Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger? | David Epstein

翻译人员: Ye Lin 校对人员: Xiaoou Chen

The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius."

奥林匹克的精神是“ 高，快，强。”

Faster, Higher, Stronger.

即更高，更快，更强。

And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly.

运动员们立刻执行了这种精神。

The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon

2012年奥林匹克运动会马拉松冠军

ran two hours and eight minutes.

花费了2小时8分钟。

Had he been racing against the winner

将他与1904年奥林匹克运动会

of the 1904 Olympic marathon,

的马拉松冠军进行比较，

he would have won by nearly an hour and a half.

他要快将近一个半小时。

Now we all have this feeling

现在我们都有一种感觉,

that we're somehow just getting better

那就是我们作为人类

as a human race, inexorably progressing,

已有了无可争议的进步，

but it's not like we've evolved into a new species

但这并不意味着我们在在一个世纪内

in a century.

进化成了一个新的物种。

So what's going on here?

所以呢？

I want to take a look at what's really behind

我想要看看这种运动的巨大进步

this march of athletic progress.

背后究竟存在着什么。

In 1936, Jesse Owens

在1936年，杰西.欧文

held the world record in the 100 meters.

保持了100米世界纪录。

Had Jesse Owens been racing last year

那么杰西.欧文与去年的100米

in the world championships of the 100 meters,

世界冠军比较呢，

when Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt finished,

当牙买加短跑运动员尤塞恩.博尔特完成的时候，

Owens would have still had 14 feet to go.

欧文仍然还差14英尺完成。

That's a lot in sprinter land.

这在短跑上是一个很长的距离。

To give you a sense of how much it is,

为了给大家一个14英尺是多远的概念，

I want to share with you a demonstration

我想要给大家分享一个由运动科学家罗斯.塔克

conceived by sports scientist Ross Tucker.

研究所得出的结论。

Now picture the stadium last year

现在想象去年的世锦赛的

at the world championships of the 100 meters:

100米比赛体育场；

thousands of fans waiting with baited breath

成千上万的粉丝屏住呼吸等待着

to see Usain Bolt, the fastest man in history;

去观看尤塞恩 博尔特，史上跑得最快的人；

flashbulbs popping as the nine fastest men in the world

如同闪光灯闪动时一样的世界上最快的九个人

coil themselves into their blocks.

在各自的跑道上做好准备。

And I want you to pretend

我想让你们假想

that Jesse Owens is in that race.

杰西.欧文正在这个赛场上，

Now close your eyes for a second and picture the race.

现在闭上眼睛一秒钟并且构画一下这场比赛。

Bang! The gun goes off.

砰，发令枪响了。

An American sprinter jumps out to the front.

一个美国短跑运动员率先领先。

Usain Bolt starts to catch him.

尤塞恩 博尔特开始赶上他，

Usain Bolt passes him, and as the runners come to the finish,

尤塞恩 博尔特超过了他，当每个运动员完成的时候，

you'll hear a beep as each man crosses the line.

你将听到每个人跨越终点线的哔哔声。

(Beeps)

（哔哔)

That's the entire finish of the race.

这就是整个比赛的结束。

You can open your eyes now.

现在你可以睁开眼睛了，

That first beep was Usain Bolt.

第一名是尤塞恩 博尔特。

That last beep was Jesse Owens.

最后一名是杰西 欧文。

Listen to it again.

再听一下，

(Beeps)

（哔哔）

When you think of it like that,

当你考虑的时候，

it's not that big a difference, is it?

这并没有大的区别，不是吗？

And then consider that Usain Bolt started

接下来想一下尤塞恩 博尔特

by propelling himself out of blocks

从一个支架助推自己出发

down a specially fabricated carpet

支架下有着特殊的弹性地毯

designed to allow him to travel

目的是为了让他在一瞬间

as fast as humanly possible.

跑出人类最高速。

Jesse Owens, on the other hand,

可是杰西.欧文，

ran on cinders, the ash from burnt wood,

在焚烧过的木头产生的煤渣上跑步，

and that soft surface stole far more energy

在他跑步时，柔软的地面

from his legs as he ran.

会从他腿上偷走更多的能量。

Rather than blocks, Jesse Owens had a gardening trowel

谈到起跑支点，杰西 欧文有一把园丁铲

that he had to use to dig holes in the cinders to start from.

