Are athletes really getting faster, better, stronger? | David Epstein

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The Olympic motto is "Citius, Altius, Fortius."

Olimpijski moto je "Citius, Altius, Fortius".

Faster, Higher, Stronger.

Brže, više, jače.

And athletes have fulfilled that motto rapidly.

I sportaši su uspjeli ostvariti taj moto ubrzano.

The winner of the 2012 Olympic marathon

Pobjednik olimpijskog maratona 2012. godine

ran two hours and eight minutes.

je trčao dva sata i osam minuta.

Had he been racing against the winner

U slučaju da se utrkivao s pobjednikom

of the 1904 Olympic marathon,

olimpijskog maratona iz 1904. godine

he would have won by nearly an hour and a half.

bio bi bolji za gotovo sat i pol.

Now we all have this feeling

Danas svi imamo osjećaj

that we're somehow just getting better

da jednostavno postajemo bolji

as a human race, inexorably progressing,

kao ljudska vrsta, neumoljivo napredujući,

but it's not like we've evolved into a new species

ali nije baš da smo evoluirali u novu vrstu

in a century.

tijekom jednog stoljeća.

So what's going on here?

Pa što se zaista ovdje događa?

I want to take a look at what's really behind

Želim vidjeti što zapravo stoji iza

this march of athletic progress.

ovog marširajućeg sportskog napretka.

In 1936, Jesse Owens

1936. godine, Jesse Owens

held the world record in the 100 meters.

je držao svjetski rekord na 100 metara.

Had Jesse Owens been racing last year

U slučaju da se Jesse Owens natjecao prošle godine

in the world championships of the 100 meters,

na svjetskom natjecanju na 100 metara,

when Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt finished,

u trenutku kad je jamajkanski sprinter Usain Bolt stigao na cilj,

Owens would have still had 14 feet to go.

Owensu bi ostalo još 5 m do cilja.

That's a lot in sprinter land.

To je zaista mnogo u sprinterskom svijetu.

To give you a sense of how much it is,

Kako bih vam predočio koliko je to zapravo,

I want to share with you a demonstration

želio bih s vama podijeliti jednu demonstraciju

conceived by sports scientist Ross Tucker.

koju je osmislio sportski znanstvenik Ross Tucker.

Now picture the stadium last year

Zamislite stadion tijekom prošle godine

at the world championships of the 100 meters:

za vrijeme svjetskog prvenstva na 100 metara:

thousands of fans waiting with baited breath

tisuće fanova bez daha čekaju

to see Usain Bolt, the fastest man in history;

kako bi vidjeli Usaina Bolta, najbržeg čovjeka svih vremena;

flashbulbs popping as the nine fastest men in the world

bljeskalice bljeskaju dok se devet najbržih ljudi na svijetu

coil themselves into their blocks.

spušta na startne blokove.

And I want you to pretend

I želim da zamislite

that Jesse Owens is in that race.

da je Jesse Owens u toj utrci.

Now close your eyes for a second and picture the race.

Sada zatvorite oči na trenutak i zamislite utrku.

Bang! The gun goes off.

Bang! Pištolj opali.

An American sprinter jumps out to the front.

Američki sprinter odmah iskoči i preuzima vodstvo.

Usain Bolt starts to catch him.

Usain Bolt ga počinje sustizati.

Usain Bolt passes him, and as the runners come to the finish,

Usain Bolt ga prelazi i dok se trkači približavaju cilju

you'll hear a beep as each man crosses the line.

čut ćete beep svaki put kad trkač pređe ciljnu liniju.

(Beeps)

(Beep)

That's the entire finish of the race.

To je kraj utrke.

You can open your eyes now.

Sada možete otvoriti oči.

That first beep was Usain Bolt.

Prvi beep je bio Usain Bolt.

That last beep was Jesse Owens.

Zadnji beep je bio Jesse Owens.

Listen to it again.

Poslušajte ponovno.

(Beeps)

(Beep)

When you think of it like that,

Kada čujete ovo,

it's not that big a difference, is it?

to i nije velika razlika, zar ne?

And then consider that Usain Bolt started

I tada uzmite u obzir da je Usain Bolt započeo utrku

by propelling himself out of blocks

odgurujući se iz startnih blokova

down a specially fabricated carpet

na posebno napravljenoj stazi

designed to allow him to travel

koja je dizajnirana da mu omogući da trči

as fast as humanly possible.

najbrže što je ljudski moguće.

