od glavnih izazova u razumevanju terorizma danas

is that we are dealing with decentralized, independent cells,

je da imamo posla sa decentralizovanim, nezavisnim ćelijama,

where there's no leader leading the whole process.

gde ne postoji vođa koji rukovodi celim procesom.

And here, you can actually see how visualization is being used.

Ovde možete zapravo videti kako se vizualizacija koristi.

The diagram that you see behind me

Dijagram koji vidite iza mene

shows all the terrorists involved in the Madrid attack in 2004.

prikazuje sve teroriste uključene u napade u Madridu 2004. godine.

And what they did here is, they actually segmented the network

Ovde su zapravo podelili mrežu

into three different years,

na tri različite godine,

represented by the vertical layers that you see behind me.

predstavljene vertikalnim slojevima koje vidite iza mene.

And the blue lines tie together

Plave linije povezuju

the people that were present in that network year after year.

ljude koji su bili prisutni u toj mreži iz godine u godinu.

So even though there's no leader per se,

Dakle, iako ne postoji vođa sam po sebi,

these people are probably the most influential ones in that organization,

ti ljudi su verovatno najuticajniji u toj organizaciji,

the ones that know more about the past,

oni koji znaju više

o prošlim i budućim planovima i ciljevima ove konkretne ćelije.

and the future plans and goals of this particular cell.

We can also see this shift from trees into networks

Takođe, možemo videti ovaj zaokret iz stabala u mreže

in the way we classify and organize species.

u načinu na koji klasifikujemo i organizujemo vrste.

The image on the right is the only illustration

Slika na desnoj strani je jedina ilustracija

that Darwin included in "The Origin of Species,"

koju je Darvin uneo u „Poreklo vrsta“,

which Darwin called the "Tree of Life."

koju je nazvao „drvo života“.

There's actually a letter from Darwin to the publisher,

Zapravo, tu je pismo od Darvina za izdavače

expanding on the importance of this particular diagram.

koje proširuje značaj tog konkretnog dijagrama.

It was critical for Darwin's theory of evolution.

Bilo je od ključnog značaja za Darvinovu teoriju evolucije.

But recently, scientists discovered that overlaying this tree of life

Međutim, nedavno su naučnici otkrili da ovo drvo života prekriva

is a dense network of bacteria,

gusta mreža bakterija,

and these bacteria are actually tying together

a te bakterije zapravo povezuju vrste

species that were completely separated before,

koje su pre bile potpuno odvojene,

to what scientists are now calling not the tree of life,

u ono što naučnici sada ne nazivaju stablom,

but the web of life, the network of life.

već mrežom života.

And finally, we can really see this shift, again,

Konačno, zaista možemo videti ovu promenu, još jednom,

when we look at ecosystems around our planet.

kada pogledamo ekosisteme širom naše planete.

No more do we have these simplified predator-versus-prey diagrams

Više nemamo ove pojednostavljene dijagrame „predator naspram plena“

we have all learned at school.

koje smo svi izučavali u školi.

This is a much more accurate depiction of an ecosystem.

Ovo je mnogo precizniji prikaz ekosistema.

This is a diagram created by Professor David Lavigne,

Ovo je dijagram koji je sačinio profesor Dejvid Lavinj,

mapping close to 100 species that interact with the codfish

napravivši mapu približno 100 vrsta u interakciji sa bakalarom

off the coast of Newfoundland in Canada.

blizu obale Njufaundlenda u Kanadi.

And I think here, we can really understand the intricate and interdependent nature

Mislim da ovde možemo zaista razumeti složenu i međuzavisnu prirodu

of most ecosystems that abound on our planet.

većine ekosistema kojima naša planeta obiluje.

But even though recent, this metaphor of the network,

Međutim, iako je skorašnja, ova metafora mreže

is really already adopting various shapes and forms,

već prisvaja nove oblike i forme

and it's almost becoming a growing visual taxonomy.

i gotovo da postaje rastuća vizuelna taksonomija.

It's almost becoming the syntax of a new language.

Gotovo da postaje sintaksa novog jezika.

And this is one aspect that truly fascinates me.

To je aspekt koji me stvarno fascinira.