他过去经常用来在煤渣跑道挖洞以支撑支架。

Biomechanical analysis of the speed

从生物力学上来讲，

of Owens' joints shows that had been running

杰西.欧文关节的速度显示他和尤塞恩 博尔特

on the same surface as Bolt,

跑过了一样多的路程。

he wouldn't have been 14 feet behind,

他本不应该落后14英尺，

he would have been within one stride.

他应该已经往前一大步。

Rather than the last beep,

相对于最后一名而言，

Owens would have been the second beep.

杰西.欧文本应该得到第二名。

Listen to it again.

现在再听一下。

(Beeps)

（哔哔）

That's the difference track surface technology has made,

这就是不同的跑道表面科技所造成的不同，

and it's done it throughout the running world.

这种差异遍及整个田径世界。

Consider a longer event.

想想一件更久远的事。

In 1954, Sir Roger Bannister

在1945年，罗杰.本尼斯特阁下

became the first man to run under four minutes in the mile.

成为了第一个在四分钟内跑完一英里的人。

Nowadays, college kids do that every year.

现在大学学生每年都这样做。

On rare occasions, a high school kid does it.

在极少的偶然下，高中生也可以做到。

As of the end of last year,

在去年年末，

1,314 men

1314人

had run under four minutes in the mile,

在四分钟内跑完了一英里，

but like Jesse Owens,

但就像杰西.欧文一样，

Sir Roger Bannister ran on soft cinders

罗杰.本尼斯特阁下在柔软的煤渣上跑步，

that stole far more energy from his legs

这从他腿上偷去的能量要多于

than the synthetic tracks of today.

今日的塑胶跑道所偷走的。

So I consulted biomechanics experts

所以我请求生物力学专家

to find out how much slower it is to run on cinders

找出在煤渣上跑步要比塑胶跑道

than synthetic tracks,

多耗费多少能量，

and their consensus that it's one and a half percent slower.

他们的一致意见是会慢一点五个百分点。

So if you apply a one and a half percent slowdown conversion

所以如果你假设每个人在人工跑道

to every man who ran his sub-four mile

跑四英里的时候会有

on a synthetic track,

百分之一点五的速度变化，

this is what happens.

这就是真相。

Only 530 are left.

只剩下530人了。

If you look at it from that perspective,

如果你从这个角度来看，

fewer than ten new men per [year]

从罗杰.本尼斯特阁下开始，

have joined the sub-four mile club

每年只有不到10个人

since Sir Roger Bannister.

加入这个四分钟跑完一英里的行列。

Now, 530 is a lot more than one,

530人当然是远远多于一个人的，

and that's partly because there are many more people

部分原因在于现代更多的人

training today and they're training more intelligently.

可以接受训练并且训练方法更加科学合理。

Even college kids are professional in their training

比较于罗杰.本尼斯特阁下，

compared to Sir Roger Bannister,

在医药学校学习妇科医学时

who trained for 45 minutes at a time

一次训练45分钟，

while he ditched gynecology lectures in med school.

甚至连大学生都要比他训练得更加专业。

And that guy who won the 1904 Olympic marathon

有一个用了三个半小时赢得

in three in a half hours,

1904年的马拉松冠军的人，

that guy was drinking rat poison and brandy

他在沿着跑道跑步时，

while he ran along the course.

正在引用老鼠药和白兰地。

That was his idea of a performance-enhancing drug.

这就是他关于兴奋剂的概念。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

Clearly, athletes have gotten more savvy

清晰可见的是，运动员们也已经得到了

about performance-enhancing drugs as well,

更多关于兴奋剂的知识。

and that's made a difference in some sports at some times,

这有时会使一些运动产生不同，

but technology has made a difference in all sports,

但是科技已经在所有运动上造就了不同，

from faster skis to lighter shoes.

从更快的滑雪板到更轻的鞋子。

Take a look at the record for the 100-meter freestyle swim.

让我们来看一下100米自由泳的记录。

The record is always trending downward,

这些记录总是趋向于下降，

but it's punctuated by these steep cliffs.

但总会被一些陡峭的“斜坡”打断。

This first cliff, in 1956, is the introduction

第一个陡坡，是在1956年，

of the flip turn.

翻转式跳水的普及。

Rather than stopping and turning around,

相比于停下来再转身，

athletes could somersault under the water

运动员们可以翻转入水

and get going right away in the opposite direction.

