Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger? | David Epstein

Prevodilac: Aleksandar Kovačević Lektor: Mile Živković

The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius."

Moto Olimpijskih igara glasi ,,Citius, Altius, Fortius."

Faster, Higher, Stronger.

Brže, više, jače.

And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly.

A sportisti su to prilično brzo ostvarili.

The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon

Pobednik olimpijskog maratona 2012. godine

ran two hours and eight minutes.

je postigao vreme od dva sata i osam minuta.

Had he been racing against the winner

Da se nekim slučajem takmičio protiv

of the 1904 Olympic marathon,

pobednika olimpijskog maratona 1904. godine,

he would have won by nearly an hour and a half.

pobedio bi sa razlikom od skoro sat i po vremena.

Now we all have this feeling

Svima nam se čini

that we're somehow just getting better

da postajemo sve bolji i bolji,

as a human race, inexorably progressing,

da čovečanstvo nezadrživo napreduje,

but it's not like we've evolved into a new species

ali sigurno nismo postali sasvim nova vrsta

in a century.

za sto godina.

So what's going on here?

Šta se onda dešava?

I want to take a look at what's really behind

Želeo bih da ispitam šta je

this march of athletic progress.

zapravo razlog tako brzog napretka u sportu.

In 1936, Jesse Owens

1936. godine, Džesi Ovens

held the world record in the 100 meters.

je držao svetski rekord u trci na 100 metara.

Had Jesse Owens been racing last year

Da je Džesi Ovens učestvovao na prošlogodišnjem

in the world championships of the 100 meters,

svetskom šampionatu u trci na 100 metara,

when Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt finished,

u trenutku kad Jamajčanin Jusejn Bolt prelazi cilj,

Owens would have still had 14 feet to go.

Ovensu bi ostalo još nešto više od 4 metra.

Za sprintere je to mnogo.

That's a lot in sprinter land.

Da bi vam bilo jasnije kolika je to zapravo razlika

To give you a sense of how much it is,

I want to share with you a demonstration

želim da vam pokažem nešto

conceived by sports scientist Ross Tucker.

što je osmislio stručnjak za nauku sporta, Ros Taker.

Now picture the stadium last year

Zamislite stadion prošle godine

at the world championships of the 100 meters:

za vreme svetskog šampionata na 100 metara:

thousands of fans waiting with baited breath

hiljade fanova nestrpljivo čekaju

to see Usain Bolt, the fastest man in history;

da vide Jusejna Bolta, najbržeg čoveka ikada;

flashbulbs popping as the nine fastest men in the world

blicevi sevaju dok se devet najbržih ljudi na svetu

coil themselves into their blocks.

namešta na startnim pozicijama.

And I want you to pretend

I želim da zamislite

that Jesse Owens is in that race.

da i Džesi Ovens učestvuje u toj trci.

Now close your eyes for a second and picture the race.

Sad zažmurite na momenat i zamislite tu trku.

Bang! The gun goes off.

Beng! Startni pištolj je opalio.

An American sprinter jumps out to the front.

Američki sprinter izleće na čelo.

Usain Bolt starts to catch him.

Jusejn počinje da ga sustiže. On ga i prestiže,

Usain Bolt passes him, and as the runners come to the finish,

i kako trkači prilaze cilju,

you'll hear a beep as each man crosses the line.

čuje se pištanje svaki put kad neki pređe finiš.

(Beeps)

(Pištanje)

That's the entire finish of the race.

To je ceo kraj trke.

You can open your eyes now.

Sad otvorite oči.

That first beep was Usain Bolt.

Taj prvi zvuk je Jusejn Bolt.

That last beep was Jesse Owens.

Poslednji je Džesi Ovens.

Listen to it again.

Poslušajte ponovo.

(Beeps)

(Pištanje)

Kad se pogleda na taj način,

When you think of it like that,

it's not that big a difference, is it?

i nije neka razlika, zar ne?

And then consider that Usain Bolt started

Ali uzmite u obzir da je Jusejn Bolt započeo trku

by propelling himself out of blocks

tako što je izleteo iz startnog bloka,

down a specially fabricated carpet

a zatim trčao po specijalnoj podlozi

designed to allow him to travel

osmišljenoj tako da mu omogući

as fast as humanly possible.

da trči što je brže moguće.