Jesse Owens, on the other hand,

S druge strane, Jesse Owens

ran on cinders, the ash from burnt wood,

je trčao po ugarcima, pepelu izgorjelog drva,

and that soft surface stole far more energy

i takva mekana površina je sigurno krala mnogo više energije

from his legs as he ran.

njegovim nogama dok je trčao.

Rather than blocks, Jesse Owens had a gardening trowel

Umjesto startnih blokova Jesse Owens je imao vrtnu lopatu

that he had to use to dig holes in the cinders to start from.

koju je koristio kako bi iskopao rupe u pepelu iz kojih je startao.

Biomechanical analysis of the speed

Biomehanička analiza brzine

of Owens' joints shows that had been running

Owensovih zglobova pokazuje da u slučaju da je trčao

on the same surface as Bolt,

po istoj površini kao i Bolt,

he wouldn't have been 14 feet behind,

on ne bi zaostao 5 metara,

he would have been within one stride.

već bi bio u dometu jednog koraka.

Rather than the last beep,

Owens ne bio bio zadnji beep,

Owens would have been the second beep.

već bi bio drugi beep.

Listen to it again.

Poslušajte ponovno.

(Beeps)

(Beep)

That's the difference track surface technology has made,

To je napredak koji je postignut zahvaljujući razvitku tehnologije staza,

and it's done it throughout the running world.

a zahvatio je cijeli trkaći svijet.

Consider a longer event.

Uzmite u obzir neku dužu utrku.

In 1954, Sir Roger Bannister

1954. godine Sir Roger Bannister

became the first man to run under four minutes in the mile.

je postao prvi čovjek koji je istrčao milju ispod četiri minute.

Nowadays, college kids do that every year.

Danas studenti to čine svake godine.

On rare occasions, a high school kid does it.

Rjeđe to napravi i poneki srednjoškolac.

As of the end of last year,

Do kraja prošle godine,

1,314 men

1,314 ljudi

had run under four minutes in the mile,

je istrčalo milju ispod 4 minute,

but like Jesse Owens,

ali kao i Jesse Owens,

Sir Roger Bannister ran on soft cinders

i sir Roger Bannister je trčao na mekanom pepelu

that stole far more energy from his legs

koji je krao mnogo više energije njegovim nogama

than the synthetic tracks of today.

nego što to danas čine sintetičke staze.

So I consulted biomechanics experts

Stoga sam se posavjetovao sa stručnjacima iz područja biomehanike

to find out how much slower it is to run on cinders

kako bih saznao koliko se sporije trči na pepelu

than synthetic tracks,

u usporedbi sa sintetičkim stazama,

and their consensus that it's one and a half percent slower.

i oni konzesusno tvrde da je takvo trčanje sporije za 1,5 posto.

So if you apply a one and a half percent slowdown conversion

Pa ako primjenite ovakvu transformaciju i usporite za 1,5 posto

to every man who ran his sub-four mile

svakog čovjeka koji je istrčao milju ispod 4 minute

on a synthetic track,

na sintetičkoj stazi

this is what happens.

dogodi se ovo.

Only 530 are left.

Ostane ih samo 530.

If you look at it from that perspective,

Ako to pogledate iz ovog kuta,

fewer than ten new men per [year]

manje od 10 ljudi godišnje

have joined the sub-four mile club

istrčalo je milju ispod 4 minute

since Sir Roger Bannister.

od vremena sira Rogera Bannistera.

Now, 530 is a lot more than one,

Sada, 530 je mnogo više od jednoga,

and that's partly because there are many more people

i to je djelomično tako jer više ljudi

training today and they're training more intelligently.

trenira i to inteligentno trenira.

Even college kids are professional in their training

Čak su i studenti vrlo profesionalni u svojim treninzima

compared to Sir Roger Bannister,

u usporedbi sa sir Rogerom Bannisterom

who trained for 45 minutes at a time

koji je trenirao po 45 minuta

while he ditched gynecology lectures in med school.

kad bi kidnuo sa predavanja ginekologije dok je pohađao medicinu.

And that guy who won the 1904 Olympic marathon

A tip koji je osvojio olimpijski maraton 1904. godine

in three in a half hours,

u tri i pol sata,

that guy was drinking rat poison and brandy

on je pio mišomor i brandy

while he ran along the course.

tijekom puta koji je trčao.

That was his idea of a performance-enhancing drug.