并且在相反的方向立刻前进。

This second cliff, the introduction of gutters

第二个陡坡，是游泳池边

on the side of the pool

排水沟的普及，

that allows water to splash off,

这允许水随意溅出，

rather than becoming turbulence

而不是变成在比赛时阻碍运动员

that impedes the swimmers as they race.

的涡流。

This final cliff,

最后一个陡坡，

the introduction of full-body

是全身式低摩擦力泳衣

and low-friction swimsuits.

的普及。

Throughout sports, technology has changed the face of performance.

纵观运动史，科技已经改变了其面貌。

In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record

在1972年， 埃迪.麦克莱斯打破了

for the longest distance cycled in one hour

一小时骑行最长距离的记录，

at 30 miles, 3,774 feet.

1小时骑行30英里，3774英尺。

Now that record improved and improved

现在这个记录随着自行车对于空气动力学的发展

as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic

一直在提升。

all the way until 1996,

自始至终直到1996年，

when it was set at 35 miles, 1,531 feet,

记录是35英里，1531英尺，

nearly five miles farther

将近比埃迪 麦克莱斯在1972年取得的成绩

than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972.

多了5英里。

But then in 2000, the International Cycling Union

但是接下来在2000年，国际自行车协会

decreed that anyone who wanted to hold that record

颁布条例：任何想要打破记录的人

had to do so with essentially the same equipment

都需要使用相同的基础设备，

that Eddy Merckx used in 1972.

就像埃迪.麦克莱斯在1972年使用的一样。

Where does the record stand today?

今天的世界记录呢？

30 miles, 4,657 feet,

30英里，4657英尺，

a grand total of 883 feet

整整比40年前

farther than Eddy Merckx cycled

埃迪 麦克莱斯的记录

more than four decades ago.

多出883英尺。

Essentially the entire improvement in this record

基本上来说，在世界纪录上取得的所有进步

was due to technology.

都是因为科技。

Still, technology isn't the only thing pushing athletes forward.

但科技仍然不是推动运动进步的唯一因素。

While indeed we haven't evolved

我们确实没有在一个世纪内进化成

into a new species in a century,

一个新物种，

the gene pool within competitive sports

但竞技运动内的基因库

most certainly has changed.

大部分确实已经改变了。

In the early half of the 20th century,

在20世纪上半叶，

physical education instructors and coaches

体育教师和教练都认为

had the idea that the average body type

匀称的体型对于所有运动来说

was the best for all athletic endeavors:

是最好的；

medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport.

中等身高，中等体重，无论什么运动。

And this showed in athletes' bodies.

这体现在运动员的身体上。

In the 1920s, the average elite high-jumper

在20世纪20年代，跳高运动员的平均身高

and average elite shot-putter were the same exact size.

和铅球运动员是一样的。

But as that idea started to fade away,

但是这种见解逐渐消失了，

as sports scientists and coaches realized that

在运动学家和教练们了解到

rather than the average body type,

比起平均的身形，

you want highly specialized bodies

你更需要高度专业的体型

that fit into certain athletic niches,

来吻合特定运动的框架，

a form of artificial selection took place,

一份特定选项的标准出现了，

a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports,

一份为适合特定运动的体型排序，

and athletes' bodies became more different from one another.

运动员的体型就变得和其他运动员更加不同了。

Today, rather than the same size as the average elite high jumper,

在今天，相比于同样规格的跳高运动员的平均体型，

the average elite shot-putter

铅球运动员的平均体型

is two and a half inches taller

要高二点五英寸

and 130 pounds heavier.

并且重130磅。

And this happened throughout the sports world.

这在整个运动界都是存在的。

In fact, if you plot on a height versus mass graph

事实上，如果你标出一个高度和重量的坐标

one data point for each of two dozen sports

也就是24种运动对应一个点的数据

in the first half of the 20th century, it looks like this.

在20世纪上半叶，看起来就像这样。

There's some dispersal,

非常稀疏，

but it's kind of grouped around that average body type.

但这近乎于聚合在平均体型周围。

Then that idea started to go away,

之后这种见解逐渐消失，

and at the same time, digital technology --

与此同时，数字科技--

first radio, then television and the Internet --

首先是收音机，然后是电视和网络--

gave millions, or in some cases billions, of people

给予百万，甚至十余亿人

a ticket to consume elite sports performance.

一张“票”去观看运动比赛。

The financial incentives and fame and glory afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,

经济诱因，名誉和荣誉使得运动员突飞猛进，

and it tipped toward the tiny upper echelon of performance.