Jesse Owens, on the other hand,

Sa druge strane, Džesi Ovens je trčao

ran on cinders, the ash from burnt wood,

po ugljevlju, pepelu od izgorelog drveta,

and that soft surface stole far more energy

i ta meka površina je upijala mnogo više energije

from his legs as he ran.

koju su stvarale njegove noge dok je trčao.

Rather than blocks, Jesse Owens had a gardening trowel

Umesto startnog bloka, Džesi Ovens je imao lopaticu

that he had to use to dig holes in the cinders to start from.

kojom je kopao rupe u ugljevlju.

Biomechanical analysis of the speed

Biomehanička analiza brzine Ovensovih zglobova

of Owens' joints shows that had been running

pokazuje da, kad bi trčao

on the same surface as Bolt,

po istoj površini kao Bolt,

he wouldn't have been 14 feet behind,

razlika između njih ne bi bila veća od 4 metra

he would have been within one stride.

već bi bili na korak jedan od drugog.

Rather than the last beep,

Umesto poslednjeg zvuka,

Owens would have been the second beep.

Ovens bi bio drugi.

Listen to it again.

Poslušajte ponovo.

(Beeps)

(Pištanje)

That's the difference track surface technology has made,

Toliku je razliku stvorila tehnologija podloge

and it's done it throughout the running world.

i to važi za sve druge trkačke discipline.

Consider a longer event.

Pogledajmo neku dužu trku.

In 1954, Sir Roger Bannister

1954. godine, Ser Rodžer Banister

became the first man to run under four minutes in the mile.

je postao prvi koji je pretrčao 1.600 m za manje od 4 minuta.

Nowadays, college kids do that every year.

U današnje vreme, studenti to uspevaju svake godine.

On rare occasions, a high school kid does it.

Ponekad i srednjoškolci.

As of the end of last year,

Od kraja prošle godine,

1,314 men

1.314 ljudi

had run under four minutes in the mile,

je pretrčalo 1.600 m za manje od 4 minuta,

but like Jesse Owens,

ali kao i u slučaju Džesija Ovensa,

Sir Roger Bannister ran on soft cinders

Ser Rodžer Banister je trčao po mekom ugljevlju

that stole far more energy from his legs

koje je upijalo više energije

nego današnje sintetičke podloge.

than the synthetic tracks of today.

So I consulted biomechanics experts

Raspitao sam se kod stručnjaka za biomehaniku

to find out how much slower it is to run on cinders

kako bih saznao koliko je sporije trčanje po ugljevlju

than synthetic tracks,

u odnosu na sintetičku podlogu

and their consensus that it's one and a half percent slower.

i složili su se da razlika iznosi 1,5%.

So if you apply a one and a half percent slowdown conversion

Ako se ovo usporenje od 1,5%

to every man who ran his sub-four mile

primeni na svakog muškarca koji je istrčao

on a synthetic track,

1.600 m za manje od 4 minuta

this is what happens.

na sintetičkoj podlozi, dobije se sledeće:

Only 530 are left.

ostane ih samo 530.

If you look at it from that perspective,

Ako uzmemo to u obzir, vidimo

fewer than ten new men per [year]

da je manje od deset ljudi godišnje prvi put

uspelo da istrči 1.600 m za manje

have joined the sub-four mile club

since Sir Roger Bannister.

od 4 minuta od kad je to uspeo Ser Rodžer Banister.

Now, 530 is a lot more than one,

530 je svakako mnogo više od jednog čoveka

and that's partly because there are many more people

i to je delom posledica toga što u današnje vreme

training today and they're training more intelligently.

mnogo više ljudi trenira i to rade mnogo pametnije.

Čak i studenti treniraju na profesionalnom nivou

Even college kids are professional in their training

compared to Sir Roger Bannister,

u odnosu na Ser Rodžera Banistera

who trained for 45 minutes at a time

koji je trenirao po 45 minuta

while he ditched gynecology lectures in med school.

dok je bežao sa časova ginekologije u medicinskoj školi.