To je bila njegova ideja droge za poboljšanje izvedbe.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Clearly, athletes have gotten more savvy

Očito je da su sportaši također postali mnogo mudriji

about performance-enhancing drugs as well,

po pitanju droga za poboljšanje izvedbe,

and that's made a difference in some sports at some times,

i to je također uvelike utjecalo na neke sportove,

but technology has made a difference in all sports,

ali tehnologija je učinila veliku razliku na području svih sportova,

from faster skis to lighter shoes.

od bržih skija do lakše obuće.

Take a look at the record for the 100-meter freestyle swim.

Pogledajte rekord u plivanju slobodnim stilom na 100 metara.

The record is always trending downward,

Ovaj rekord uvijek ima silaznu putanju,

but it's punctuated by these steep cliffs.

ali je obilježen ovim strmim padovima.

This first cliff, in 1956, is the introduction

Prvi pad, 1956. godine, predstavlja uvođenje

of the flip turn.

salto okreta.

Rather than stopping and turning around,

Umjesto da stanu i okrenu se,

athletes could somersault under the water

sportaši su mogli napraviti kolut pod vodom

and get going right away in the opposite direction.

i odmah krenuti u suprotnom smjeru.

This second cliff, the introduction of gutters

Drugi pad, uvođenje žlijebova

on the side of the pool

uz bazen

that allows water to splash off,

koji su omogućavali da se voda rasprši

rather than becoming turbulence

umjesto da se pretvori u otpor

that impedes the swimmers as they race.

koji predstavlja prepreku plivačima dok se utrkuju.

This final cliff,

Ovaj posljednji pad,

the introduction of full-body

uvođenje plivaćih odijela

and low-friction swimsuits.

koja smanjuju otpor vode.

Throughout sports, technology has changed the face of performance.

Tehnologija je potpuno izmijenila lice izvedbe u svim sportovima.

In 1972, Eddy Merckx set the record

1972. godine Eddy Merckx je postavio rekord

for the longest distance cycled in one hour

za najveću udaljenost pređenu biciklom za sat vremena

at 30 miles, 3,774 feet.

na 49 km i 431m.

Now that record improved and improved

Taj se rekord poboljšavao i poboljšavao

as bicycles improved and became more aerodynamic

kako su se i bicikli poboljšavali i postajali aerodinamičniji

all the way until 1996,

sve do 1996. godine

when it was set at 35 miles, 1,531 feet,

kad je rekord postavljen na 53 km i 40 m,

nearly five miles farther

skoro 4 km pređenih više

than Eddy Merckx cycled in 1972.

od onoga što je Eddy Merckx odvozio 1972. godine.

But then in 2000, the International Cycling Union

Ali tada Međunarodna biciklistička unija je 2000. godine

decreed that anyone who wanted to hold that record

objavila da svatko tko želi držati taj rekord

had to do so with essentially the same equipment

to mora napraviti zapravo sa tipom opreme

that Eddy Merckx used in 1972.

kakvu je Eddy Merckx koristio 1972. godine,

Where does the record stand today?

Kako danas stoji taj rekord?

30 miles, 4,657 feet,

49 km i 700m,

a grand total of 883 feet

ukupno 270 m

farther than Eddy Merckx cycled

više od onoga što je Eddy Merckx odvozio

more than four decades ago.

prije više od četiri desetljeća.

Essentially the entire improvement in this record

U biti svo poboljšanje ovog rekorda

was due to technology.

se dogodilo zahvaljujući tehnologiji.

Still, technology isn't the only thing pushing athletes forward.

Ipak, nije tehnologija jedina stvar koja gura sportaše naprijed.

While indeed we haven't evolved

Iako zaista nismo evoluirali

into a new species in a century,

u novu vrstu u samo sto godina,

the gene pool within competitive sports

genetski bazen u natjecateljskim sportovima

most certainly has changed.

se nesumnjivo promijenio.

In the early half of the 20th century,

U prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća

physical education instructors and coaches

profesori tjelesnog kao i treneri

had the idea that the average body type

su smatrali da jedan prosječan tip tijela

was the best for all athletic endeavors:

najprikladniji za sve sportske napore:

medium height, medium weight, no matter the sport.

srednja visina, srednja težina, bez obzira o kojem se sportu radi.

And this showed in athletes' bodies.

I to se vidjelo na tijelima sportaša.