并且在运动中制造了一个微小的上升梯队。

It accelerated the artificial selection for specialized bodies.

它加速了对于特定体型的人工选择。

And if you plot a data point for these same

如果为24种相似的运动假设一个数据点，

two dozen sports today, it looks like this.

看起来像这样。

The athletes' bodies have gotten

运动员的体型已经变得

much more different from one another.

与其他种类的运动员们非常不同。

And because this chart looks like the charts

因为这个图表看起来很像另外一个图表，

that show the expanding universe,

那个图标显示了扩张的宇宙，

with the galaxies flying away from one another,

和行星从另外的行星飞出，

the scientists who discovered it call it

发现这个现象的科学家叫它

"The Big Bang of Body Types."

“体型种类大爆炸。”

In sports where height is prized, like basketball,

在强调身高的运动里，例如篮球，

the tall athletes got taller.

很高的运动员变得更高。

In 1983, the National Basketball Association

在1983年，国家篮球协会

signed a groundbreaking agreement

签署了一个突破性的文件，

making players partners in the league,

使得运动员在联盟里合伙，

entitled to shares of ticket revenues

称作门票所得和电视合约

and television contracts.

的分享。

Suddenly, anybody who could be an NBA player

突然，任何有潜力当球员的人

wanted to be,

都想进入NBA，

and teams started scouring the globe

球队开始走遍世界

for the bodies that could help them win championships.

去寻找可以帮他们赢得冠军的球员。

Almost overnight,

几乎一夜之间，

the proportion of men in the NBA

NBA的人员比例中

who are at least seven feet tall doubled

七英尺身高的人

to 10 percent.

翻了两倍直到百分之十。

Today, one in 10 men in the NBA

今天，NBA里十个人中就有一个人

is at least seven feet tall,

至少七英尺高，

but a seven-foot-tall man is incredibly rare

但是一个七英尺高的人在普遍人口中

in the general population --

是不可思议地稀少 --

so rare that if you know an American man

稀少到以至于如果你认识一个美国人

between the ages of 20 and 40

年龄在20岁到40岁

who is at least seven feet tall,

身高至少七英尺，

there's a 17 percent chance

那么有百分之17的几率

he's in the NBA right now.

他就在NBA里。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

That is, find six honest seven footers,

所以如果有六个刚好身高七英尺的人，

one is in the NBA right now.

其中一个现在就在NBA。

And that's not the only way that NBA players' bodies are unique.

并不仅仅是NBA球员体型特别。

This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man,"

这是莱昂纳多.达芬奇的“维特鲁威人，”

the ideal proportions,

黄金比例，

with arm span equal to height.

臂展等于身高。

My arm span is exactly equal to my height.

我的臂展确实等同于身高。

Yours is probably very nearly so.

你们的或许也一样。

But not the average NBA player.

但这不是NBA球员的平均数据。

The average NBA player is a shade under 6'7",

NBA球员的平均数据是六英尺七英寸高，

with arms that are seven feet long.

臂展七英尺长。

Not only are NBA players ridiculously tall,

他们不仅难以置信地高，

they are ludicrously long.

他们还极端地”长“。

Had Leonardo wanted to draw

如果莱昂纳多达芬奇想要画

the Vitruvian NBA Player,

维特鲁威NBA球员的话，

he would have needed a rectangle and an ellipse,

他将需要一个矩形和一个椭圆形，

not a circle and a square.

而不是一个圆形和一个正方形。

So in sports where large size is prized,

所以在巨大体格占优势的运动中，

the large athletes have gotten larger.

”巨大“的运动员变得越来越”巨大“。

Conversely, in sports where diminutive stature is an advantage,

相反的是，在微小身材占优势的运动中，

the small athletes got smaller.

很矮的运动员们变得更矮了。

The average elite female gymnast

女子体操的平均数据

shrunk from 5'3" to 4'9" on average

在过去30年中，

over the last 30 years,

从5英尺3英寸缩小到了四英尺九英寸，

all the better for their power-to-weight ratio

这样有益于他们的能量-体重比率

and for spinning in the air.

和在空气中旋转。

And while the large got larger

在大的更大

and the small got smaller,

和小的更小的同时，

the weird got weirder.

奇怪的变得更奇怪。

The average length of the forearm

游泳运动员

of a water polo player in relation

的平均前臂长度

to their total arm got longer,

相对于他们的整个手臂变得更长了，

all the better for a forceful throwing whip.