And that guy who won the 1904 Olympic marathon

A tip koji je pobedio u olimpijskom maratonu 1904.

in three in a half hours,

sa vremenom od tri i po sata,

that guy was drinking rat poison and brandy

on je pio rakiju sa mišomorom

while he ran along the course.

dok je trčao.

That was his idea of a performance-enhancing drug.

To je za njega bio doping.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Clearly, athletes have gotten more savvy

Očito je da su sportisti shvatili

about performance-enhancing drugs as well,

kako da pametnije koriste doping,

and that's made a difference in some sports at some times,

i to je povremeno uticalo na određene sportove,

but technology has made a difference in all sports,

ali tehnologija je imala uticaj na sve sportove,

from faster skis to lighter shoes.

od bržih skija do lakših patika.

Take a look at the record for the 100-meter freestyle swim.

Pogledajmo rekord u plivanju na 100 m slobodnim stilom.

The record is always trending downward,

Prolazno vreme se stalno smanjuje,

but it's punctuated by these steep cliffs.

ali u određenim trenucima dolazi do naglih padova.

This first cliff, in 1956, is the introduction

Prvi ovakav pad desio se 1956. godine

of the flip turn.

nakon uvođenja zaokreta.

Rather than stopping and turning around,

Plivači su mogli da naprave salto pod vodom

athletes could somersault under the water

i da odmah krenu natrag,

and get going right away in the opposite direction.

umesto da staju da bi se okrenuli.

This second cliff, the introduction of gutters

Do drugog pada je došlo nakon uvođenja slivnika

on the side of the pool

na ivicama bazena, zbog kojih je

that allows water to splash off,

voda mogla da se preliva

rather than becoming turbulence

umesto da se uskomeša

that impedes the swimmers as they race.

i time ometa plivače.

This final cliff,

Poslednji pad je pri uvođenju kupaćih kostima

the introduction of full-body

and low-friction swimsuits.

koji prekrivaju celo telo i smanjuju trenje.

Throughout sports, technology has changed the face of performance.

Tehnologija je uticala na učinak tokom čitave istorije sporta.

In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record

Edi Merks je 1972. godine

prešao rekordnu razdaljinu biciklom za sat vremena:

for the longest distance cycled in one hour

at 30 miles, 3,774 feet.

49.430 metara.

Now that record improved and improved

Kako su bicikli postajali sve bolji i aerodinamičniji,

as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic

tako se pomerao i rekord,

all the way until 1996,

sve dok 1996.

when it was set at 35 miles, 1,531 feet,

nije iznosio 56.793 metara,

nearly five miles farther

skoro 7,5 km više

than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972.

nego što je Edi Merks prešao 1972. godine.

But then in 2000, the International Cycling Union

Međutim, 2000. godine je Međunarodni Biciklistički Savez

decreed that anyone who wanted to hold that record

propisao da svako ko želi da obori rekord

had to do so with essentially the same equipment

mora to da postigne koristeći istu opremu

that Eddy Merckx used in 1972.

kao Edi Merks 1972.

Where does the record stand today?

Koliko trenutno iznosi rekord?

30 miles, 4,657 feet,

49.699 metara,

a grand total of 883 feet

ukupno 269 metara više

farther than Eddy Merckx cycled

nego što je Edi Merks prešao

more than four decades ago.

pre više od 40 godina.

Essentially the entire improvement in this record

U suštini, pomeranje ovog rekorda

was due to technology.

je u potpunosti zavisilo od tehnologije.

Still, technology isn't the only thing pushing athletes forward.

Tehnologija ipak nije jedina stvar koja pomaže sportistima.

While indeed we haven't evolved

Iako se u poslednjih 100 godina

into a new species in a century,

nismo pretvorili u novu vrstu,

the gene pool within competitive sports

sigurno je da se genetski fond

most certainly has changed.

u svetu profesionalnog sporta promenio.

In the early half of the 20th century,

Treneri i nastavnici fizičkog vaspitanja

physical education instructors and coaches

su tokom prve polovine 20. veka

had the idea that the average body type

smatrali da je prosečan oblik tela

was the best for all athletic endeavors:

najbolje prilagođen svim disciplinama:

medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport.

prosečna visina i težina, bez obzira na sport.

And this showed in athletes' bodies.

Što se i videlo po telima sportista.