In the 1920s, the average elite high-jumper

20-ih godina 20. stoljeća, prosječni skakač u vis

and average elite shot-putter were the same exact size.

kao i prosječni bacač kugle su bili iste veličine.

But as that idea started to fade away,

Kako je ovakva ideja počela blijedjeti,

as sports scientists and coaches realized that

i kako su sportski znanstvenici i treneri shvatili

rather than the average body type,

da umjesto prosječnog tipa tijela,

you want highly specialized bodies

trebaju usko specijaliziran tip tijela

that fit into certain athletic niches,

koja pristaju u određena sportska područja,

a form of artificial selection took place,

počelo se provoditi umjetno biranje,

a self-sorting for bodies that fit certain sports,

samo- razvrstavanje tijela koja odgovaraju određenim sportovima

and athletes' bodies became more different from one another.

i tijela sportaša su se počela razlikovati jedno od drugoga.

Today, rather than the same size as the average elite high jumper,

Danas imamo slučaj da prosječni skakač u vis nije iste veličine

the average elite shot-putter

i kao prosječni bacač kugle

is two and a half inches taller

već je potonji 6,4 cm viši

and 130 pounds heavier.

i 65 kg teži.

And this happened throughout the sports world.

Ovo je odjeknulo diljem sportskog svijeta.

In fact, if you plot on a height versus mass graph

Ustvari, ako postavite na grafu koji sadržava omjer visine i mase

one data point for each of two dozen sports

jednu podatkovnu točku za svaki od dvadesetak sportova

in the first half of the 20th century, it looks like this.

tijekom prve polovice 20. stoljeća, on bi izgledao ovako.

There's some dispersal,

Tu vidmo jednu određenu raspršenost,

but it's kind of grouped around that average body type.

ali je sve okupljeno oko tog prosječnog tipa tijela.

Then that idea started to go away,

Tada se ta ideja počela zaboravljati

and at the same time, digital technology --

a istovremeno je digitalna tehnologija --

first radio, then television and the Internet --

prvo radio pa televizija i Internet--

gave millions, or in some cases billions, of people

dala milijunima, pa u nekim slučajevima i milijardama, ljudi

a ticket to consume elite sports performance.

priliku da postanu konzumenti elitnog sporta.

The financial incentives and fame and glory afforded elite athletes skyrocketed,

Novčani poticaji i slava omogućili su eksploziju elitnih sportaša,

and it tipped toward the tiny upper echelon of performance.

i omogućila je prevrtanje prema gornjem rangu izvedbe.

It accelerated the artificial selection for specialized bodies.

Ubrzali su umjetno biranje specijaliziranih tijela.

And if you plot a data point for these same

I ako stavite točku za ovih istih

two dozen sports today, it looks like this.

dvadesetak sportova danas, ona bi izgledala ovako.

The athletes' bodies have gotten

Tijela sportaša su postala

much more different from one another.

mnogo drugačija jedna od drugih.

And because this chart looks like the charts

I upravo stoga što ovaj grafikon izgleda kao grafikon

that show the expanding universe,

koji pokazuje rastući svemir

with the galaxies flying away from one another,

sa galaksijama koje lete jedna od druge

the scientists who discovered it call it

znanstvenici koji su otkrili ovo zovu ovaj fenomen

"The Big Bang of Body Types."

"Veliki prasak tipologije tijela."

In sports where height is prized, like basketball,

U sportovima gdje je na cijeni visina, poput košarke,

the tall athletes got taller.

visoki sportaši su postali još viši.

In 1983, the National Basketball Association

1983. godine Nacionalna košarkaška asocijacija (NBA)

signed a groundbreaking agreement

je potpisala revolucionarni sporazum

making players partners in the league,

kojim je igrače učinila svojim partnerima u ligi

entitled to shares of ticket revenues

s pravom na udio od zarade na prodaji ulaznica

and television contracts.

i televizijskih ugovora.

Suddenly, anybody who could be an NBA player

Iznenada, svatko tko je mogao biti NBA igrač,

wanted to be,

to je i želio biti,

and teams started scouring the globe

i ekipe su počele pretraživati kuglu zemaljsku

for the bodies that could help them win championships.

kako bi našli tijela koja bi im mogla pomoći osvojiti prvenstvo.

Almost overnight,

Skoro preko noći

the proportion of men in the NBA

razmjer ljudi u NBA-u

who are at least seven feet tall doubled

koji su bili visoki najmanje 2,1 metar se povećala

to 10 percent.

do 10 posto.