这有益于强有力的滑动。

And as the large got larger,

在大的更大的同时，

small got smaller, and the weird weirder.

小的更小，奇怪的更奇怪。

In swimming, the ideal body type

在游泳中，理想体型

is a long torso and short legs.

是修长的躯干和短腿。

It's like the long hull of a canoe

就像独木舟的修长船身一样

for speed over the water.

是为了水中的速度。

And the opposite is advantageous in running.

同时把这反过来就在跑步中占优势。

You want long legs and a short torso.

你需要修长的腿和短的躯干。

And this shows in athletes' bodies today.

这展示了现在运动员的体型。

Here you see Michael Phelps,

这里你看到迈克.菲尔普斯，

the greatest swimmer in history,

历史上最伟大的游泳运动员，

standing next to Hicham El Guerrouj,

就站在希查姆.艾尔.奎罗伊的旁边，

the world record holder in the mile.

一英里世界纪录的保持者。

These men are seven inches different in height,

这些人在身高上有七英寸的差距，

but because of the body types

但是由于在他们运动内

advantaged in their sports,

的优势体型，

they wear the same length pants.

他们都穿着一样长的裤子。

Seven inches difference in height,

七英寸的身高差距，

these men have the same length legs.

这些人有一样长的腿。

Now in some cases, the search for bodies

现在在一些事例里，对于

that could push athletic performance forward

可以推进运动的体型的搜索

ended up introducing into the competitive world

告终于竞争世界人口中之前

populations of people that weren't previously competing at all,

从来没有受过训练的人的推广，

like Kenyan distance runners.

就像肯尼亚长跑运动员。

We think of Kenyans as being great marathoners.

我们认为肯尼亚人是好的马拉松选手。

Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe

肯尼亚人认为卡伦津部落

as being great marathoners.

是好的马拉松选手。

The Kalenjin make up just 12 percent

卡伦津仅仅占据肯尼亚

of the Kenyan population

百分之十二的人口

but the vast majority of elite runners.

但却有着大多数的长跑运动员。

And they happen, on average,

他们在平均体型上，

to have a certain unique physiology:

都有着非常独特的生理特征：

legs that are very long

极端长

and very thin at their extremity,

和瘦的腿，

and this is because they have their ancestry

这是因为他们的祖先

at very low latitude

生活在很低的纬度，

in a very hot and dry climate,

和非常燥热的气候下，

and an evolutionary adaptation to that

和一种进化性的适应：

is limbs that are very long

以降温为目的的

and very thin at the extremity

极端长和瘦

for cooling purposes.

的腿。

It's the same reason that a radiator has long coils,

这与散热器有很长的线圈

to increase surface area compared to volume

去增加相对于体积的表面积

to let heat out,

而使热量散出是同样的原因，

and because the leg is like a pendulum,

因为腿就像一个钟摆，

the longer and thinner it is at the extremity,

更长和更细，

the more energy-efficient it is to swing.

摇摆就有更多的能量效率。

To put Kalenjin running success in perspective,

把卡伦津在长跑上的成功放远一点，

consider that 17 American men in history

考虑一下历史下十七个在

have run faster than two hours and 10 minutes

两小时十分钟内完成马拉松

in the marathon.

的美国人。

That's a four-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace.

他们的速度是四分五十八秒一英里。

Thirty-two Kalenjin men did that last October.

三十二个卡伦津人去年十月做到了这一点。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

That's from a source population the size

这来自一个关于大都会亚特兰大

of metropolitan Atlanta.

的人口数量资料。

Still, even changing technology

甚至科技的改变和

and the changing gene pool in sports

基因池的改变在运动的改变中

don't account for all of the changes in performance.

依然不是全部的因素。

Athletes have a different mindset than they once did.

运动员们会有与前一次不同的心态。

Have you ever seen in a movie when someone gets

你看过一个人被

an electrical shock

电击并被弹过

and they're thrown across a room?

整个房间里的电影吗？

There's no explosion there.

没有爆炸。

What's happening when that happens is that

当电力的脉动

the electrical impulse is causing

促使他们的肌肉纤维

all their muscle fibers to twitch at once,

颤动到两倍，

and they're throwing themselves across the room.

他们会自己把自己弹出去。

They're essentially jumping.

本质上而言他们是在跳跃。

That's the power

这就是人类体内

that's contained in the human body.