In the 1920s, the average elite high-jumper

Tkom 1920-ih, vrhunski skakač u vis

and average elite shot-putter were the same exact size.

i vrhunski bacač kugle bi bili istih dimenzija.

But as that idea started to fade away,

Ali i ta ideja je počela da gubi maha

as sports scientists and coaches realized that

jer su stručnjaci za sport shvatili

rather than the average body type,

da im umesto prosečnog oblika tela

you want highly specialized bodies

trebaju sportisti vrlo specifične građe,

that fit into certain athletic niches,

da bi se što bolje uklopili u određene sportove.

a form of artificial selection took place,

Tako je započela određena veštačka selekcija,

a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports,

razvrstavanje tela po odgovarajućim sportovima,

and athletes' bodies became more different from one another.

i građa sportista je počela sve više da se razlikuje.

Today, rather than the same size as the average elite high jumper,

U današnje vreme, umesto da bude iste građe kao prosečan skakač u vis,

the average elite shot-putter

prosečan bacač kugle

is two and a half inches taller

je oko 6,5 cm viši

and 130 pounds heavier.

i oko 60 kg teži.

Ovo se desilo i u svim drugim sportovima.

And this happened throughout the sports world.

In fact, if you plot on a height versus mass graph

Ustvari, ako na grafiku prikažete odnos mase i visine

one data point for each of two dozen sports

za svaki od 24 sporta

in the first half of the 20th century, it looks like this.

za vreme prve polovine 20. veka, to izgleda ovako.

There's some dispersal,

Postoje određeni izuzeci,

but it's kind of grouped around that average body type.

ali tačke se uglavnom grupišu oko prosečne građe.

Zatim je ta ideja počela da nestaje,

Then that idea started to go away,

and at the same time, digital technology --

a istovremeno i digitalna tehnologija -

first radio, then television and the Internet --

prvo radio, a zatim televizija i internet -

gave millions, or in some cases billions, of people

milionima, pa čak i milijardama ljudi

a ticket to consume elite sports performance.

omogućila da prate vrhunski sport.

The financial incentives and fame and glory afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,

Novčane nagrade i slava su rasli vrtoglavo za profesionalne sportiste,

and it tipped toward the tiny upper echelon of performance.

što je do najvećeg izražaja dovelo sportiste sa vrhunskim učinkom.

It accelerated the artificial selection for specialized bodies.

Ovo je dodatno ubrzalo odabir specifičnih građa tela.

And if you plot a data point for these same

Ako na grafiku prikažete

two dozen sports today, it looks like this.

ona ista 24 sporta u današnje vreme, rezultat izgleda ovako.

The athletes' bodies have gotten

Tela sportista

much more different from one another.

se znatno razlikuju.

And because this chart looks like the charts

S obzirom da ovaj grafik podseća

that show the expanding universe,

na grafike koji prikazuju

with the galaxies flying away from one another,

širenje univerzuma i međusobno udaljavanje galaksija,

the scientists who discovered it call it

naučnici koji su otkrili ovu pojavu,

"The Big Bang of Body Types."

nazivaju je ,,Veliki prasak telesne građe''.

In sports where height is prized, like basketball,

U sportovima poput košarke, gde je važna visina,

the tall athletes got taller.

sportisti su postali viši.

In 1983, the National Basketball Association

1983. godine, NBA je donela na snagu

revolucionarni dogovor, po kom bi

signed a groundbreaking agreement

making players partners in the league,

igrači postali partneri unutar lige,

entitled to shares of ticket revenues

čime su dobili deo novca od ulaznica

and television contracts.

i ugovora za TV emitovanje utakmica.

Suddenly, anybody who could be an NBA player

Od tog trenutka, svi koji su to mogli želeli su

wanted to be,

da igraju za NBA

and teams started scouring the globe

i timovi su širom sveta tražili igrače

for the bodies that could help them win championships.

koji bi im pomogli da osvajaju titule.