Today, one in 10 men in the NBA

Danas, jedan od 10 ljudi u NBA

is at least seven feet tall,

je najmanje 2,1 metar visok,

but a seven-foot-tall man is incredibly rare

ali ljudi koji su visoki 2,1 metar su izuzetno rijetki

in the general population --

u široj populaciji --

so rare that if you know an American man

toliko rijetki da u slučaju da znate Amerikanca

between the ages of 20 and 40

koji ima između 20 i 40 godina

who is at least seven feet tall,

i koji je visok najmanje 2,1 metar,

there's a 17 percent chance

postoji 17 postotna šansa

he's in the NBA right now.

da on igra u NBA-u sada.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

That is, find six honest seven footers,

To jest, nađite šest poštenih dvometraša,

one is in the NBA right now.

jedan je sigurno u NBA-u sada.

And that's not the only way that NBA players' bodies are unique.

I to nije jedino po čemu su tijela NBA igrača jedinstvena.

This is Leonardo da Vinci's "Vitruvian Man,"

Ovo je 'Vitruvijev čovjek' Leonarda da Vincija,

the ideal proportions,

idealnih proporcija

with arm span equal to height.

koji ima raspon ruku jednak svojoj visini.

My arm span is exactly equal to my height.

Raspon mojih ruku je jednak mojoj visini.

Yours is probably very nearly so.

Vaš raspon je vjerojatno također tu negdje.

But not the average NBA player.

Ali ne u slučaju prosječnog NBA igrača.

The average NBA player is a shade under 6'7",

Prosječan NBA igrač ima malo ispod 2 m

with arms that are seven feet long.

s rasponom ruku od 2,1 m.

Not only are NBA players ridiculously tall,

ne samo da su NBA igrači izuzetno visoki,

they are ludicrously long.

već su i izuzetno dugi.

Had Leonardo wanted to draw

Da je Leonardo htio nacrtati

the Vitruvian NBA Player,

Vitruvijevog NBA igrača,

he would have needed a rectangle and an ellipse,

trebao bi pravokutnik i elipsu

not a circle and a square.

a ne krug i kvadrat.

So in sports where large size is prized,

Tako da u sportovima u kojima se cijeni veća veličina

the large athletes have gotten larger.

veliki sportaši su postali još veći.

Conversely, in sports where diminutive stature is an advantage,

s druge strane, u sportovima u kojima je sitan stas prednost,

the small athletes got smaller.

mali sportaši su postali još manji.

The average elite female gymnast

Prosječna gimnastičarka

shrunk from 5'3" to 4'9" on average

se smanjila s 1,60 m na 1,45 m u prosjeku

over the last 30 years,

u posljednjih 30 godina,

all the better for their power-to-weight ratio

u korist omjera njihove snage i težine

and for spinning in the air.

i okretanja u zraku.

And while the large got larger

I dok su veliki postajali veći,

and the small got smaller,

mali su postajali manji,

the weird got weirder.

čudni su postajali još čudniji.

The average length of the forearm

Prosječna dužina podlaktice

of a water polo player in relation

jednog vaterpolista je postala duža

to their total arm got longer,

u usporedbi sa dužinom cijele ruke,

all the better for a forceful throwing whip.

što je odlično za snažan izbačaj u bacanju.

And as the large got larger,

I dok su veliki postajali veći

small got smaller, and the weird weirder.

mali su postajali manji, a čudni čudniji.

In swimming, the ideal body type

Idealan tip tijela u plivanju čini

is a long torso and short legs.

dugi torzo i kratke noge.

It's like the long hull of a canoe

Slično dugom čamcu kanua

for speed over the water.

kako bi se postigla brzina na vodi.

And the opposite is advantageous in running.

A upravo suprotno je prednost u trčanju.

You want long legs and a short torso.

Želite duge noge i kratki torzo.

And this shows in athletes' bodies today.

I to se vidi u tijelima sportaša danas.

Here you see Michael Phelps,

Ovdje vidite Michaela Phelpsa,

the greatest swimmer in history,

najboljeg plivača u povijesti,

standing next to Hicham El Guerrouj,

kako stoji pokraj Hichama El Guerrouja,

the world record holder in the mile.

svjetskog rekordera u utrci na milju.