And these are actually 15 different typologies

Ovo je 15 različitih tipologija

I've been collecting over time,

koje sam prikupljao vremenom i zaista prikazuju

and it really shows the immense visual diversity of this new metaphor.

neizmernu vizuelnu raznolikost ove nove metafore.

And here is an example.

Evo primera.

On the very top band, you have radial convergence,

Na samom vrhu skupa, imate radijalnu konvergenciju,

a visualization model that has become really popular over the last five years.

model vizualizacije koji je postao veoma popularan poslednjih pet godina.

At the top left, the very first project is a gene network,

Gore levo, prvi projekat je mreža gena,

followed by a network of IP addresses -- machines, servers --

nakon čega sledi mreža IP adresa - mašine, serveri -

followed by a network of Facebook friends.

a zatim mreža prijatelja na Fejsbuku.

You probably couldn't find more disparate topics,

Verovatno ne možete naći teme koje su više odvojene,

yet they are using the same metaphor, the same visual model,

a ipak koriste istu metaforu, isti vizuelni model,

to map the never-ending complexities of its own subject.

da bi sačinile mapu beskrajnih složenosti svojih tema.

And here are a few more examples of the many I've been collecting,

Evo još nekoliko primera od mnogih koje sam prikupljao,

of this growing visual taxonomy of networks.

vizuelne taksonomije mreža koja je u porastu.

But networks are not just a scientific metaphor.

Međutim, mreže nisu samo naučna metafora.

As designers, researchers, and scientists try to map a variety of complex systems,

Dok dizajneri, istraživači i naučnici

pokušavaju da mapiraju mnoštvo kompleksnih sistema,

they are in many ways influencing traditional art fields,

oni na mnogo načina utiču na tradicionalne oblasti umetnosti

like painting and sculpture,

poput slikarstva i vajarstva,

and influencing many different artists.

i utiču na mnogo različitih umetnika.

And perhaps because networks have this huge aesthetical force to them --

Možda zato što mreže imaju tu ogromnu estetsku snagu -

they're immensely gorgeous --

neizmerno su lepe -

they are really becoming a cultural meme,

postaju vrsta kulturnog mema

and driving a new art movement, which I've called "networkism."

i pokreću novi pokret u umetnosti koji sam nazvao „mrežizam“.

And we can see this influence in this movement in a variety of ways.

Možemo videti ovaj uticaj u ovom pokretu na mnogo načina.

This is just one of many examples,

Ovo je samo jedan od mnogo primera

where you can see this influence from science into art.

gde možete videti uticaj nauke na umetnost.

The example on your left side is IP-mapping,

Primer sa vaše leve strane je mapiranje internet protokola,

a computer-generated map of IP addresses; again -- servers, machines.

mapa IP adresa koju je napravio kompjuter; opet, serveri, mašine.

And on your right side,

A sa vaše desne strane

you have "Transient Structures and Unstable Networks" by Sharon Molloy,

imate „Prolazne strukture i nestabilne mreže“ autora Šeron Moloj,

using oil and enamel on canvas.

koja koristi ulje i emajl na platnu.

And here are a few more paintings by Sharon Molloy,

Evo još nekoliko slika Šeron Moloj,

some gorgeous, intricate paintings.

nekih divnih, složenih slika.

And here's another example of that interesting cross-pollination

Evo još jednog primera tog zanimljivog uzajamnog prenošenja

between science and art.

između nauke i umetnosti.

On your left side, you have "Operation Smile."

Na levoj strani imate „Operaciju 'Osmeh'“.

It is a computer-generated map of a social network.

To je mapa društvene mreže koju je napravio kompjuter.

And on your right side, you have "Field 4," by Emma McNally,

Na vašoj desnoj strani, imate „Polje 4“ autora Eme Maknali,

using only graphite on paper.

koje je sačinjeno samo pomoću grafita na papiru.

Emma McNally is one of the main leaders of this movement,

Ema Maknali spada u glavne predvodnike ovog pokreta

and she creates these striking, imaginary landscapes,

i stvara ove upečatljive, imaginarne prizore,

where you can really notice the influence from traditional network visualization.

gde zaista možete primetiti uticaj tradicionalne vizualizacije mreža.