Almost overnight,

Skoro preko noći

the proportion of men in the NBA

se udeo NBA igrača

who are at least seven feet tall doubled

viših od 210 cm

to 10 percent.

udvostručio na 10%

Today, one in 10 men in the NBA

Danas je jedan od 10 NBA igrača

is at least seven feet tall,

viši od 210 cm,

but a seven-foot-tall man is incredibly rare

ali takve ljude je veoma teško pronaći -

in the general population --

toliko su retki da,

so rare that if you know an American man

ako poznajete Amerikanca

between the ages of 20 and 40

starosti od 20 do 40 godina

who is at least seven feet tall,

koji je viši od 210 cm,

there's a 17 percent chance

postoji 17% šanse

he's in the NBA right now.

da trenutno igra u NBA.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

That is, find six honest seven footers,

Što znači da jedan od šest ljudi

one is in the NBA right now.

viših od 210 cm trenutno igra u NBA.

And that's not the only way that NBA players' bodies are unique.

A to nije jedina specifičnost građe NBA igrača.

This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man,"

Ovo je ,,Vitruvijanski čovek'' Leonarda da Vinčija,

the ideal proportions,

koji prikazuje idealne razmere tela,

with arm span equal to height.

gde je raspon ruku jednak visini.

My arm span is exactly equal to my height.

Raspon mojih ruku je tačno jednak mojoj visini.

Yours is probably very nearly so.

Kod vas je verovatno skoro pa isto.

But not the average NBA player.

Ali kod prosečnog NBA igrača nije tako.

The average NBA player is a shade under 6'7",

Prosečni NBA igrač je tek nešto niži od dva metra

with arms that are seven feet long.

i ima raspon ruku od 210 cm.

Not only are NBA players ridiculously tall,

Znači da NBA igrači nisu samo izuzetno visoki,

they are ludicrously long.

već su i neverovatno krakati.

Had Leonardo wanted to draw

Kad bi Leonardo hteo

the Vitruvian NBA Player,

da nacrta vitruvijanskog NBA igrača,

he would have needed a rectangle and an ellipse,

morao bi da koristi pravougaonik i elipsu

not a circle and a square.

umesto kvadrata i kruga.

So in sports where large size is prized,

Dakle, u sportovima gde se traži veličina,

the large athletes have gotten larger.

sportisti su postajali sve veći.

Conversely, in sports where diminutive stature is an advantage,

Nasuprot tome, u sportovima gde prednost ima manja veličina,

the small athletes got smaller.

sportisti su postajali manji.

The average elite female gymnast

Prosečna visina

shrunk from 5'3" to 4'9" on average

vrhunskih gimnastičarki u poslednjih 30 godina smanjila se

over the last 30 years,

sa 160 na 143 cm,

all the better for their power-to-weight ratio

što im je povećalo odnos snage i veličine

and for spinning in the air.

i omogućilo da se lakše vrte u vazduhu.

And while the large got larger

I kako su veliki

and the small got smaller,

postajali veći, a mali manji,

the weird got weirder.

neobični su postajali neobičniji.

The average length of the forearm

Dužina podlaktice

of a water polo player in relation

kod vaterpolista se povećala

to their total arm got longer,

u odnosu na ukupnu dužinu ruke,

all the better for a forceful throwing whip.

što je pojačalo snagu šuteva.

And as the large got larger,

I tako su veliki postajali veći,

small got smaller, and the weird weirder.

mali manji, a neobični neobičniji.

In swimming, the ideal body type

Idealnom građom za plivanje

is a long torso and short legs.

se smatra duži torzo i kraće noge,

It's like the long hull of a canoe

po ugledu na korito kanua,

for speed over the water.

koje mu daje brzinu na vodi.

And the opposite is advantageous in running.

Kod trčanja je obrnuto.

You want long legs and a short torso.

Traže se duže noge i kraći torzo.

And this shows in athletes' bodies today.

Ova razlika se vidi i u građi sportista.

Here you see Michael Phelps,

Na slici je Majkl Felps,

the greatest swimmer in history,

najbolji plivač sveta,

standing next to Hicham El Guerrouj,

koji stoji pored Hišama El Garuža,

the world record holder in the mile.

rekordera na 1.600 metara.

These men are seven inches different in height,

Razlika u visini između njih dvojice je skoro 18 cm,

but because of the body types

ali zbog razlike u građi

advantaged in their sports,

vezane za sport kojim se bave,

they wear the same length pants.

nose istu veličinu pantalona.