所蕴含的能量。

But normally we can't access nearly all of it.

但是通常而言我们不能全部全部。

Our brain acts as a limiter,

我们的大脑如同一个限制器一般，

preventing us from accessing all of our physical resources,

阻止我们动用全部的生理能量，

because we might hurt ourselves,

因为我们或许会伤到自己，

tearing tendons or ligaments.

撕裂肌腱或者韧带。

But the more we learn about how that limiter functions,

但是我们对于这个限制器如何运行知道得越多，

the more we learn how we can push it back

我们就对如何把它逆转一点

just a bit,

知道得越多，

in some cases by convincing the brain

例如通过以身体不会受伤

that the body won't be in mortal danger

来说服大脑

by pushing harder.

达到逆转更多的目的。

Endurance and ultra-endurance sports

持续性运动和长时间持续性运动

serve as a great example.

在这里作为例子。

Ultra-endurance was once thought to be harmful

长时间持续性运动曾被认为会对人的健康

to human health,

造成伤害，

but now we realize

但是现在我们意识到

that we have all these traits

我们有这些可以完美适应

that are perfect for ultra-endurance:

长时间持续性运动的特征：

no body fur and a glut of sweat glands

没有体毛和众多的汗腺

that keep us cool while running;

在跑步时保持降温；

narrow waists and long legs compared to our frames;

纤细的腰和长腿作为我们的结构；

large surface area of joints for shock absorption.

更大的关节表面积为了吸收震动。

We have an arch in our foot that acts like a spring,

我们的脚上有一个类似于弹簧的拱，

short toes that are better for pushing off

短的脚趾对于抓住树干而言更适合

than for grasping tree limbs,

蹬出，

and when we run,

并且在我们奔跑时，

we can turn our torso and our shoulders

我们可以转动我们的身体和肩膀

like this while keeping our heads straight.

如同保持头部向前一样。

Our primate cousins can't do that.

我们的灵长类表亲们不能做到。

They have to run like this.

他们需要像这样奔跑。

And we have big old butt muscles

而且我们有着大块的臀部肌肉

that keep us upright while running.

在奔跑时让我们保持笔直向前。

Have you ever looked at an ape's butt?

你曾经看过一只古猿的臀部吗？

They have no buns because they don't run upright.

他们没有臀丘因为他们不是笔直向前奔跑。

And as athletes have realized

当运动员们理解到

that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance,

我们完美适应长时间持续性运动，

they've taken on feats

他们展示出在以前不可思议

that would have been unthinkable before,

的技巧，

athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kílian Jornet.

就如同西班牙长跑运动员克里安.琼尼特。

Here's Kílian running up the Matterhorn.

这里是克里安.琼尼特在马拉松比赛上。

(Laughter)

（笑声）

With a sweatshirt there tied around his waist.

在他腰上缠着一条运动衫。

It's so steep he can't even run here.

这里非常陡峭，他甚至不能到达。

He's pulling up on a rope.

他正在拉起一根绳子。

This is a vertical ascent

这里垂直上升

of more than 8,000 feet,

超过8000英尺，

and Kílian went up and down

克里安在三小时之内

in under three hours.

从上到下。

Amazing.

令人惊奇。

And talented though he is,

尽管他是如此地天资出众，

Kílian is not a physiological freak.

克里安并不是一个生理上的怪胎。

Now that he has done this,

现在他做到了，

other athletes will follow,

其他运动员也跟随着，

just as other athletes followed

就像其他运动员跟随在

after Sir Roger Bannister

罗杰.本尼斯特之后

ran under four minutes in the mile.

在四分钟内跑完一英里。

Changing technology, changing genes,

变化的科技，变化的基因，

and a changing mindset.

以及变化的精神状态。

Innovation in sports,

运动上的改革，

whether that's new track surfaces

无论是新的跑道表面

or new swimming techniques,

或是新的游泳科技，

the democratization of sport,

运动的民主化，

the spread to new bodies

对于新体型和新的人口

and to new populations around the world,

在世界上的传播，

and imagination in sport,

运动中的展望，

an understanding of what the human body

对于人体极限

is truly capable of,

的理解，

have conspired to make athletes stronger,

对使运动员比以往更强，

faster, bolder,

更快，更无畏，甚至更好

and better than ever.

的策划。

Thank you very much.

非常感谢。

(Applause)

(掌声)