These men are seven inches different in height,

Razlika u visini ova dva čovjeka je 18 cm

but because of the body types

ali upravo zbog tipa tijela

advantaged in their sports,

koji čini prednost u njihovom sportu

they wear the same length pants.

oni nose hlače iste dužine.

Seven inches difference in height,

18 cm razlike u visini,

these men have the same length legs.

a ova dva čovjeka nose hlače iste dužine.

Now in some cases, the search for bodies

U nekim slučajevima je potraga za tijelima

that could push athletic performance forward

koja su mogla unaprijediti sportsku izvedbu

ended up introducing into the competitive world

dovela do ulaska u natjecateljski svijet

populations of people that weren't previously competing at all,

populacije ljudi koja se prethodno uopće nije natjecala,

like Kenyan distance runners.

kao kenijske trkače na velike udaljenosti.

We think of Kenyans as being great marathoners.

Smatramo Kenijce odličnim maratoncima.

Kenyans think of the Kalenjin tribe

Kenijci smatraju pleme Kalenjin

as being great marathoners.

odličnim maratoncima.

The Kalenjin make up just 12 percent

Kalenjin čini 12 posto

of the Kenyan population

Kenijske populacije

but the vast majority of elite runners.

ali veliku većinu elitnih trkača.

And they happen, on average,

I događa se da oni, u prosjeku,

to have a certain unique physiology:

imaju određenu jedinstvenu fiziologiju:

legs that are very long

noge koje su vrlo duge

and very thin at their extremity,

i tanke na ekstremitetima,

and this is because they have their ancestry

i to je zato što imaju pretke

at very low latitude

na niskoj širini

in a very hot and dry climate,

u vrlo vrućoj i suhoj klimi,

and an evolutionary adaptation to that

i evolucijska adaptacija tome je

is limbs that are very long

da su im udovi vrlo dugi

and very thin at the extremity

i vrlo tanki na ekstremitetima

for cooling purposes.

da se rashlade.

It's the same reason that a radiator has long coils,

Isti razlog je zašto radijator ima duge zavojnice,

to increase surface area compared to volume

da bi povećao površinu u usporedbi s volumenom

to let heat out,

kako bi pustio toplinu van,

and because the leg is like a pendulum,

i jer je noga kao visak,

the longer and thinner it is at the extremity,

što je dulja i tanja na ekstremitetu,

the more energy-efficient it is to swing.

to je energetski učinkovitije zamahivati njom.

To put Kalenjin running success in perspective,

Da stavimo trkački uspjeh Kalenjina u perspektivu,

consider that 17 American men in history

zamislite da 17 Amerikanaca u povijesti

have run faster than two hours and 10 minutes

trče brže od dva sata i 10 minuta

in the marathon.

u maratonu.

That's a four-minute-and-58-second-per-mile pace.

To je tempo od četiri minute i 58 sekundi po milji.

Thirty-two Kalenjin men did that last October.

Trideset i dva Kalenjin muškarca učinila su to prošlog listopada.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

That's from a source population the size

To je iz populacije veličine

of metropolitan Atlanta.

gradskog područja Atlante.

Still, even changing technology

No ipak, promjene u tehnologiji

and the changing gene pool in sports

i promjena genetskog bazena u sportu

don't account for all of the changes in performance.

nisu izvor svih promjena u performansama.

Athletes have a different mindset than they once did.

Sportaši imaju drugačiji način razmišljanja nego prije.

Have you ever seen in a movie when someone gets

Jeste ikad vidjeli u filmu da nekog

an electrical shock

udari struja

and they're thrown across a room?

i baci ih preko sobe?

There's no explosion there.

Tu nema eksplozije.

What's happening when that happens is that

Ono što se tada događa je da

the electrical impulse is causing

električni impuls čini

all their muscle fibers to twitch at once,

da se sva mišićna vlakna trznu odjednom,

and they're throwing themselves across the room.

i bacaju se preko sobe.

They're essentially jumping.

Oni u osnovi skaču.

That's the power

To je snaga

that's contained in the human body.

koja je sadržana u ljudskom tijelu.

But normally we can't access nearly all of it.

Ali normalno ne možemo svemu tome pristupiti.

Our brain acts as a limiter,

Naš mozak radi kao limitator,

preventing us from accessing all of our physical resources,

sprječavajući nas da pristupimo svim našim fizičkim resursima,

because we might hurt ourselves,

jer se možemo ozlijediti,

tearing tendons or ligaments.

kidajući tetive ili ligamente.