Seven inches difference in height,

18 cm razlike u visini,

these men have the same length legs.

a imaju istu dužinu nogu.

Now in some cases, the search for bodies

U određenim slučajevima je potraga

that could push athletic performance forward

za građom koja bi pomerila granice sporta

ended up introducing into the competitive world

u takmičenje uvela grupe

populations of people that weren't previously competing at all,

koje se ranije uopšte nisu takmičile,

like Kenyan distance runners.

na primer, kenijske trkače.

We think of Kenyans as being great marathoners.

Za Kenijce važi da su odlični maratonci.

Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe

Kenijci to isto smatraju

as being great marathoners.

za pripadnike plemena Kelendžin.

The Kalenjin make up just 12 percent

Kelendžini čine svega

of the Kenyan population

12% populacije Kenije,

but the vast majority of elite runners.

ali ih ima najviše među maratoncima.

And they happen, on average,

Uz to, prosečna fiziologija

to have a certain unique physiology:

im je jedinstvena:

legs that are very long

veoma duge noge

and very thin at their extremity,

koje su veoma uske na krajevima, što je posledica toga

and this is because they have their ancestry

što vuku korene iz predela

at very low latitude

male geografske širine,

in a very hot and dry climate,

gde je klima veoma topla i suva.

and an evolutionary adaptation to that

Evolucijom su se na ovo adaptirali

is limbs that are very long

razvijanjem dugih udova

and very thin at the extremity

koji su uski na krajevima

for cooling purposes.

kako bi se lakše hladili.

It's the same reason that a radiator has long coils,

Iz istog tog razloga hladnjaci imaju duge spirale, kako bi se

to increase surface area compared to volume

povećala površina u odnosu na zapreminu

to let heat out,

da bi se toplota lakše ispuštala.

and because the leg is like a pendulum,

A pošto je noga poput klatna,

the longer and thinner it is at the extremity,

što je duža i uža na kraju,

the more energy-efficient it is to swing.

to manje energije treba da bi se pokrenula.

To put Kalenjin running success in perspective,

Kako bismo sagledali uspeh Kalendžana

consider that 17 American men in history

treba uzeti u obzir da je do sada svega 17 Amerikanaca

have run faster than two hours and 10 minutes

pretrčalo maraton za manje

in the marathon.

od 2 sata i 10 minuta.

That's a four-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace.

To je 4 minuta i 58 sekundi na 1.600 metara.

Thirty-two Kalenjin men did that last October.

Prošlog oktobra su ovo postigla 32 Kelendžina.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

That's from a source population the size

Svi oni potiču iz populacije

of metropolitan Atlanta.

veličine Atlante sa prigradskim naseljima.

Still, even changing technology

Ipak, nisu samo napredak tehnologije

and the changing gene pool in sports

i promene u genetskom fondu sportista

don't account for all of the changes in performance.

odgovorni za bolji učinak.

Athletes have a different mindset than they once did.

Sportisti i razmišljaju drugačije nego ranije.

Have you ever seen in a movie when someone gets

Jeste li videli kad na filmu

an electrical shock

nekog udari struja,

and they're thrown across a room?

pa zbog toga poleti na drugi kraj sobe?

There's no explosion there.

Tu nema nikakve eksplozije.

What's happening when that happens is that

Dešava se to da elektrošok

the electrical impulse is causing

tera sva mišićna vlakna

all their muscle fibers to twitch at once,

da se zgrče istovremeno,

and they're throwing themselves across the room.

tako da se čovek sam baci.

They're essentially jumping.

U suštini skače.

That's the power

Takva se snaga

that's contained in the human body.

nalazi u ljudskom telu.

But normally we can't access nearly all of it.

Ali u normalnim okolnostima ne možemo da joj pristupimo.

Our brain acts as a limiter,

Mozak nas ograničava i ne da nam

preventing us from accessing all of our physical resources,

da iskoristimo sve svoje fizičke mogućnosti

because we might hurt ourselves,

kako se ne bismo povredili,

tearing tendons or ligaments.

oštetili tetive i ligamente.