But networkism doesn't happen only in two dimensions.

Međutim, mrežizam se ne odvija samo u dve dimenzije.

This is perhaps one of my favorite projects

Ovo je možda jedan od mojih omiljenih projekata

of this new movement.

ovog novog pokreta.

And I think the title really says it all -- it's called:

Mislim da naslov već sve govori.

"Galaxies Forming Along Filaments,

Naziva se „Galaksije se formiraju duž filamenata

Like Droplets Along the Strands of a Spider's Web."

kao kapljice uz niti paukove mreže“.

And I just find this particular project to be immensely powerful.

Smatram da je ovaj konkretan projekat izuzetno moćan.

It was created by Tomás Saraceno,

Stvorio ga je Tomas Saraseno

and he occupies these large spaces,

i zauzima ogroman prostor,

creates these massive installations using only elastic ropes.

stvara te masivne instalacije koristeći samo elastične konopce.

As you actually navigate that space and bounce along those elastic ropes,

Dok se krećete tim prostorom i poskakujete na tim elastičnim konopcima,

the entire network kind of shifts, almost like a real organic network would.

čitava mreža se nekako menja,

gotovo kao što bi to činila stvarna organska mreža.

And here's yet another example

Evo još jednog primera

of networkism taken to a whole different level.

mrežizma koji prelazi na potpuno drugačiji nivo.

This was created by Japanese artist Chiharu Shiota

Ovo je napravila japanska umetnica Čijaru Šiota

in a piece called "In Silence."

u okviru dela pod imenom „U tišini“.

And Chiharu, like Tomás Saraceno, fills these rooms with this dense network,

Čijaru je, kao i Tomas Saraseno, ispunila prostorije gustom mrežom,

this dense web of elastic ropes and black wool and thread,

zbijenom mrežom elastičnih užadi, crne vune i niti,

sometimes including objects, as you can see here,

ponekad obuhvatajući predmete, kao što možete videti ovde,

sometimes even including people, in many of her installations.

a ponekad čak i obuhvatajući ljude, u mnogim od njenih instalacija.

But networks are also not just a new trend,

Ipak, mreže nisu samo novi trend,

and it's too easy for us to dismiss it as such.

a veoma nam je lako da ih odbacimo kao takve.

Networks really embody notions of decentralization,

Mreže zapravo oličavaju ideje decentralizacije,

of interconnectedness, of interdependence.

međusobne povezanosti, međuzavisnosti.

And this new way of thinking is critical

Taj novi način razmišljanja je ključan

for us to solve many of the complex problems we are facing nowadays,

da bismo rešili mnoge složene probleme sa kojima se suočavamo danas,

from decoding the human brain,

od dekodiranja ljudskog mozga

to understanding the vast universe out there.

do razumevanja ogromnog univerzuma.

On your left side, you have a snapshot of a neural network of a mouse --

Na levoj strani imate sliku neuralne mreže miša -

very similar to our own at this particular scale.

vrlo slične našoj na ovom konkretnom nivou.

And on your right side, you have the Millennium Simulation.

Na desnoj strani imate „Milenijumsku simulaciju“.

It was the largest and most realistic simulation

To je bila najveća i najrealističnija simulacija

of the growth of cosmic structure.

rasta kosmičke strukture.

It was able to recreate the history of 20 million galaxies

Bio sam u mogućnosti da iznova stvorim istoriju 20 miliona galaksija

in approximately 25 terabytes of output.

za otprilike 25 terabajta izlazne vrednosti.

And coincidentally or not,

Slučajno ili ne,

I just find this particular comparison

smatram da je ovo konkretno poređenje

between the smallest scale of knowledge -- the brain --

između znanja na najmanjem nivou, mozga,

i znanja na najvećem nivou, samog univerzuma,

and the largest scale of knowledge -- the universe itself --

to be really quite striking and fascinating.

zaista izvanredno i fascinantno.

Because as Bruce Mau once said,

Jer, kao što je Brus Mau jednom rekao:

"When everything is connected to everything else,

„Kada je sve povezano sa svim ostalim,

for better or for worse, everything matters."

u dobru i u zlu, sve je bitno.“

Thank you so much.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)