But the more we learn about how that limiter functions,

Ali što više učimo kako taj limitator funkcionira,

the more we learn how we can push it back

više učimo kako ga potisnuti

just a bit,

barem malo,

in some cases by convincing the brain

u nekim slučajevima uvjeravajući mozak

that the body won't be in mortal danger

da tijelo neće biti u smrtnoj opasnosti

by pushing harder.

ako guramo jače.

Endurance and ultra-endurance sports

Sportovi izdržljivosti i ultra izdržljivosti

serve as a great example.

služe kao odličan primjer.

Ultra-endurance was once thought to be harmful

Ultra izdržljivost se nekad smatrala štetnom

to human health,

za ljudsko zdravlje,

but now we realize

ali sada shvaćamo

that we have all these traits

da imamo sve te osobine

that are perfect for ultra-endurance:

koje su savršene za ultra izdržljivost:

no body fur and a glut of sweat glands

nemamo krzna i mnoštvo znojnih žlijezda

that keep us cool while running;

koje nas hlade dok trčimo:

narrow waists and long legs compared to our frames;

uzak struk i duge noge u usporedbi s našim okvirima;

large surface area of joints for shock absorption.

velike površine zglobova za apsorpciju udara.

We have an arch in our foot that acts like a spring,

Imamo luk u stopalu koji se ponaša kao opruga,

short toes that are better for pushing off

kratki nožni prsti, bolji za odgurivanje

than for grasping tree limbs,

nego za hvatanje grana,

and when we run,

i kada trčimo,

we can turn our torso and our shoulders

možemo okrenuti torzo i naša ramena

like this while keeping our heads straight.

ovako, dok nam je glava ravno.

Our primate cousins can't do that.

Naši rođaci primati ne mogu to.

They have to run like this.

Moraju trčati ovako.

And we have big old butt muscles

I imamo te velike mišiće stražnjice

that keep us upright while running.

koje nas drže uspravnima dok trčimo.

Have you ever looked at an ape's butt?

Jeste li ikad vidjeli primatovu stražnjicu?

They have no buns because they don't run upright.

Nemaju guzove jer ne trče uspravno.

And as athletes have realized

I kako su sportaši shvatili

that we're perfectly suited for ultra-endurance,

da smo savršeno prilagođeni za ultra izdržljivost

they've taken on feats

učinili su podvige

that would have been unthinkable before,

koji bi inače bili nezamislivi,

athletes like Spanish endurance racer Kílian Jornet.

sportaši kao španjolski trkač Kilian Jornet.

Here's Kílian running up the Matterhorn.

Evo Kiliana kako trči na Matterhornu.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

With a sweatshirt there tied around his waist.

Sa majicom svezanom oko struka.

It's so steep he can't even run here.

Tako je strmo da ne može ni trčati tu.

He's pulling up on a rope.

Povlači se na užetu.

This is a vertical ascent

Ovo je vertikalni uspon

of more than 8,000 feet,

duži od 2500 metara,

and Kílian went up and down

i Kilian se popeo gore i spustio

in under three hours.

u manje od tri sata.

Amazing.

Zadivljujuće.

And talented though he is,

I iako je bio talentiran,

Kílian is not a physiological freak.

Kilian nije fiziološka nakaza.

Now that he has done this,

Sad kada je to učinio,

other athletes will follow,

drugi sportaši će ga slijediti,

just as other athletes followed

kao što su drugi sportaši slijedili

after Sir Roger Bannister

Sir Rogera Bannistera

ran under four minutes in the mile.

nakon što je otrčao milju za manje od 4 minute.

Changing technology, changing genes,

Mjenjajući tehnologiju, mjenjajući gene,

and a changing mindset.

i mjenjajući način razmišljanja.

Innovation in sports,

Inovacija u sportu,

whether that's new track surfaces

bilo da je to nova površina za trčanje

or new swimming techniques,

ili nove tehnike plivanja,

the democratization of sport,

demokratizacija sporta,

the spread to new bodies

širenje na nova tijela

and to new populations around the world,

i nove populacije širom svijeta,

and imagination in sport,

i mašta u sportu,

an understanding of what the human body

razumijevanje što ljudsko tijelo

is truly capable of,

zaista može,

have conspired to make athletes stronger,

urotile su se da sportaši postanu snažniji,

faster, bolder,

brži, hrabriji,

and better than ever.

i bolji nego ikad.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam puno.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)