But the more we learn about how that limiter functions,

Međutim, što bolje razumemo kako ovo ograničenje radi,

the more we learn how we can push it back

to bolje možemo da ga zaobiđemo,

just a bit,

makar samo malo,

in some cases by convincing the brain

ponekad tako što ubedimo mozak

that the body won't be in mortal danger

da telo neće doći u smrtnu opasnost

by pushing harder.

ako nastavimo sa naporom.

Endurance and ultra-endurance sports

Odličan primer za ovo je trčanje

serve as a great example.

na duge i izuzetno duge pruge.

Ultra-endurance was once thought to be harmful

Smatralo se da je trčanje na izuzetno duge pruge

to human health,

štetno po zdravlje,

but now we realize

ali smo shvatili da su nas

that we have all these traits

određene osobine

that are perfect for ultra-endurance:

odlično prilagodile za to:

no body fur and a glut of sweat glands

nemamo krzno, ali imamo brojne znojne žlezde

that keep us cool while running;

koje nas hlade dok trčimo;

narrow waists and long legs compared to our frames;

uzak struk i duge noge u odnosu na ostatak tela;

large surface area of joints for shock absorption.

veliku površinu zglobova koja upija potrese.

We have an arch in our foot that acts like a spring,

Luk stopala nam služi kao opruga,

short toes that are better for pushing off

kratki prsti na nogama su bolji za odskok

than for grasping tree limbs,

nego za hvatanje za grane,

and when we run,

a dok trčimo, možemo

we can turn our torso and our shoulders

ovako da okrećemo torzo i ramena

like this while keeping our heads straight.

bez pomeranja glave.

Our primate cousins can't do that.

Ostali primati to ne mogu.

They have to run like this.

Moraju da trče ovako.

And we have big old butt muscles

Zatim imamo krupne mišiće zadnjice koji nas

that keep us upright while running.

ispravljaju dok trčimo.

Have you ever looked at an ape's butt?

Jeste li ikada obratili pažnju na zadnjice kod majmuna?

They have no buns because they don't run upright.

Skoro da nemaju guzove jer nisu uspravni kad trče.

And as athletes have realized

Kad su sportisti shvatili

that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance,

da smo savršeno prilagođeni za duge pruge,

they've taken on feats

pokušali su stvari

that would have been unthinkable before,

koje su ranije bile nezamislive.

athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kílian Jornet.

Sportisti poput španskog dugoprugaša, Kiliana Džornea.

Here's Kílian running up the Matterhorn.

Ovde Kilian trči uz Materhorn.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

With a sweatshirt there tied around his waist.

Vezao je duks oko struka.

It's so steep he can't even run here.

Toliko je strmo da se ni ne može trčati.

He's pulling up on a rope.

Penje se konopcem.

This is a vertical ascent

U pitanju je uspon

of more than 8,000 feet,

od više nego 2.400 metara,

and Kílian went up and down

a Kilian se popeo i spustio

in under three hours.

za manje od tri sata.

Amazing.

Neverovatno.

And talented though he is,

I iako je talentovan,

Kílian is not a physiological freak.

Kilian ipak nije medicinski fenomen.

Now that he has done this,

Kad je on ovo uspeo,

other athletes will follow,

i drugi će pokušati,

just as other athletes followed

kao što su pokušali

after Sir Roger Bannister

kad je Ser Rodžer Banister

ran under four minutes in the mile.

pretrčao 1.600 metara za manje od 4 minuta.

Changing technology, changing genes,

Promena tehnologija, promena

and a changing mindset.

u genima i promena u načinu razmišljanja.

Innovation in sports,

Inovacije u svetu sporta, bilo da su

whether that's new track surfaces

u pitanju nove podloge za trčanje

or new swimming techniques,

ili nove plivačke tehnike,

the democratization of sport,

demokratizacija sporta, uključivanje

the spread to new bodies

novih građa tela,

and to new populations around the world,

pa čak i novih populacija,

and imagination in sport,

i mašta u sportu, pronicanje

an understanding of what the human body

u mogućnosti ljudskog tela,

is truly capable of,

su zajedno učinili

have conspired to make athletes stronger,

da sportisti postanu jači,

faster, bolder,

brži, smeliji

and better than ever.

i bolji nego ikad ranije.

Thank you very much.

Mnogo vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)